The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome's Deadliest Enemy

Home > Nonfiction > The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome's Deadliest Enemy > Page 53
The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome's Deadliest Enemy Page 53

by Adrienne Mayor


  Mitchell, Stephen. 1995 [1993]. Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

  Moore, L., B. Goodwin, S. Jones, et al. 2000. “St. John’s Wort Induces Hepatic Drug Metabolism.” Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences 97:7500–7502.

  Munro, J. Arthur R. 1901. “Roads in Pontus, Royal and Roman.” Journal of Hellenic Studies 21:52–66.

  Ñaco del Hoyo, T., et al. 2009. “The Impact of the Roman Intervention in Greece and Asia Minor upon Civilians (88–63 BC).” In Transforming Historical Landscapes in the Ancient Empires, ed. B. Antela-Bernardez and T. Ñaco del Hoyo. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series.

  Nappi, Carla. 2009. “Bolatu’s Pharmacy: Theriac in Early Modern China.” Early Science and Medicine (May).

  Nazaryan, G. 2005. Armenian History of Tigranes the Great. ArmenianHighland .com.

  Neverov, O. J. 1973. “Mithridates as Dionysus.” Soobshcheniya Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha 37:41–45.

  Newman, Cathy. 2005. “Twelve Toxic Tales.” National Geographic 207 (May): 2–31.

  Norton, Stata. 2006. “The Pharmacology of Mithradatium: A 2000-Year-Old Remedy.” Molecular Interventions 6:60–66.

  Oberdorfer, Don. 2004. “Tet: Who Won?” Smithsonian (November): 117–23.

  Oikonomides, A. N. 1962. “A Statuette of Mithridates the Great.” Archaeology 15:13–15.

  Olbrycht, Mark. 2009. “Mithridates Eupator and Iran.” In Højte 2009a.

  Pain, Stephanie. 2008. “From Poison to Plague: Mithridates’s Marvelous Medicine.” New Scientist (January 26): 52–53.

  Parke, H. W. 1988. Sibyls and Sibylline Prophecy in Classical Antiquity. London: Routledge.

  Peck, Henry Thurston. 1898. “Mithridates VI King of Pontus.” Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. New York: Harper.

  Pillonel, Cédric. 2005. “Les guerres mithridatiques: essai de quantification des armées pontiques.” Univ. of Lausanne, Switzerland. www.strabon.ch/ mithridate/quantification/article.html

  Polupudnev, V. 1993. Mitridat: Istoricheskii roman. [Historical novel.] Moscow: Izd-vo Kvorum.

  Racine, Jean. 1965 [1673]. Mithridate. Ed. and comm. G. Rudler. Oxford: Blackwell.

  Raffi, Aram. 1959 [1916]. “Armenia, Its Epics, Folk-Songs, and Mediaeval Poetry.” Concluding essay in Armenian Legends and Poems, ed. Z. C. Boyajian. 2nd ed. London: Dent.

  Raloff, Janet. 2005. “Plants Take Bite Out of Deadly Snake Venoms.” Science News 167 (March 26): 206.

  ———. 2007. “Counterintuitive Toxicity.” Science News 171 (January 20): 40–42.

  Ramsey, John T. 1999. “Mithridates, the Banner of Ch’ih-yu, and the Comet Coin.” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 99:197–253.

  ———. 2007. “A Catalogue of Greco-Roman Comets from 500 B.C. to A.D. 400.” J History of Astronomy 38:175–97. Also published in Syllecta Classica, special issue 17.

  Rank, Otto, F.R.S. Raglan, and Alan Dundes. 1990. In Quest of the Hero. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.

  Reinach, Théodore. 1890. Mithridate Eupator, roi de Pont. Paris: Firmin-Didot. Facsimile ed., Elibron Classics.

  Richards, G. C. 1941. “Strabo: The Anatolian Who Failed of Roman Recognition.” Greece & Rome 10, 29:79–90

  Rigsby, Kent J. 1988. “Provincia Asia.” Transactions of the American Philological Association 118:123–53.

  ———. 1996. Asylia: Territorial Inviolability in the Hellenistic World. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press.

  Root-Bernstein, Robert S. 1991. “Infectious Terrorism.” Atlantic Monthly 267, 5 (May): 44–50.

  Rostovtzeff, M. 1919. “Queen Dynamis of Bosporus.” J Hellenic Studies 39: 88–109.

  ———. 1921. “South Russia in the Prehistoric and Classical Period.” American Historical Review 26, 2:203–24.

  ———. 1932. “Mithridates.” Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 9, ch. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

  Sacks, Kenneth. 1990. Diodorus Siculus and the First Century. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.

  Sadie, Stanley. 1972. “Note on Mozart’s First Serious Opera.” Musical Times 113:41–42.

