The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome's Deadliest Enemy

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The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome's Deadliest Enemy Page 55

by Adrienne Mayor

Dionysus, 229

  coin images of, 36, 108, 158, 190

  M associated with, 36, 40, 45

  as mythic hero, 41

  Roman rebellion and, 36, 108, 158, 190

  Dionysus the Eunuch, 261, 274–75

  Diophantus, 76, 107, 117, 261

  Dioscurias, 326, 331, 333–36

  doctors. See Aelius; Agari healers/shamans

  Andromachus

  Asclepiades

  Celsus

  Galen

  Krateuas

  Timotheus

  Zopyrus

  Dorylaion, 157

  Dorylaus (friend of M), 45, 47, 68, 76–77, 79, 91, 106–7, 147, 157, 192, 210–12, 214, 216–17, 221, 225, 233, 247, 253, 261, 278, 282–83, 403n30, 410n35

  Dorylaus (general), 45, 52, 68

  dreams, 183, 275, 319. See also omens; prophecies

  drinking contests, 127

  Dromichaetes, 192, 197

  Druids, 186, 241

  Drypetina (daughter of M), 114, 277, 316, 323, 324, 330

  ducks, poisonous, 70, 101–2, 242, 245

  Duggan, Alfred, 193, 300, 340, 342

  He Died Old, 7

  Dynamis (granddaughter of M), 346, 362, 363, 364, 369, 417n54

  earthquakes, 53, 343

  East-West relations, 1, 10, 26, 38, 92

  eating contests, 127

  education, 43–72

  curriculum of, 47, 50

  during exile from Sinope, 91–94

  influences/role models, 48–49, 54–67, 92–94

  physical, 50, 51, 72, 75

  of rulers, 50–51

  electrum, 246

  Elizabeth I, 244

  embalming, 353, 418n8

  Emerson, Ralph Waldo, “Mithridates,” 239

  Empire, M’s Black Sea, 1

  administration of, 153–54

  establishment of, 116–20

  expansion of, 127–46, 163

  extent of, 187, 193

  maps of, 25, 30, 118

  recentering of, 326

  reconnaissance expedition for, 120–22

  Eni, 183

  entrepreneurial personality, 376

  Enyo, 89

  Ephesus, 16–18, 20, 121, 157, 163, 218–20

  Epirus, 36

  Erciyas, Deniz Burcu, 8, 23–24

  Erythrae, 157, 172

  escapes of M, 8, 24, 224–25, 249, 274, 276–77, 282–83, 288, 320, 323–27, 331–38, 361–63

  Etrurians, 342

  Euboea, 199, 208, 214, 221, 223

  Eumachus, 215, 261, 272–73

  Eumenes II, 57, 161, 305

  eunuchs, 42, 122, 275, 277, 282–84, 286–88, 290, 309, 314, 323, 325, 330, 339–40, 343–44, 346

  Eupatoria, 279

  Eupatoristai, 249

  Eupatorium, 240

  Eupatra (daughter of M), 114, 343, 352, 358

  Euripides, 6, 47, 185

  Trojan Women, 217

  Eutropius, 310

  exile from Sinope, 72, 75–95

  early years of, 78–87

  education during, 91–94

  mythic hero archetype and, 393n5

  pastimes during, 87–89

  planning, 76–77

  return from, 94–99

  second, 392n4

  sexuality during, 89–91

  tribes encountered on, 85–86

  Exipodras (son of M), 114, 339

  Fannius, Lucius, 258, 261, 264

  Ferguson, Niall, Virtual History, 6

  figs, 240, 245

  Fimbria, 210, 213, 223–25, 227–28, 255, 265

  Fimbrian legions, 230, 265–66, 270–71, 294, 303, 310–11

  fire: gold color sacred to, 193

  protection against, 92, 198–99, 271–72

  Rhodians’ mastery of, 182

  as sacred, 46

  victory ceremony involving, 152, 233–35, 234, 262

  Flaccus, 210, 213, 221, 223–24, 265

  Flashman, Harry, 420n29

  food, 50, 67, 85, 87. See also eating contests

  Ford, Michael Curtis, The Last King, 7, 267, 356

  foreign policy: M’s, 131, 159–62

  Pontus’s, 50–52

  Rome’s, 105, 109, 131, 146

  fortifications, fortresses, 80, 84–85, 114–15. See also individual forts

  fossils, 53, 247

  frankincense, 240

  free will, 46–47

  friends, 45, 47, 76, 106–7, 124, 137, 175, 214–15, 247, 261, 277, 282, 296, 301, 320, 345, 351

