Bittersweet

by Peter Macinnis

  lime calcium oxide, prepared by lime burners, who roasted shells, coral or marble.

  molasses the sticky brown liquid that is left after sugar crystals have been taken from a batch of juice.

  ratoon a later crop of sugar cane, growing from previously planted roots left in the ground after an earlier crop has been cut. Usually the cane was replaced after two or three ratoon crops.

  rind the outer layer of the sugar cane, surrounding the soft pith that actually contains the sugar juice. The forms cultivated in the Pacific, where they were used mainly for chewing, generally had been selected for a soft rind.

  sett a cut piece of sugar cane, usually with two or three joints, used to start new cane growth.

  three-roller mill the form of mill which was most efficient in crushing the cane and extracting the juice.

  vinasse the fluid left after rum has been distilled from the fermented sugar juice, and which can be a major pollutant of rivers if it is dumped.

  References

  Some of the authors listed here have been directly cited, others have merely been consulted. In some cases the facts I have given may contradict one or more of the sources. This will be because the references themselves have been at odds, and I have elected to trust one source over another.

  Agnew, John R. (ed.), Australian Sugarcane Pests. Indooroopilly: Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, 1997.

  Allen, Richard Blair, Slaves, Freedmen, and Indentured Labourers in Colonial Mauritius. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

  Anonymous pamphlet, Case of the Refiners of Sugar in England, c. 1695. Original in the Goldsmiths’-Kress library of economic literature, microfilm copy at the State Library of NSW.

  Anonymous pamphlet, Reasons Against Laying an Additional Duty on Muscovada Sugar, c. 1695. Original in the Goldsmiths’-Kress library of economic literature, microfilm copy at the State Library of NSW.

  Anonymous pamphlet, Reasons Humbly Offer’d, Why a Duty should not be Laid on Sugars, c. 1744. Original in the Goldsmiths’-Kress library of economic literature, microfilm copy at the State Library of NSW.

  Anonymous pamphlet, The Irregular and Disorderly State of the Plantation Trade, c. 1695. Original in the Goldsmiths’-Kress library of economic literature, microfilm copy at the State Library of NSW.

  Aykroyd, W. R., Sweet Malefactor. London: Heinemann, 1967.

  Banks, Sir Joseph, The Endeavour Journal, edited by J. C. Beaglehole. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1962, now more readily available online as text.

  Barnes, A. C., The Sugar Cane. Aylesbury: Leonard Hill Books, 1974.

  Barton, G. B., History of New South Wales from the Records, Volume I. Sydney: Charles Potter, Government Printer, 1889.

  Beachey, R. W., The British West Indies Sugar Industry in the Late 19th Century. Oxford: Blackwell, 1957.

  Beckles, Hilary McD., White Servitude and Black Slavery in Barbados, 1627–1715. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1989.

  Beeton, Mrs Isabella, The Book of Household Management. London: S. O. Beeton, 1861.

  Benvenisti, Meron, The Crusaders of the Holy Land. Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1970.

  Boswell, James, Life of Johnson. London: Also available as Project Gutenberg file ljnsn10.txt.

  Burgh, N. P., A Treatise on Sugar Machinery. Bucklersbury: E. and F. N. Spon, 1863.

  Carlyle, Thomas, Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question, originally published in Fraser’s Magazine for Town and Country, December 1849. Print copies are hard to locate, but it can be found on the Web.

  Clark, Ralph: see Fidlon, Paul G., and R. J. Ryan, The Journal and Letters of Lt. Ralph Clark.

  Codrington, Edward, Memoir of the Life of Admiral Sir Edward Codrington. London: 1873.

  Cook, James, Captain Cook’s Voyages of Discovery. Everyman, 1906.

  Crowe, Mitford, quoted in Noël Deerr, The History of Sugar, 413.

  Cunningham, Peter, Two Years in New South Wales (first published 1827). Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1966.

  Darwin, Erasmus, The Botanic Garden. London: J. Johnson, 1799.