  Sagona, Antonio, and Claudia Sagona. 2005. Archaeology at the North-East Anatolian Frontier, I: An Historical Geography and a Field Survey of the Bayburt Province. Ancient Near Eastern Studies. Oakville CT: David Brown.

  Samulev, V. F. 2004. Tsar’ Mitridat VI Evpator: Povesti I rasskazy. [Novel.] Ialta, Ukraine: El’ga.

  Sanford, Eva M. 1937. “Contrasting Views of the Roman Empire. American J Philology 58, 4:437–56.

  ———. 1950. “Roman Avarice in Asia.” J Near Eastern Studies 9, 1:28–36.

  Santangelo, Federico. 2007. Sulla, the Elites, and the Empire: A Study of Roman Policies in Italy and the Greek East. Leiden: Brill.

  Saprykin, Sergey. 2004. “Unification of Pontus: Bronze Coins of Mithridates Eupator as Evidence of Commerce in the Euxine.” Paper, Conference, Black Sea in Antiquity: Regional and Interregional Economic Exchanges, Sonderborg, Denmark, May 28.

  ———. 2009. “Religion and Cults of the Pontic Kingdom.” In Højte 2009a.

  Saprykin, S. Y., and A. A. Maslennikov. 1995. “Bosporan Chora in the Reign of Mithridates VI Eupator and His Immediate Successors, Part I.” Ancient Civilizations 2, 3:261–81.

  Sarikakis, Theodore. 1976. “Les Vespres Ephesiennes de l’an 88 av. J.C.” Epistemonike Epeteris tes Philosophikes (Thessaloniki) 76:253–64.

  Scarborough, John. 2007. “Attalus III of Pergamon: Research Toxicologist.” Paper, 27th Annual Meeting of the Classical Association of South Africa, Cape Town, July 2–5.

  ———. 2008. “L. Aelius Gallus.” In Encyclopedia of Ancient Natural Scientists, ed. P. Keyser and G. Irby-Massie, 34–35. London: Routledge.

  Scheidel, Walter. 2005. “Human Mobility in Roman Italy, II: The Slave Population.” J Roman Studies 95:64–79.

  Scullard, H. H. 1970. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68. 3rd ed. London: Butler and Tanner.

  Selsky, A., and H. Loven. 2006. “Three Detainees Hanged Themselves.” Associated Press news story, June 11.

  Sheldon, Rose Mary. 2003. Espionage in the Ancient World: An Annotated Bibliography. Jefferson NC: McFarland.

  ———. 2005. Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome. New York: Frank Cass.

  Sherwin-White, A. N. 1977. “Ariobarzanes, Mithridates, and Sulla.” Classical Quarterly, new ser., 27, 1:173–83.

  ———. 1994. “Lucullus, Pompey and the East.” In Cambridge Ancient History, ed. J. A. Crook, A. Lintott, and E. Rawson, 229–55, vol. 9, Last Age of the Roman Republic. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

  Singh, K. Gajendra. 2003. “West vs East, at Daggers Drawn.” Asia Times (April 3).

  ———. 2006. “The Great Western Demonology Circus.” Editorial. Al-Jazeerah, April 10. www.aljazeerah.info/Opinion

  Sitwell, Nigel. 1986. Outside the Empire: The World the Romans Knew. London: Paladin.

  Smith, William, ed. 1890 [1843]. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. London: John Murray.

  Snaith, Guy, ed. 2007. La Morte de Mitridate, by La Calprenede. Critical Edition. University of Liverpool Online Series, French Texts. www.liv.ac.uk/soclas/los/index.htm

  Sonnabend, H. 1998. “Ein Hannibal aus den Osten?” In Alte Geschichte: Wege-Einsichten-Horizonte: Festshrift fur Eckart Olshausen zum 60. Geburtstag, ed. U. Fellmeth and H. Sonnabend, 191–206. Zurich: Hildesheim.

  Stoneman, Richard. 1987. Across the Hellespont. London: Hutchinson.

  “Stopping Mithridates.” 2005. Field Notes. Odyssey (March–April): 12.

  Stothers, Richard. 2007. “Unidentified Flying Objects in Classical Antiquity.” Classical Journal 103:79–92.

  Strauss, Barry. 2004. The Battle of Salamis. New York: Simon and Schuster.

  ———. 2005. “The Agony of War under Oars.” Naval History (February): 39–42.

  ———. 2009. The Spartacus War. New York: Simon and Sch
uster.

  Stuart, David. 2004. Dangerous Garden. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.

  Sullivan, Richard. 1980. “The Dynasty of Cappadocia.” In Aufstieg und Niedergang de romische Welt/Rise and Fall of the Roman World, 2. Principat, Band 7, ed. E. Temporini and W. Haase. Berlin and New York: De Gruyter.

