Foundation

by Peter Ackroyd

  beer: trade

  Belers, Robert

  Belgae (tribe)

  Belloc, Hilaire

  ‘benefit of clergy’

  Beowulf

  Beresford (Esberfort), Lord Simon de

  Bernard of Clairvaux, St

  Berwick Field, battle of (1403)

  Bible, Holy: English translations

  Bill of Rights (1689)

  birth: conditions

  Black Death: outbreak in England (1348); effects and mortality

  Blackheath: in Peasants’ Revolt; Jack Cade’s rebel camp at

  Blocking, John

  Blore Heath, battle of (1459)

  Blount, Sir Thomas

  Bluestonehenge

  Bolingbroke see Henry IV, King

  Bonefaunte, William

  Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury

  Bordeaux

  Borzeas (god)

  Bosworth Field, battle of (1485)

  Boudicca (or Boadicea), Queen of Iceni

  Bouvines, battle of (1214)

  Brackenbury, Sir Robert

  Bramwyk, Robert de

  Braose, Matilda de

  Braose, William de

  brigands and highwaymen

  Brigantes (tribe)

  Bristol: merchants travel overseas

  Britain: origin of name

  Britons: defined

  Brittany and Bretons (France)

  bronze: manufacture

  Bronze Age; customs

  Browne, Sir Thomas: Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial

  Bruce, David II, King of Scotland

  Bruce, Robert VIII, King of Scotland; death

  Brunanburgh, battle of (937)

  Buckingham, Henry StaffordDuke of

  Buckingham, Humphrey Staffordt Duke of

  bureaucracy: increase under Henry I,; and Henry III

  Burgh, Hubert de

  Burgundy: Charles the Bold, Duke of, Edward IV forms alliance with; marriage to Margaret of York

  Burgundy, John II (the Fearless), Duke of

  Burgundy, Margaret of York, Duchess of

  Burgundy, Philip the Good, Duke of

  burial: prehistoric; East Angles; procedure

  Bury St Edmunds: parliament in (1447); conflict between monks and citizenry

  Buxton: holy well of St Anne

  Byrhtferth (Benedictine monk)

  Cabot, John

  Cabot, Sebastian

  Cadbury (hill fort)

  Cade, Jack

  Caernarfon Castle, Wales

  Caesar, Julius: invades England; on Druids; Comentarii de Bello Gallico

  Calais: English capture; Edward III in; Thomas of Woodstock murdered at; Henry V marches on; Duke of Burgundy threatens; remains in English hands; Duke of York protects; Warwick in

  Calehill Heath, Kent

  calendar: and festivals; see also space and time

  Calvinists

  Cambridge University: founding and early development

  Cannynges, William

  canon law: Lanfranc introduces

  Canterbury: name; archbishopric; house density; pilgrims; Cathedral; see also Becket, St Thomas

  Cantii (tribe)

  Canute, King of the English, Danes and Norwegians

  Caratacus

  Cartimandua, Queen of Brigantes

  Cassivellaunus

  Castillon, battle of (1453)

  castles: Norman; in Wales

  Castor, Cambridgeshire

  cathedrals: built

  Catherine of Aragon, Queen of Henry VIII

  Catterick

  cattle: domesticated

  Caxton, William; The Game and the Playe of the Chesse

  Ceawlin (Saxon leader)

  Cecilia (William the Conqueror’s daughter)

  Celtic church

  Celtic languages

  Celts: origins

  cemeteries and churchyards

  Cernunnos (god)

  chancery: developed under Henry I, ;under Edward I

  Channel, English: formed

  Channel Islands: retained by King John

  Charlemagne, King of Frankish Empire

  Charles I, King: and Petition of Right

  Charles IV, King of France

  Charles V (the Wise), King of France

  Charles VI, King of France

  Charles VII, King of France: crowned; captures Paris; reoccupies Normandy

  Charles VIII, King of France

  Chaucer, Geoffrey: writes in English; Canterbury Tales; ‘The Miller’s Tale’; ‘Tale of Melibee’; Troilus and Criseyde

