When he is not with close friends, Le Corbusier often displays a lively sense of his own importance. The fact that he is the world’s most influential architect is not universally recognized in this country, and last year, while the United Nations Headquarters Commission subcommittee to which he was attached as an expert was making its site-inspecting jaunts about the country, he was always offended when the newspaper photographers asked him to step aside while they took pictures of city officials and subcommittee members. They made this request because a commission delegate was considered to belong to a bureaucratic echelon inferior to that of subcommitteemen and municipal officeholders. “I have never had to deal with such imbeciles in my life,” he grumbled after being invited to get out of a photograph in Philadelphia. Dr. Eduardo Zuleta-Angel, a Colombian, who was head of the Headquarters Committee, is a great admirer of Le Corbusier, and he tried to salve his feelings, and also gain some useful advice, by taking him up in a helicopter to inspect the land that Philadelphia was offering the United Nations. On the whole, Le Corbusier was favorably impressed by Philadelphia. He also liked Boston, despite a rather unfortunate incident at a dinner tendered him and his colleagues at the Harvard Club of Boston. According to Le Corbusier, a bishop and a lawyer flanking him at the table persisted in talking across him to each other. He did not consider the fact that his English is poor and that his dinner neighbors’ French was worse a mitigating circumstance, and presently he picked up his chair and moved it next to Serge Koussevitzky, a French-speaking guest. Before Rockefeller made his offer of the East River area, Le Corbusier had been inclined to regard San Francisco, where his inspection group spent three days, as the best site. “The receptions there included ladies,” he says. “At Boston and Philadelphia, they were stag.”
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These days, in addition to working on plans for United Nations buildings and holding conferences with Reynal & Hitchcock, who, having just published a translation of his Quand les Cathédrales Etaient Blanches, are planning to bring out another book of his, Inexpressible Space, Le Corbusier frequently shows up in Harrison’s office with new tables of organization for the United Nations headquarters project, in which his name and the names of his disciples are prominently displayed. Harrison, who admires Le Corbusier more as an architect than as a bureaucrat, tactfully clears his throat. Le Corbusier is also working on plans for a model of a typical Le Corbusier vertical garden city, which he figures can be put on the market as a useful educational toy, and he is promoting a tape measure of his devising, seven and a half feet long, which he calls the Règle d’Or. The Règle d’Or is based on the proportions of the human body, or, at any rate, the human body in the form of a man standing up with his arm raised comfortably high over his head. This measure is bisected by a line running down the middle of its entire length and is ruled off, horizontally, on either side by lines at varying intervals. These intervals, taken in threes, bear the same ratio to each other as the distance between the standing man’s fingertips and the top of his head, the distance between the top of his head and his solar plexus, and the distance from there to his heels. The sum of the first two of these distances is equal to the third. Le Corbusier worked this out with his own body as source material, but he says it applies to everyone. According to him, the measure embodies many historically accepted formulas for calculating the rules of proportion and is invaluable in designing windows, doors, walls, formats for books, or anything else in which proportion is a factor. He hopes that it will become a universal instrument, and he believes that, if adopted on a worldwide scale, it would break down nationalism by making all doors and windows in the same proportion, thus setting up a kind of architectural Esperanto of good design. John D. Dale, president of Charles Hardy, Inc., a Manhattan engineering firm, is manufacturing this device, which is to be sold to architects and engineers under the name of Modulor. Each one will bear Le Corbusier’s signature and will be accompanied by a thirty-page explanatory booklet Le Corbusier has written.
Last June, Sert’s partner in an architectural firm here, Paul Lester Wiener, who is a friend of Einstein’s, took Le Corbusier to Einstein’s house, in Princeton, so that the architect could get Einstein’s opinion of his measure. With Wiener translating Le Corbusier’s artistic terms into mathematical terms and Le Corbusier waggling his Règle d’Or at Einstein, the two men had a lengthy technical conversation. Einstein is probably the only man in the world in whose presence Le Corbusier would feel like a disciple instead of a master, but even so his eagerness to explain his ideas about proportion was so acute that he interrupted Einstein in mid-exposition several times. “It’s a new language of proportions,” Einstein finally said of the Règle d’Or, “which expresses the good easily and the bad only with complications.” Le Corbusier, who took this to mean that his baby would eliminate the bad, beamed. He assumed a pleased, almost diffident expression when Wiener, at the end of their visit, produced a camera and took a photograph without asking him to get out of the picture.
