FIG. 3: Jacquet-Droz, The Writer. Musée d’art et d’histoire, Neuchâtel (Switzerland). With thanks to Dr. Christian Hörack, Conservateur du département des arts appliqués and the generosity of the museum.
FIG. 4: Jacquet-Droz, The Writer, interior. Musée d’art et d’histoire, Neuchâtel (Switzerland)
FIG. 5: Birth mannequin of “phantom.” Dittrick Museum of Medical History. With thanks to Laura Travis, photographer.
FIG. 6: The electro-static machine, Francis Hanksbee. Wellcome Images, Wellcome Library, London no. M0012622.
FIG. 7: This electrotherapeutic apparatus illustrates, in several images, the discharge from needle or point; the spark discharge, and the plate for generating static for the electrical machine. Wellcome Images, Wellcome Library London.
FIG. 8: A paper figure, which would "dance" when charged with static electricity. With thanks to the Bakken Museum, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Photography by Brandy Schillace.
FIG. 9: Illustrations from Fowler's book, demonstrating electrical galvanism on dissected frogs.
Fig. 9 illustrations taken from Experiments and Observations relative to the influence lately discovered by Calvani and commonly called Animal Electricity by Richard Fowler.
FIG. 10: A recreation of Davy's arc light for exhibition at the Cincinnati Art Museum. © Doug and Mike Starn.
FIG. 11: Frederic Edwin Church, The Icebergs, 1861, Oil on canvas © Dallas Museum of Art.
FIGS. 12 AND 13: Illustrations from Sydney Padua's graphic novel, The Thrilling Adventures of Loveless and Babbage. © Sydney Padua, author and illustrator.
FIG. 14: Nikola Tesla, with his equipment for producing high-frequency alternating currents. Inscribed “To my illustrious friend Sir William Crookes of whom I always think and whose kind letters I never answer! Nikola Tesla June 17, 1901.” Wellcome Library, London.
FIG. 15: 1901 medal struck by Georges Henri Lemaire, a gem engraver in Paris. Photographs © Laura Travis.
FIG. 16: A carbolic acid sprayer from the collection of the Dittrick Medical History Center and Museum. Photograph © Laura Travis.
FIG. 17: Advertisement for an electropathic belt. Photograph © Laura Travis.
END NOTES
PERAMBULATION: THE MAD, MAD WORLD
1.Morison, George Shattuck. The New Epoch and the University (Oration, delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society in Sanders Theatre, Cambridge, Mass., June 25, 1896). (2)
2.Morison, George Shattuck. The New Epoch. (1896) Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1903. (5)
3.Priest, Cherie. “Steampunk: What It Is, Why I Came to Like It, and Why I Think It’ll Stick Around,” The Clockwork Century. Aug. 8, 2009.
4.Jenkins, Henry. “Foreword.” Eds. James H. Carrott and Brian David Johnson. Vintage Tomorrows. Sebastopol, Calif.: O’Reilly Media, 2013.
5.Whitson, Roger. Steampunk and Nineteenth-Century Digital Humanities. Abingdon, England: Routlege, 2017. (2)
6.Schafer, James, and Kate Franklin. “Why Steampunk (Still) Matters,” (2011) Parliamentandwake.com/veil/whysteampunkmatters/whysteampunkmatters.html (April 1, 2012).
7.Morison, George Shattuck. The New Epoch and the University (Oration, delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society in Sanders Theatre, Cambridge, Mass., June 25, 1896). (3)
8.Ibid. (6)
9.Morison, George Shattuck. The New Epoch. (1896) Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1903. (46)
10.Berthelot, Marcellin, “En l’an 2000,” Science et morale. Paris: Lévy, 1897. (508–515). An English translation has been published: “In the Year 2000,” Chemistry in Britain, Vol. 15 (1979). (250–251); translations by Alan Rocke, to whom I am indebted for the anecdote.
11.Morison, George Shattuck. The New Epoch. (1896) Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1903. (46)
12.Morison, George Shattuck. The New Epoch and the University (Oration, delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society in Sanders Theatre, Cambridge, Mass., June 25, 1896). (4)
13.Yarow, Jay. “Meet the Startup That’s Going to Make Eggs (Yes, Eggs) Obsolete,” Business Insider. Dec. 7, 2013.
14.Dickens, Charles. Hard Times. Eds. Fred Kaplan and Sylvere Monod. New York: Norton and Company, 2001. (20–21)
15.Franklin, H. Bruce, ed. Future Perfect: American Science Fiction of the Nineteenth Century: An Anthology. (Expanded and revised ed. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1995). (131)
16.Quoted in Matus, Jill L. Shock, Memory and the Unconscious in Victorian Fiction. 1st ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2009. (83)
17.Guedalla, Philip. Supers and Supermen: Studies in Politics, History and Letters. New York: Knopf, 1921. (33)
18.Morison, Elting, Men, Machines, and Modern Times. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966. (6–7)
19.Morison, George Shattuck. The New Epoch and the University (Oration, delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society in Sanders Theatre, Cambridge, Mass., June 25, 1896). (7)
20.Morison, Elting. Men, Machines, and Modern Times. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966.