  Summerer, Lâtife. 2009. “The Search for Mithridates: Reception of Mithridates between the 15th and 20th Centuries.” In Højte 2009a.

  Swann, John P. 1985. “The Universal Drug: Theriac through the Ages.” Medical Heritage 1, 6:456–58.

  Talbert, Richard. 2000. The Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, and Map-by-Map Directory. 2 vols. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.

  Tezcan, Mehmet. 2003. “The Iranian-Georgian Branch of the Silk Road, 1st to 4th centuries.” Paper, 1st International Silk Road Symposium, Tbilisi, Georgia, June 25–27.

  ———. 2007. “Pontos Kralligi” (“Pontus Kingdom, 3rd c BC to 4th c AD”). In The Pontos Question from the Beginning to the Present (in Turkish), ed. V. Usta, 77–108. Serander.

  Totelin, Laurence. 2004. “Mithradates’ Antidote—A Pharmacological Ghost.” Early Science and Medicine 9, 1:1–19.

  Touwaide, Alain. 2008. “More Than the Sex of Angels.” History of Science Society Newsletter (April): 4–13.

  Traina, Giusto. 1995. “From Crimea to Syria: Re-defining the Alleged Historical Earthquake of 63 BC.” Annali di Geofisica 38, 5–6:479–89.

  Tsetskhladze, Gocha. 2001. North Pontic Archaeology: Recent Discoveries and Studies. Leiden: Brill.

  Ussher, James. 2007 [1658 English, 1654 Latin]. The Annals of the World. Ed., rev., and updated by L. Pierce and M. Pierce. Green Forest AR: Master Books.

  Utley, Francis Lee. 1965. Lincoln Wasn’t There, or Lord Raglan’s Hero. Washington, DC: College English Association.

  Vogel, Gretchen. 2001. “How the Body’s ‘Garbage Disposal’ May Inactivate Drugs.” Science 291 (5 January): 35–37.

  Vollenweider, Marie-Louise. 1995. “218–Mithridates vi assimilé à Alexandre le Grand.” Camées et intailles, vol. 1, Le Portraits grecs du Cabinet des médailles, Catalogue Raisonné. Paris: Bibliothèque nationale de France.

  Walbank, F. W. 1984. A Historical Commentary on Polybius. Vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

  Ward, John. 1749–50. “An Attempt to Explain an Antient Greek Inscription, Ingraven on a Curious Bronze Cup.” Philosophical Transactions 46:488–99.

  Warmington, B. H. 1969. Nero: Reality and Legend. New York: Norton.

  Watson, G. 1966. Theriac and Mithridatium: A Study in Therapeutics. London: Wellcome Historical Medical Library.

  Welles, C. Bradford. 1974 [1934]. Royal Correspondence in the Hellenistic Period. Chicago: Ares.

  West, Stephanie. 2003. “The Most Marvelous of All Seas: The Greek Encounter with the Euxine.” Greece & Rome 50, 2:151–67.

  White, Matthew. 2002. “Body Count of the Roman Empire.” www.users.erols .com/mwhite28/romestat.htm

  Widengren, Geo. 1959. “The Sacral Kingship of Iran.” In The Sacral Kingship, Studies in the History of Religions, suppl. 4. Leiden: Brill.

  Wilbraham, Richard. 1839. Travels in the Trans-Caucasian Provinces of Russia . . . 1837. London: Murray.

  Wynne-Tyson, E. 1972. Mithras. New York: Barnes & Noble.

  Younger Edda (Snorre’s Edda, Prose Edda). 1879. Ed. and trans. Edda Snorra Sturlusonar, Snorri Sturluson, and Rasmus Björn Anderson. N.p.: Griggs and Co.

  Zammit-Maempel, G. 1978. “Handbills Extolling the Virtues of Fossil Sharks’ Teeth.” Journal of Maltese Studies 7:211–24.

  Zin’ko, V. N. 2004. Iz sobranija Kerc(hat)enskogo gosudarstbnnogo istorikokul’turnogo zapobednika, tom. 1, Antic(hat)naja skul’tura. Kiev: Mistetstvo.