The United Nations building plans are supposed to be completed by July, and Le Corbusier expects to return to Paris then. He likes the idea of going back to live in a place where people say “Bon jour, Corbu” to him on the street, but he thinks that he will miss New York. “This is a funny country,” he told an American friend one night recently. “Your hospitality is Draconian, and your convictions are too tied up with finance. Money is ferocious here. Your brutality turns sensitive people into Surrealists. But the country has an extra cipher in population and money—it is alive, and everything is possible in it. All life is poisoned by the disorderliness of your cities; people look like cockroaches from your skyscrapers, and, oh, the loneliness of your large crowds, the anonymity of your cafeterias! No terrasses de café here, where three or four friends can talk over an apéritif—not that I ever have time for this in Paris. I was astonished by the fact that Americans never climb stairs. They will lose their legs. I’m the only man here who climbs stairs two at a time. Your escalators are undignified. New York is a turntable where you meet everyone in the world. I often ride the Third Avenue ‘L’ at two in the morning, looking at all the Negresses and Chinese dead of fatigue. I like the light here. Paris is gray—it used to be white—and Zurich is greenish, but New York is a red city—the color of blood and life. Everything in it arouses both enthusiasm and disgust; it reflects God and the Devil. Its potentiality is terrific. Your sky at night is formidable. It’s terrible to soil it with General Motors and Lucky Strike publicity. The beauty of the sky should belong to the people. I like your restaurants, and the great freshness in young people here. And how can one be bored in a city in which the young women wear crowns of flowers and in which the houses are red?”
Niccolò Tucci
NOVEMBER 22, 1947 (ON ALBERT EINSTEIN)
There is such a thing as being a foreigner, but not in the sense implied by passports. Foreigners exist, to be sure, but they may be found only in places where it would be impossible to discover a single policeman or a single immigration official—in the field of the intellect. A man who achieves anything great in any province of the mind is, inevitably, a foreigner, and cannot admit others to his province. If you are one of his own people, you will, of course, find him, because you yourself are there, but if you are not, your knowledge of him will be mostly confined to the petty intelligence of the gossip columns. Now, we all know from experience what it means, in this sense, to be refused entry, even as a temporary visitor, into this or that foreigner’s domain. We meet a great man and cannot talk to him, because, alas, we happen not to be able to get interested in the thing in which he excels. Silly though it seems, this is humiliating, for it makes us aware of our limitations. Yet that feeling is soon forgotten. There are people today, however, whose foreignness can’t be forgotten, and these are the physicists, who have done things to us that keep us wondering, to say the least. They have lessened—in fact, almost destroyed—our hopes of a quiet and happy future. It is true that they have also in
creased our hopes of surviving discomfort and disease, but, oh, how far away that seems, and how near seems the possibility of extermination! That is why, when my mother-in-law, who flew over from Europe a couple of weeks ago, said that she wanted me to accompany her on a visit to the home of her friend Albert Einstein, in Princeton, I was very reluctant to go.
I had seen Einstein several times in the past eight or nine years, and on the last occasion—in 1942, I believe—I had been bold enough to invite him to come out of his inaccessible territory and into that of all the unscientific people, like myself. Would he, I asked, explain, in words rather than in mathematical symbols, what he and his colleagues actually meant by the fourth dimension? And he did, so simply and so clearly that I left his house with an uncontrollable feeling of pride. Here, I, the living negation of anything even slightly numerical, had been able to understand what Einstein had said—had really said, for he had said it not only in his conversation with me but years before in his theories. Obviously, he had explained to me merely what a child would be able to grasp, but it impressed me as much more because my schoolteachers and my father, all of them less great than Einstein, had never forgone a chance to make me feel a perfect fool (and to tell me, lest I should have missed drawing the inference), even when they spoke to me about fractions or equations of the first degree. I consequently realized that Einstein belonged to the extremely rare type of foreigner who can come out of his seclusion and meet aliens on alien ground. Yet, much as I cherished the recollection of that pleasant experience, I did not think it altogether advisable to try my luck again. “This time,” I said to my mother-in-law, who is called Bice in the family, “he may easily make me feel like a fool. Besides, in 1942 Einstein’s achievements did not keep me awake at night, as they do now. If I saw him now, I would not be moved by the slightest scientific curiosity about his work. I would much rather ask him what he thinks of the responsibility of modern scientists, and so forth. It might be quite unfair to him and unpleasant for me.”
Well, mothers-in-law must have secret ways of persuasion, because a few days later I gave in, not only on seeing Einstein but also on taking along Bimba, my six-year-old daughter. “All right,” I said resignedly, “but you, Bimba, will be sorry for this. You don’t know who Einstein is. He has all the numbers; they belong to him. He will ask you how old you are.” And I must say here that Bimba, even more than myself, is the mathematical scandal of our family. She tries to count her six years on her fingers, but she forgets how high she has counted and must try again. Upon a guarantee from me that Einstein would not interview her on that delicate subject, we made peace and departed. On our way out of the apartment, we met my eight-year-old son, Vieri, who was playing ball on the sidewalk.
“Vieri,” I said, “want to come and see Einstein?”
“Einstein the great mathematician?” he asked.
“Yes,” I said.
“Naw,” he said. “I have enough arithmetic in school.”