  Deerr, Noël (compiled by John Howard Payne), Noël Deerr: Classic Papers of a Sugar Cane Technologist. Amsterdam, New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., 1983.

  Deerr, Noël, The History of Sugar. London: Chapman and Hall, 1949–50.

  Denoon, Donald, et al. (ed.), The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

  Duffy, Michael, Soldiers, Sugar, and Seapower: The British Expeditions to the West Indies and the War against Revolutionary France. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.

  Dufty, William, Sugar Blues. Tunbridge Wells: Abacus Press, 1980. (Author is also cited as Duffy, and appears to have used this name as well.)

  Duhamel du Monceau, Henri Louis, L’art de reffiner le sucre. Paris: 1764.

  Dutton, Geoffrey, The Hero as Murderer: The Life of Edward John Eyre. Ringwood: Penguin Books, 1977. (First published by Collins, 1967.)

  Edwards, Bryan, History of the British Colonies in the West Indies. London: John Stockdale, 1793.

  Fidlon, Paul G., and R. J. Ryan, The Journal of Arthur Bowes Smyth. Sydney: Australian Documents Library, 1979.

  Fidlon, Paul G., and R. J. Ryan, The Journal and Letters of Lt. Ralph Clark. Sydney: Australian Documents Library, 1981.

  Fitzgerald, Ross and Hearn, Mark, Bligh, Macarthur and the Rum Rebellion, Kangaroo Press, Sydney, 1988.

  Flannery, Tim, The Future Eaters. Port Melbourne: Reed Books, 1994.

  Flannery, Tim, The Eternal Frontier. Melbourne: Text Publishing Company, 2001.

  Galloway, J. H., The Sugar Cane Industry: An Historical Geography from its Origins to 1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

  Gilfillan, George, Specimens with Memoirs of the Less-Known British Poets. Edinburgh, three volumes, 1860.

  Gilmore, John, The Poetics of Empire: A Study of James Grainger’s ‘The Sugar-Cane’. London: The Athlone Press, 2000. (This volume includes the complete text of James Grainger’s ‘Sugar-Cane: A poem in four books’, first published in 1764.)

  Grainger, James: see Gilmore, John.

  Hentzner, Paul, Paul Hentzner’s Travels in England, during the Reign of Queen Elizabeth. Published in London, 1797; available as an electronic text from Project Gutenberg.

  Herodotus, The Histories, Book 4. Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics, 1954.

  Higham, Charles, The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia. Cambridge, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

  Hobhouse, Henry, Seeds of Change: Five plants that transformed mankind. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1985.

  Huetz de Lemps, Alain, Histoire du Rhum. Paris: Editions Desjon-quères, 1997.

  James, C. L. R., The Black Jacobins, 2nd edition. New York: Vintage Books, 1963.

  Johnston, W. Ross, A Documentary History of Queensland. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1988.

  King, Norman J., Mungomery, R. W. and Hughes, C. G., Manual of Cane-growing. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1953.

  Koike, Hideo, Sugar-Cane Diseases: A Guide for Field Identification. Rome: FAO, 1988.

  Kurlansky, Mark, Cod. London: Vintage Books, 1999.

  Landman, Captain, Adventures and Recollections of Captain Landman, 1852, as quoted in Barton, G. B., op. cit., p. 498. Sydney: Charles Potter, Government Printer, 1889.

  Lewis, D. B. Wyndham, and Charles Lee, The Stuffed Owl: An Anthology of Bad Verse. London: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1948.

  Ligon, Richard, A True & Exact History of the Island of Barbados.

  London: Humphrey Moseley, 1657. (Ann Arbor microfilm.)

  Littleton, Edward, The Groans of the Plantations. London: M. Clark, 1689. (Ann Arbor microfilm.)

  Mandeville, Sir John (pseudonym), The Travels of Sir John Man-deville, accessed as Project Gutenberg file tosjm10.txt.