  INDEX

  Note: “M” indicates Mithradates. Page numbers in italic type indicate illustrations.

  acacia, 240

  Academy, Plato’s, 201

  Achaeans, 237, 326, 333

  Achilles, 304, 364

  aconite (monkshood), 48, 86, 101, 418n4

  Acropolis, Athens, 204

  Adiabene, 298

  administration of empire, 153–54. See also rule, M’s

  Adobogiona (concubine), 114, 216, 254, 364

  Adobogiona (daughter of M), 114

  Adramyttion, 16, 157, 178–79

  Adrian, 282

  advisers, 76, 106–7, 295

  Aelian, 102

  Aelius, 243

  Aeschylus, 185

  The Persians, 47

  Afghanistan, 295, 318

  Agamemnon, 185–86, 224, 231

  agaric mushrooms, 101, 394n5

  Agari healers/shamans, 101, 240–41, 289, 309–11

  agates, 48, 247–49

  Ahuramazda, 46, 79, 103, 152, 303

  Alans, 334

  Albanoi, 325, 328–29, 333

  Alcock, Susan, 8, 20, 23

  Alexander (assassin), 139, 226, 398n22

  Alexander (Egyptian king), 163

  Alexander of Paphlagonia, 261, 274–75, 284

  Alexander the Great, 61, 163

  alternative history concerning, 6

  and Amazons, 94, 328

  and Amisus, 290

  appearance of, 65–67, 103

  apricots introduced by, 279

  and armor, 159

  and art, 247–48

  and cavalry, 295, 308, 318

  at Chaeronea, 148–49

  character of, 151, 340

  and Chios, 216

  cloak of, 38–39, 163, 330, 359

  clothing of, 66–67

  coin images of, 98, 189

  comparisons to, 4, 26, 44, 65, 68, 121, 148, 153, 216, 232, 253, 325, 341–42, 359

  dagger of, 104

  and Darius III, 39, 66, 92, 94, 320, 354

  death of, 38, 69, 361

  Diogenes’ meeting with, 54

  drinking capacity of, 127

  education of, 47, 92

  and hunting, 74–75

  lightning as omen for, 36

  luxury spurned by, 54

  M as descendant of, 1, 37–39, 162

  military of, 94

  M’s exposure to, 46

  as mythic hero, 40, 41

  on night attacks, 320

  poison research by, 70

  Pompey’s identification with, 359

  portrait sculpture of, 98

  riding prowess of, 44

  as role model, 10, 65–67, 73–75

  rule of, 82

  sexuality of, 89

  at Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, 16

  and Troy, 93

  Alfred the Great, 244

  alternative history. See counterfactual history

  alum, 92, 198–99

  Amasia, Pontus, 79–84, 80, 81, 83, 354

  Amazons, 16, 93–94, 261, 279, 304, 320–21, 321, 328–29, 358, 366

  amber, 48, 246, 247

  Amisus, 277–79, 290, 309

  Ammianus Marcellinus, 4

  Anahit (Anaitis),16, 84, 89, 295

  Anatolia: Amazons in, 93

  Hannibal in, 57

  influences on, 46

  landscape of, 79

  maps of, 15, 54

  M as first effective ruler of, 3–4

  massacre of 88 BC in, 13–19

  name of, 387n12

  revolt against Roman rule, 57, 59–61, 111

  Sertorius and, 260

  Sulla’s revenge on, 228, 255

  Tigranes the Great and, 255

  Western invasion of, 9

  Anaxidamos, 206

  ancestry of M, 1, 37–39, 63, 82, 83

  Andromachus, 243, 244

  anise, 240

  antidotes: Alexander’s experiments with, 70

  arsenic as, 242, 340

  Gauls’ use of, 86

  M’s experiments with, plate 4, 40, 58, 71, 96, 101–3, 238–46, 296, 340, 349

  M’s secret, 240, 242–43, 245–46, 289

  nature’s provision of, 48, 239, 242

  Psyll
i saliva as, 111

  recipes for, 243–44

  significance of, 2

  theriacs, 239–46, 296

  use of, 243–44

  Antikythera mechanism, 2, 291, 291–92

  Antioch, Syria, 293

  Antiochus I, 100, 103

  Antiochus III, the Great, 34, 57, 105, 110, 137, 161, 305

  Antiochus VIII Grypos. See Grypos

  Antiope, 304

  antisocial personality disorder, 374

  antivenin, 111

  Apamea, 153, 172

  Aphrodisias, 155, 157

  Aphrodite, 208, 229, 275

  Apollinaris, Sidonis, 262

  Apollo, 46, 60, 200–201

  Apollonis, 157

  appearance of M, 65–67, 77, 96, 103–4, 158, 340, 352–53, 416n42. See also artistic portrayals of M

  Appian: on Alexander’s cloak, 38

  on battle for Rhodes, 180–81

  on Cappadocia, 129

  on fire ceremony, 233

  on massacre of 88 BC, 13–14, 19, 171

  Mithradatic Wars, 4

  on Mithradatic Wars, 4, 141–47, 150, 152–53, 198–99, 202–3, 210–11, 236, 237, 261, 262, 271, 275, 276, 282, 298, 307, 310, 318, 325–28, 333–34, 338, 340, 342, 344–46, 357, 359

  on Monime, 163, 186

  on M’s death, 347, 351, 354, 362

  on Numa’s legacy, 166

  on Peace of Dardanus, 225

 

‹ Prev