PART ONE: CHAOS • ORDER
1.Letter to Herwart von Hohenburg (Feb. 10, 1605); quoted in Holton, Johannes Kepler’s Universe: Its Physics and Metaphysics, 342, as cited by Hylarie.
ONE: THE GOD OF MATHEMATICS
1.Aristotle ca. 355 B.C.E. On the Heavens I, 270b1; quoted in John Deely. Four Ages of Understanding. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001. (79)
2.Wootton, David. The Invention of Science. New York: Harper, 2015. (3)
3.Morison, George Shattuck. The New Epoch and the University (Oration, delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society in Sanders Theatre, Cambridge, Mass., June 25, 1896). (1)
4.Wootton, David. The Invention of Science. New York: Harper, 2015. (4)
5.Ibid. (4)
6.Ibid. (1)
7.Morison, George Shattuck. The New Epoch. (1896) Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1903. (130)
8.Power, Henry. Experimental Philosophy (1664), quoted in Wootton. (1)
9.Wootton, David. The Invention of Science. New York: Harper, 2015. (74)
10.Dolnick, Edward. Clockwork Universe. New York: Harper, 2011.
11.Wootton, David. The Invention of Science. New York: Harper, 2015. (6)
12.Ibid. (13)
13.Peters, S. M. (2008-02-05). Whitechapel Gods (Kindle locations 5435–5436). Penguin Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
14.Morison, Arthur. Palace Journal. April 24, 1889.
15.Morison, Elting. Men, Machines, and Modern Times. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966. (9)
16.Wootton, David. The Invention of Science. New York: Harper, 2015. (217)
17.Quoted in Dolnick, Edward. Clockwork Universe. New York: Harper, 2011. (171)
18.Ibid. (146)
19.Translation quoted from Barker, Peter, and Bernard R. Goldstein. “Theological Foundations of Kepler’s Astronomy.” Osiris, Vol. 16, Science in Theistic Contexts: Cognitive Dimensions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. (92)
20.Translation quoted from Barker, Peter, and Bernard R. Goldstein. “Theological Foundations of Kepler’s Astronomy.” (99)
21.Elliott, Rebecca. “Mysterium Cosmographicum: How to Make Your Own Platonic Solids,” PioneerTown, 2015. Access June 16, 2016.
22.Caspar, Max, and Clarisse Doris Hellman. Kepler. Dover Books, 1993. (71)
23.Barker, Peter, and Bernard R. Goldstein. “Theological Foundations of Kepler’s Astronomy.” (102)
24.Ibid. (88)
25.Kepler, Johannes. Kepler’s Somnium: The Dream, or Posthumous Work on Lunar Astronomy, trans. Edward Rosen. Courier Corporation, 1967. For an excellent summary and analysis, see Christianson, Gale. “Kepler’s Somnium: Science Fiction and the Renaissance Scientist,” Science Fiction, Vol. 8, no. 3 (1976).
26.Herschel, William, quoted in Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (62)
27.Dolnick, Edward. Clockwork Universe. New York: Harper, 2011. (231)
28.Djerassi, Carl, and David Pinner. Newton’s Darkne
ss: Two Dramatic Views. London: Imperial College Press, 2003. (3)
29.Ibid. (3)
30.Dodds, Betty Jo Teeter, quoted in Ramati, Ayval. “The Hidden Truth of Creation: Newton’s Method of Fluxions,” The British Journal for the History of Science, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Dec. 2001). (417–438)
31.The 87th recipe of the Leiden Papyrus, translated by Principe, Lawrence. The Secrets of Alchemy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013. (10)
32.Djerassi, Carl, and David Pinner. Newton’s Darkness: Two Dramatic Views. London: Imperial College Press, 2003. (3)
33.Ramati, Ayval. “The Hidden Truth of Creation: Newton’s Method of Fluxions,” The British Journal for the History of Science, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Dec. 2001). (418)
34.Quoted from Westfall, Richard. “Newton’s Marvelous Years of Discovery and Their Aftermath: Myth Versus Manuscript” Isis, Vol. 71, No. 1 (Mar. 1980). (109–121)
35.Ibid. (109)
36.Ibid. (109)
37.From Zakai, Avihu. Jonathan Edwards’s Philosophy of Nature: The Re-enchantment of the World in the Age of Scientific Reasoning. London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2010. (190)
38.Dolnick, Edward. Clockwork Universe. New York: Harper, 2011. (238)
39.Ibid. (257)
40.Ibid. (257)
41.Quoted from Tasaday, Nicholas. “When Lions Battle.” Math Horizons, Vol. 14, No. 4 (April 2007). (8–11, 30–31)
42.Muller, Martin. “The Medieval Astronomical Clock in Prague,” Prague.cz. Web. 2013. Accessed Feb. 9, 2015.