  Markham, Gervase, The English House-wife. London: Printed by Anne Griffin for Iohn Harrison, as the Golden Vnicorne in Pater-noster-row, 1637, in microform (first edition 1
615).

  Matra, James Maria, “A Proposal for Establishing a Settlement in New South Wales” in Barton, op. cit., 423–9.

  McDonald, Roderick A., The Economy and Material Culture of Slaves. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993.

  Meyer, Jean, Histoire du Sucre. Paris: Editions Desjonquères, 1989.

  Mill, John Stuart, The Negro Question, originally published in Fraser’s Magazine for Town and Country, January 1850. Available on the Web, usually with Carlyle’s piece, to which it is a reply.

  Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, letter quoted in John Carey (ed.) The Faber Book of Science, 51. London: Faber and Faber, 1995.

  Nabors, Lyn O’Brien, and Robert C. Gelardi (ed.), Alternative Sweeteners. New York: M. Dekker, Inc., 1986.

  Parkinson, C. Northcote, Trade in the Eastern Seas Between the Years 1793–1813. London: Cass, 1966.

  Phillip, Arthur, The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay. London: John Stockdale, 1790.

  Polo, Marco, The Travels of Marco Polo. New York: Liveright, 1926. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1931.

  Sambrook, Pamela, Country House Brewing in England, 1500–1900. London: Hambledon Press, 1996.

  Schaw, Janet, Journal of a Lady of Quality. Yale University Press, 1921, with several editions. (Written in 1774.)

  Sherard, Robert Harborough, The White Slaves of England. London: James Bowden, 1897.

  Shlomowitz, Ralph, Marx and the Queensland Labour Trade. Working Papers in Economic History, No. 54, May 1992. Adelaide: Flinders University.

  Shlomowitz, Ralph, Marx and the Queensland Labour Trade: A Further Comment. Working Papers in Economic History, No. 66, August 1995. Adelaide: Flinders University.

  Smith, Adam, The Wealth of Nations. London: 2nd edition, W. Strachan and T. Cadell, 1778.

  Smith, Anthony, Blind White Fish in Persia. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1953 (also Penguin, 1990).

  Smith, Dudley, Cane Sugar World. New York: Palmer Publications, 1978.

  Strong, L. A. G., The Story of Sugar. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1954.

  Tilden, Sir William, Chemical Discovery and Invention in the Twentieth Century. London: Routledge, c. 1916.

  Tobin, James, A Plain Man’s Thoughts on the Present Price of Sugar.

  London, J. Debrett, c. 1792. Original in the Goldsmiths’-Kress library of economic literature, microfilm copy at the State Library of NSW.

  Tomich, Dale W., Slavery in the Circuit of Sugar: Martinique and the World Economy, 1830–1848. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.

  Trollope, Anthony, Australia. First published 1873 as Australia and New Zealand, reprinted in part as Australia. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1967.

  Unwin, Rayner, The Defeat of John Hawkins. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1960.

  Walpole, Horace (trans.), Itinerariae Germaniae, Galliae, Angliae et Italiae (Paul Hentzner’s Travels). London: Edward Jeffrey, 1797.

  Ward, J. R., British West Indian Slavery, 1750–1834. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988.

  Watson, Andrew M., Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

  Wawn, William T., The South Sea Islanders and the Queensland Labour Trade, originally published in 1893, reprinted in 1973, edited and annotated by Peter Corris, Canberra: Australian National Univesity Press.

  Whelan, Elizabeth, ‘The bitter truth about a sweetener scare’, Wall Street Journal, 26 August 1999.

  Williams, Eric, Capitalism and Slavery. London: Deutsch, 1964; University of North Carolina Press, 1994 (reported as first published 1944).

  Williamson, Edwin, The Penguin History of Latin America. Penguin Books, 1992.

  Young, Daniel, Young’s Demonstrative Translation Of Scientific Secrets, Toronto: Roswell and Ellis, 1861.