  Cheddar Gorge

  Chester: footways

  childhood; see also education; schools

  chivalry

  Christianity: introduced in Roman England; under Anglo-Saxons; rich statues; conversions under Augustine and Paulinus; Roman Church prevails; Church organization; as unifying force; Viking assault on; prevails over Danish invaders; Church reforms under Normans; Church material wealth and landowning; secular clergy; practices and beliefs challenged by Lollards; heretics burned at stake; English saints; tensions with sovereign

  Chronique de la Trahison et Mort de Richard II

  Church of England: in Henry V’s reign

  Church, the see Christianity

  churches: design; Perpendicular style; see also cathedrals

  churchyards see cemeteries

  Cicero

  Cistercians, Order: settle in England; practise eviction

  Clarence, George, Duke of: and recognition of Elizabeth Woodville as queen; Warwick promises crown to; proposed marriage to Warwick’s daughter; Edward IV seeks friendship; in Warwick’s rebellion; deserts Warwick for Henry VI; rivalry with Edward IV; murdered in Tower

  Clarendon, Constitutions of (1164)

  class (social): system develops; see also hierarchies

  Claudius, Roman Emperor

  climate: variability; human effect

  clocks

  Clyn, John

  coal: Romans and

  Coelius (Coel Hen; ‘Old King Cole’)

  coins and coinage: under Normans; debased under Henry I

  Coke, Sir Edward

  Colchester (Camulodunum); cloth manufacture

  Coleswain of Lincoln

  commerce see trade

  common people: lives and conditions; effect of Black Death on; dress and behaviour regulated by law

  Commons, House of see parliament

  communitas (local self-rule)

  Commynes, Philippe de

  Complaint of the Poor Commons of Kent

  Constantine the Great, Roman Emperor

  Conway Castle, Wales

  Conyers, Sir John (‘Robin of Redesdale’; ‘Robin Mend-All’)

  cooking see food and drink

  Cornwall: Pytheas visits; Celtic language

  coronations (royal); see also individual monarchs

  Cotton, Sir Robert

  Council Learned in the Law

  courtly love

  courts of law

  Coventry

  Crane, Matilda

  cranes (lifting)

  Crécy, battle of (1346)

  crime: rises at times of harvest failure; violent; and punishment; prevalence under Henry VI

  Crowland Chronicle

  Crusade, Third

  Cunobelinus

  cursus monuments

  customs: prehistoric origins; and continuity

  customs duties: under Edward I

  Cuthbert, St

  Danegeld (tax)

  Danelaw, the

  Danes see Denmark

  David I, King of Scotland

  ‘Deadmen’s Den’ (Blore Heath battlefield)

  death see burial; mortality

  Deeds of Henry V, The

  Deira, kingdom of

  Denmark: Viking raiders from; invasions and settlement in England; subjects fight on English side at Hastings

  Despenser, Henry, Bishop of Norwich

  Despenser, Hugh le (father
and son)

  diet see food and drink

  doctors

  Domesday Book (‘The King’s Book’)

  domestic life: in Paston letters

  Dominican Order

  Dover: name

  dress: in Bronze Age; under Romans; Anglo-Saxon; legislation on

  drink see food and drink

  Druids

  drunkenness

  Dublin: as Norse trading centre

  Dudley, Edmund

  Dumnonii (tribe)

  Dunstan, St, Archbishop of Canterbury

  Durham: Cathedral; pilgrimages to; Germanic structures

  Durotriges (tribe)

  East Anglia: settled; Danes in

  East Saxons

  East Stoke, battle of (1487)

  economic activity: fifteenth century improvement; see also trade; wool

  Edgar Atheling

  Edgar, King of the English

  Edinburgh

  Edington, battle of (878)

  Edith, Queen of Henry I

  Edmund Ironside, King of the English

  education: children’s; university; see also schools

  Edward I, King: captures Gwynedd; wars against Scotland and Wales; and de Montfort’s war with Henry III,; imprisoned as hostage; escapes and defeats de Montfort at Evesham; on crusade; accession and coronation; attempted assassination; interest in Gascony; soldierly qualities; appearance and personality; reclaims father’s lost lands; taxes and customs; authority; and international finance; represses and expels Jews; law and administration reforms; raises paid troops; and death of first wife (Eleanor); remarries (Margaret); death