43.Wiener, Philip P. ed. Leibniz Selections (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1951). (216–217)
44.Drake, Judith. An Essay in Defence of the Female Sex. In a letter to a lady. Written by a lady. 4th ed., corrected. London, 1721. Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. Case Western Reserve University. (13)
45.Peters, S. M. Whitechapel Gods (Kindle locations 5440–5443). Penguin Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
46.Ibid.
47.Newton, Isaac. “The Commentary on the Emerald Tablet,” The Alchemy Reader: From Hermes Trismegistus to Isaac Newton. Ed. Stanton J. Linden. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2003. (247)
48.Morison, Elting. Men, Machines, and Modern Times. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966. (206)
TWO: CLOCKWORK BOY AND THE MOTHER MACHINE
1.Culpeper, Nicholas. The English Physitian. Enlarged edition. Cornhill, 1665. “To the Reader.”
2.Ibid.
3.Ibid.
4.A comment originally made by Humphry Davy, whom we’ll hear from again in part 2.
5.Riskin, Jessica. “Eighteenth-Century Wetware,” Representations, Vol. 83 (Summer 2003). (97–125)
6.Wootton, David. The Invention of Science. New York: Harper, 2015. (432)
7.Descartes, René, A Discourse on Method. Orig. 1637. Project Gutenberg [Ebook #59]. Produced by Ilana and Greg Newby. HTML version by Al Haines. July 1, 2008. (NP)
8.Ibid., sec 4.
9.Ibid., sec 2.
10.Ibid., sec 5.
11.Wootton, David. The Invention of Science. New York: Harper, 2015. (377)
12.Ryle, Gilbert. Concept of Mind (1949), quoted in Wootton, David. (377)
13.Russon, Mary-Ann. “Tokyo: Humanoid Robot Woman ChihiraAico Directs Customers around Department Store,” International Business Times, April 20, 2015. http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/tokyo-lifelike-humanoid-robot-woman-chihiraaico-directs-customers-around-department-store-video-1497340. Accessed July 31, 2015.
14.Algar, Jim. “Tokyo Museum Exhibit Boasts Remarkable Human-like Robots. Creepy or Cool?” TechTimes. June 24, 2015. http://www.techtimes.com/articles/9113/20140624/tokoyo-museum-boasts-super-human-like-robots.htm.
15.“Do Robots Have Souls?” Video interview. Hiroshi Ishiguro. The Global Mail. Vimeo. Accessed Aug. 7, 2015. https://vimeo.com/59110465.
16.Riskin, Jessica. “Eighteenth-Century Wetware,” Representations, Vol. 83 (Summer 2003). (99)
17.Muri, Allison. The Enlightenment Cyborg: A History of Communications and Control in the Human Machine, 1660–1830. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007. (37)
18.Ibid. (118)
19.d’Holbach, Baron, and Paul Henri Thierry. System of Nature. Sioux Falls, S.D.: NuVision Publications, LLC, Oct. 1, 2007. (62)
20.Berkeley, George. Alciphron: Or. The Minute Philosopher. In Seven Dialogues. J. Tonson in the Strand, 1732. (42)
21.Drake, Judith. An Essay in Defence of the Female Sex. In a letter to a lady. Written by a lady. The fourth edition, corrected. London, 1721. Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. Case Western Reserve University. May 22, 2009. (13)
22.Selznick, Brian. The Invention of Hugo Cabret. New York: Scholastic Inc. September 15, 2015. Google ebook.
23.Dolnick, Edward. Clockwork Universe. New York: Harper, 2011. (8)
24.Sugg, Richard. Mummies, Cannibals, and Vampires: The History of Corpse Medicine from the Renaissance to the Victorians. London: Routledge, 2011. (1)
25.Burney, Fanny. “Account from Paris of a Terrible Operation—1812—” Journal Letter to Esther Burney, March 22–June 1812. Fanny Burney. Selected Letters and Journals. Ed. Joyce Hemlow. Oxford, England: Clarendon, 1986.
26.Peters, S. M. Whitechapel Gods (Kindle locations 147–149). New York: Penguin Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
27.Tresch, John. “The Machine Awakens: The Science and Politics of the Fantastic Automaton,” French Historical Studies, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Winter 2011).