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On the train that morning, my mother-in-law and I talked a great deal about Maja, Einstein’s younger sister, one of two links Bice has with higher mathematics. But I must say that she is a weak link, because Maja is the opposite of all abstraction. She looks exactly like her brother (one would almost say that she, too, needs a haircut), but she is a Tuscan peasant, like the people who work in the fields near her small estate of Colonnata, just outside Florence. Even her frame of mind is, in spite of her cosmopolitan culture, Tuscan. Whatever in conversation does not make sense to her in plain, human terms she will quickly dismiss with a witty remark. But before becoming a Tuscan peasant, Maja was a brilliant young German student of philosophy in Paris. She interrupted her studies to take a job as governess in charge of young Bice, whose mother had just died, leaving her the only female of the family, surrounded by a number of older brothers and her father. All this happened forty years ago. Soon after her arrival in the family, Maja became Bice’s second mother and dearest friend. Even after Maja resumed her studies and got married, they remained very close, and did not lose touch with each other until shortly before the outbreak of the recent war, when Maja left Italy to join her brother in Princeton. And today Bice, accompanied by a somewhat impatient son-in-law and by a pestiferous young angel of a granddaughter, was rushing to Princeton for the great reunion.
On the way, we also talked pleasantly about America (like all Europeans who come here for the first time, Bice was eager to know about everything in the first week), we discussed the fate of the world and the wisdom of those who run it, we quarrelled over theology (Bice is fond of theologies, with a marked preference for her own, the Roman Catholic), and finally I noticed that she wasn’t listening to me any more. She frowned, she shook her head, then she smiled and nodded, staring in front of her, but not at me and not at Bimba. I knew that she was making an inventory of her sentimental luggage. All the news of the troubled years, from the death of her eldest son in the war to the latest item of family gossip, from the bombings of towns to the latest method of making a pound of sugar last a year, were being called to mind, so that everything would surely be ready for Maja. I made a sign to Bimba not to interrupt her grandmother, and Bimba sat there and stared, somewhat frightened by this woman who was looking so intently at her own life.
When we arrived in Princeton, it was quite misty, and there was a threat of rain in the Indian summer air. At the station, we took a cab and soon learned that the driver, a young student, was the son of a friend of ours in Florence. He was trying to make enough money driving a cab to finance a trip to South America. Our conversation with him was so interesting that only the sight of open country around us made us realize that we had driven all the way out of town. We drove back and stopped in front of a house on Mercer Street. I had forgotten the exact address, but this house looked like the right one. In her eagerness, Bice ran ahead of me toward the door, but the reunion could not take place, because, as we discovered when we rang the bell, it was the wrong house. Luckily for us, the cab was still there, so we drove along a little, and finally, after ringing the bells of two other families that refused, not without sorrow, to be the Einsteins, we decided upon one more house, which happened to be the right one. Miss Dukas, Einstein’s secretary, greeted us at the door; then came Margot, his delicate and silent stepdaughter, who looks so much like a Flemish painting; and Chico, the dog, who tried to snatch Bimba’s red ribbons from her pigtails.
“Bimba,” I said, “don’t get the dog excited. Remember how he ate your doll five years ago. Now, if you are not very quiet today, I am going to ask you in front of Einstein how much makes three and two—understand?”
She nodded, and whispered, “Four?”
We were asked to wait for a moment in the small anteroom that leads to the dining room. Maja was upstairs; she was being helped out of bed and into the chair in which she spends most of her day. She is recovering from a long illness, which has delayed her return to Italy, so it was only natural that this reunion should be delayed until she was ready and comfortable. And yet this addition of even a few minutes to years of separation created an effect of absurdity. One always imagines that the crossing of the last span of a trip bridging years will be something impulsive: when all the real impediments, such as continents, oceans, and passports, have been overcome, friends should run into each other’s arms as fast as they can. Still, it is never quite that way. We become so used to living at a distance that we slowly begin to live with it, too; we lean on it, we share it, in equal parts, with our faraway friends, and when it’s gone and we are again there, corporeally present, we feel lost, as if a faithful servant had abandoned us.
To fill in those extra minutes, we began to look at the furniture in the anteroom and dining room, and I noticed again what I had noticed five years ago in those same rooms: everything suggested the house of a faculty member of a German university. I could not trace this impression to any particular object. The large dining-room table in the center, with the white tablec
loth on it, was not particularly German, nor was the furniture in the anteroom, but there was the same quiet atmosphere of culture that had impressed me so deeply in the houses of university professors, in Freiburg, Leipzig, and Berlin, to which my parents had taken me when I was a boy and spent my summers travelling over Europe. It is something that remains suspended in the air almost as stubbornly as the smell of tobacco; one might say that the furniture had been seasoned with serious conversation. Curiously, it is an atmosphere that can never be found in the apartment of a diplomat, even if he is the son of a professor and has inherited his father’s furniture.
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We were finally called upstairs by Margot, who then disappeared into her study. Bice’s impatience was such that, not finding Maja in the first room we entered, she said disappointedly, “Not here,” and ran toward a closed door to open it, like a child playing hide-and-go-seek. This search lasted only a matter of seconds, because the house isn’t large enough for a long search. But by the time we reached Maja, Bice seemed almost to have lost hope that she would ever get there. Maja was standing near her chair waiting, quiet, dignified, almost ironical, under a cloud of white hair. She never shows any emotion, never speaks louder than a whisper, and never more than a few appropriate words—just like the Tuscan peasants, with the difference that when they whisper, they might as well be addressing a crowd across a five-acre field.
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