  Edward II, King: acclaimed Prince of Wales; birth and upbringing; character and tastes; coronation; marriage and children; relations with Piers Gaveston; baronial opposition to; conflict with Scots; and execution of Gaveston; disgraced by Bannockburn defeat; appoints Despenser chamberlain; provokes civil war and violence; authority and tyrannical rule; calls parliament at York (1322); dispute over Gascony; Isabella rebels against; deposed and killed; supposed survival and peregrinations; military ineptness; Richard II and

  Edward III, King: father sends to France to do fealty for Gascony; and rebellion against father; character; crowned; has Mortimer killed; reign and administration; wars with Scotland; claims throne of France; restores knightly virtues; and conduct of Hundred Years War; as warrior; taxation; relations with parliament; asserts authority; invades Normandy; and Black Death; and capture of King John II of France; accepts treaties and truces in France; achievements; death

  Edward IV, King (earlier Earl of March and Duke of York): Black Book; in Wars of the Roses; appearance and character; crowned; extravagance and display; treatment of Lancastrians; foreign policy; strong rule; view of French; marriage to commoner (Elizabeth Woodville); sociability; and Robin of Redesdale rebellion; captured, confined in Warwick Castle and released; defeats Lincolnshire rebels (1470); and Warwick’s 1470 invasion; flees to Holland; returns to England to counter Warwick; defeats Warwick at Barnet; participates in trade; and succession; purges enemies; treaty with Louis XI (1475); has Clarence killed; arranges family marriages; illness and death; solvency

  Edward V, King (earlier Prince of Wales): marriage prospects; accession and reign; confined in Tower and killed; and Richard III’s seizure of crown

  Edward the Confessor, King of the English

  Edward the Elder, King of the Angles and Saxons

  Edward, Prince (Richard III’s son): death

  Edward, Prince of Wales (Henry VI’s son): birth; mother protects; as claimant to throne; and Wars of the Roses; betrothal and marriage to Warwick’s daughter; killed at Tewkesbury

  Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales (‘the Black Prince’): military activities; health decline and death; sets up court at Bordeaux

  Edwin, King of Northumberland

  Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of Henry II

  Eleanor of Castile, Queen of Edward I: death; Crosses; and birth of Edward II

  Eleanor of Provence, Queen of Henry III

  Elizabeth I, Queen: authority

  Elizabeth II, Queen: coronation

  Elizabeth (Woodville), Queen of Edward IV: marriage; twice takes sanctuary in Westminster Abbey; children; hostility to Clarence; and son’s succession to throne; surrenders son Richard to Richard III,; and Lady Margaret Beaufort; supports Lambert Simnel; sent to nunnery

  Elizabeth of York, Queen of Henry VII: marriage to Henry; Richard III’s supposed plan to marry; death

  Elmet (kingdom)

  Eltham palace

  Ely: as centre of Hereward’s resistance; school

  Emma, Queen of Ethelred and of Canute

  Empson, Richard

  enclosures: in Bronze Age; eighteenth-century Enclosure Acts; and sheep breeding

  Engels, Friedrich

  England: early settlement; formed; regional divisions; Romans invade and colonize; tribes; government and social development under Romans; early Christianity in; incursion by northern tribes; Roman rule ends; post-Roman division and administration; name; under Anglo-Saxons; converted to Christianity; urbanization under Alfred the Great; as Anglo-Saxon realm; administrative units; land ownership; national identity formed; involvement with France; resistance to William the Conqueror; under Norman rule; frontier with Scotland defined; development of bureaucracy; Normans assimilated; increased prosperity under Henry II; archives and records develop; civil disorder under Edward II; rivalry with France; in Hundred Years War against France; popular discontent (1377); established as nation under Henry V; foreigners’ views of; loses possessions in France; economic fortunes in fifteenth century; prosperity under Edward IV, 404; historical change; political and legal systems; foreign-born monarchs

  English language: under Normans; literary and official development; prevalence under Henry V

  Epona (horse goddess)

  Ermine Street

  esquires

  Essex: rebels in Peasants’ Revolt

  estates (landed)