28.Ibid. (7)
29.Riskin, Jessica. “Eighteenth-Century Wetware,” Representations, Vol. 83 (Summer 2003). (97–125; 103)
30.Cottom, Daniel. “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Digestion.” Representations, Vol. 66, (Spring 1999). (56)
31.Voskuhl, Adelheid. Androids in the Enlightenment: Mechanics, Artisans, and Cultures of the Self. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013. Google ebook. (NP)
32.Riskin, Jessica. “Eighteenth-Century Wetware,” Representations, Vol. 83 (Summer 2003). (101)
33.Ibid. (102)
34.Hilaire-Pérez, Liliane, and Christelle Rabier. “Self-Machinery? Steel Trusses and the Management of Ruptures in Eighteenth-Century Europe,” Fitting for Health. Society for the History of Technology, 2013. (460)
35.La Mettrie [1747]. Quotes and translations from: Niran Bahjat-Abbas. Thinking Machines: Discourses of Artificial Intelligence. LIT Verlag, 2006. (30)
36.Franchi, Stefano, and Güven Güzeldere. Mechanical Bodies, Computational Minds: Artificial Intelligence from Automata to Cyborgs. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2005. (40)
37.Morison, Elting. Men, Machines, and Modern Times. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966. (9)
38.Wootton, David. The Invention of Science. New York: Harper, 2015. (364)
39.Hilaire-Pérez, Liliane, and Christelle Rabier. “Self-Machinery? Steel Trusses and the Management of Ruptures in Eighteenth-Century Europe,” Fitting for Health. Society for the History of Technology, 2013. (471)
40.Ibid. (480)
41.Blackwell, Bonnie. “Tristram Shandy and the Theatre of the Mechanical Mother.” ELH, Vol. 68, No. 1 (2001). (81–133)
42.Schillace, Brandy. “’Reproducing’ Custom: Mechanical Habits and Female Machines in Augustan Women’s Education,” Feminist Formations, [Vol. 25, No. 1] (Spring 2013).
43.Blackwell, Bonnie. “Tristram Shandy.” (87)
44.Astell, Mary. A Serious Proposal to the Ladies. [1694] Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press, 2002. (120)
45.Nihell, Elizabeth. “A Treatise on Midwifery.” Eighteenth-Century British Midwifery Volume 6. London: Pickering and Chatto, 2008. (82)
46.Quoted in Johnstone, R. W. William Smellie: The Master of British Midwifery. Edinburgh: E & S Livingstone, 1952. (25)
47.Ibid. (26)
48.Quoted in King, Helen. Midwifery, Obstetrics and the Rise of Gynaecology. Farnham, England: Ashgate, 2007. (133)
49.Peters, S. M. Whitechapel Gods (Kindle locations 1637–1638). New York: Penguin Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
/> 50.Ibid.
51.Ibid.
52.Ibid.
53.Kang, Minsoo. Sublime Dreams of Living Machines. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2011. (131)
54.Schillace, Brandy. “Reproducing.” (10)
55.Nihell, Elizabeth. “A Treatise on Midwifery.” Eighteenth-Century British Midwifery Volume 6. London: Pickering and Chatto, 2008. (82)
56.Morison, Elting. Men, Machines, and Modern Times. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966. (119)
57.Ibid. (83)
58.Ibid. (83)
THREE: CATCHING LIGHTNING IN A BOTTLE
1.Quoted in translation from Delbourgo, James. A Most Amazing Scene of Wonders. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006. (14)
2.Quoted in translation from ibid. (14).
3.Brundtland, Terje. “Francis Hauksbee and His Air Pump,” Notes and Records of the Royal Society, Vol. 66 (2012). (255)
4.Hauksbee, Francis. Physico-Mechanical Experiments on Various Subjects. London, 1709. (Preface)
5.Quoted in Bertucci, Paola. “Sparks in the Dark: The Attraction of Electricity in the Eighteenth Century,” Endeavour, Vol. 31, No. 3. (NP)
6.Quoted in ibid.
7.Delbourgo, James. A Most Amazing Scene of Wonders. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006. (15)
8.Bertucci, Paola. “Sparks in the Dark: The Attraction of Electricity in the Eighteenth Century,” Endeavour, Vol. 31, No. 3. (2007).
9.With thanks to the Bakken Museum, Minneapolis, Minn.
10.Delbourgo, James. A Most Amazing Scene of Wonders. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006. (36)
11.Franklin, Benjamin. Letter to Collinson quoted in Delbourgo, James. A Most Amazing Scene of Wonders. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006. (38)
12.Quoted in Bertucci, Paola. “Sparks in the Dark: The Attraction of Electricity in the Eighteenth Century,” Endeavour, Vol. 31, No. 3. (NP)
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