  Ethelred II (‘the unready’), King of the English

  Eton College

  Evesham, battle of (1265)

  Evesham, monk of (chronicler)

  Evreux, Louis, Count of

  exchequer: developed under Henry I

  fairs and markets

  Falkirk, battle of (1298)

  famines: (1086); (1257 – 8); (1314 – 17)

  farming: beginnings; Bronze Age; Iron Age; under Romans; and climate change; under Anglo-Saxons; under Henry III; and seasons; regional diversity; routines; and a money economy; see also harvest failures

  Fastolf, Sir John

  Faversham monastery

  fens: drained under Romans

  festivals and pastimes: seasonal

  feudalism

  fields: formed; regional diversity and patterns

  Fieschi, Manuel di

  Fishbourne, Sussex

  Fitz-Osbert, William (or William the Beard)

  Fitzstephen, William

  fitz Walter, Robert

  Flanders: rebellion (fourteenth century); English campaign in (1383); French hold

  Flemings: settle in Pembrokeshire

  flint: artefacts; tools; mining

  Flint Castle, Wales

  Florence: revolt (fourteenth century)

  Foliot, Gilbert

  Folville, Eustace de

  Folville, John de

  Folville, Richard de

  food and drink: Bronze Age; medieval

  Forest of Dean

  forest law

  forests see woods and forests

  Formby Point

  Forme of Cury, The (cookery book)

  Fortescue, Sir John: De Laudibus Legum Angliae

  Foxe, John

  France: English involvement with; King John loses empire in; Henry III in; in Hundred Years War against England; power struggle with England; Edward III claims throne; English depredations in; Charles V’s forces raid south coast; Jacquerie riots; alliance with Scotl
and against England; threatens England from Flanders; Henry V’s campaigns in; Henry VI crowned king; fleet sacks Sandwich (1457); Edward IV’s view of; treaty with Edward IV (1475); finances Henry Tudor’s invasion against Richard III

  Franciscan Order

  Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

  Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor

  free men: in towns; legal rights

  French language: introduced by Normans

  Frisians: settle in England

  Froissart, Jean

  Fuller, Agnes

  Fuller, Thomas: The Holy State and the Profane State

  Galen

  games and sports

  Garter, Order of the: instituted (1348)

  Gascony: Henry III in; Edward I values and controls; status of merchants; Edward III does fealty to French king for; in Hundred Years War; remains in English hands; surrendered to French

  Gaul, Gauls

  Gaveston, Piers, Earl of Cornwall

  gentlemen

  gentry, formed

  Geoffrey of Anjou

  Geoffrey, Prince (Henry II’s son)

  George, St

  Germanic languages

  Germanic settlers: in England

  Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre

  Geyser, William

  Gildas

  Girton, Cambridgeshire

  Glanville, Ranulph de: tutors King John; On the Laws and Customs of England

  Glastonbury

  Glendower, Owen

  Gloucester Cathedral: Perpendicular style

  Gloucester, Gilbert de Clare, 10th Earl of

  Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of: as protector in Henry VI’s minority; advises Henry VI on war with France; arrest and death

  Gloucester, Richard, Duke of see Richard III, King

  Gloucester, Thomas, Duke of (Thomas of Woodstock)

  Godiva (or Godgifu) Lady

  Gododdin (kingdom)

  Godwin, Earl of Wessex

  Gordon, Katherine

  Gornay, Lord Thomas de

  Gothic art

  ‘Gough’ map

  Gower, John

  Gower Peninsula

  Great Chronicle of London

  Gregory the Great, Pope

  Guildhall Library, London

  guilds

  Guinevere, Queen

  Guthrum (Danish leader)

  Gwynedd

  Gytha (Harold’s mother)

  Hadrian, Roman Emperor

  Hadrian’s Wall

  Hailes Abbey, Gloucestershire

  Hakluyt, Richard

  Halidon Hill, battle of (1333)

  Hall, Edward

  hamlets

  handwriting: development of cursive script

  Happisburgh, Norfolk

  Harald Hardrada, King of Norway

  Hardy, Thomas; Tess of the d’Urbervilles