  Friends of Rome, 52, 61, 105, 107, 112, 142, 146, 222, 225, 292, 330, 363

  Frontinus, 318

  Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, 172

  frostbite, 340

  funeral: customs, 82, 83, 353, 418n8

  of M, 354

  Furies, 183, 185–86

  Gabinius, 233

  Gaddis, John Lewis, Landscape of History, 6

  Gaius, 47, 76, 107, 323, 353, 363

  Galatia and Galatians, 129, 155, 214–16, 255, 260, 273, 278, 288

  Galen, 4, 58, 244

  garlic, 240

  Gaugamela, Battle of (331 BC), 66

  Gaul and the Gauls, 86, 109, 118–19, 160, 172, 186, 191, 342, 344

  Gauros, 339

  Gellius, Aulus, 242, 254

  gemology, 48, 247

  gender switch, Hypsicratea and, 321–23, 367, 369

  Genghis Khan, 38

  genocide, 21–22, 175

  Georgia, 3, 334. See also Colchis

  Germanic Gauls, 118–19, 128

  Gibbon, Edward, 364

  ginger, 240

  Globe of Billarus, 290–92

  glossopetra, 246–47

  goddesses, M’s relations with, 272, 274, 276, 417n49

  gold, 115, 193

  death by, 169–70

  Golden Fleece, 326

  Gordium, Phrygia, 121

  Gordius, 76, 129–31, 135–38, 161, 231–33, 261

  Gordyene and the Gordyeni, 298, 303, 307

  Gouras, 309, 314

  government. See rule, M’s

  grave mounds. See kurgans

  Greece: battle for, 189–213

  cultural influence of, 46

  human sacrifice in, 185

  map of, 15

  M’s relations with, 116, 158, 175–79, 220, 222

  rebellion of, 175–79

  Rome’s conquest of, 36, 109, 110

  slaves from, 172

  Grypos, Antiochus VIII, 107, 255

  guerrilla warfare. See asymmetrical warfare

  hair, 96, 103–4, 189, 263

  Halley’s Comet, 21, 31–32, 138, 188–89

  Han dynasty, 28–29

  Hannibal, 92, 160

  in Anatolia, 57

  and Armenia, 55, 137

  and Artaxata, 306

  comparisons to, 2, 24, 26, 344

  death of, 56, 56–57, 347

  defeats of, 34, 57, 109, 161, 268

  and glorious failure, 236

  luxury spurned by, 54

  M’s exposure to, 46

  Roman relations of, 105

  Hare, Robert, 374

  harems, 38, 42, 165, 283, 298, 344, 374

  harpe, 32, 50

  Harry Potter (fictional character), 36, 40

  Helen, 364

  Heliopolis, 59–60

  Helios, 121, 180, 262. See also Sun

  hellebore, 48, 61, 70, 86

  Hellespont, 274

  hemlock, 48, 230, 237, 242, 418n4

  hemorrhage, viper venom for stopping, 241, 311

  henbane, 48, 101, 418n4

  Heniochi, 261, 325

  Henry VIII, 244

  Heraclea, 4, 121, 277

  Hercules: M’s association with, 63–64, 64, 65, 75, 124, 358

  as mythic hero, 40, 41, 304

  Pergamon founded by son of, 15

  and Prometheus, 326, 327

  Hermaeus, 278, 282–83

  Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, 249

  Hermocrates, 261


  hero archetype. See mythic hero archetype

  Herodotus: and alternative history, 6

  on Amazons, 94

  on Croesus’s Delphic gifts, 201

  on human sacrifice, 185

  on Persian education, 48

  on Persian sexuality, 89

  on Persian thought, 46

  on warfare, 295, 308

  on Xerxes, 94

  Hindus, 241

  Hippolyte, 63, 304

  historical methods, 5–6, 360, 362

  history, M’s education in, 55, 108

  Hitchner, R. Bruce, 23

  hobbies, 48

  Holland, Tom, Rubicon, 7

  Homer, Iliad, 92–93, 364

  Homoloichos, 206

  honey: in antidote preparation, 240

  pitcher crafted using, 248

  poisonous, 70, 88–89, 240, 242, 315

  honeymoon, 113–14

  hormesis, 242, 349

  horses, riding

  chariot races, 49, 49–50, 125, 126

  as Mithra’s sacred animal, 32

  riding, 43, 43–44, 50, 120

  sacrifice of, 262

  hostages, 214

  as diplomatic tool, 136

  Høtje, Jakob Munk, 354

  Housman, A. E., 238–39

  human sacrifice, 185–86

  hunting, 50, 72–75, 77, 87–88, 88

  Hypaepa, 220

  Hypericum (Saint-John’s-wort), 240, 242, 340

  Hypsicratea/es, plate 2, plate 8, 5, 114, 304, 309–10, 319–23, 322, 325, 328, 335, 336, 338, 355, 355–57, 364–67, 369

  Hystaspes, Oracle of, 34

  Iasus, 157, 228

  Iazyges, 261

  Iberi, 325, 328–29, 333

  Icizari castle, 81, 99

  Ilium, 224, 274

  images of M. See artistic portrayals of M

  incest, 100

  India, 102, 115, 159, 249

  Ingushetia, 334

  injury, 310–11. See also wounds

  inscriptions, 106, 117, 126, 153, 155, 208–10, 212–13, 216, 234, 356, 367, 369

  intelligence activities, 13, 96, 98, 107, 120–21, 141, 160, 175, 206, 215, 220, 232, 270

  Iphigenia, 231

  Iran. See Persia

  Iraq War, 8–9, 405n1

  iris, 240

  Isis, 182, 185

  Islamic toxicology, 244

  Issus, Battle of (333 BC), 66

  Italy and Italians, 139, 157–58, 160, 165, 174, 188, 344

  Jason and the Argonauts, 62, 85, 327

  Jerusalem, 341

  Jesus, 27, 39, 40, 369

  Jews, 172, 247, 331, 341

  Joan of Arc, 40

  Josephus, 163, 258, 367

  Jugurtha, 105, 109, 111–12, 128, 132, 161, 186, 256, 280, 295, 308

  Justin, 4

  on Amazons, 94

  on Attalus, 58

  on Cappadocian battle, 130–31

  on comets, 27–28

  on military, 127

  on Mithradatic Wars, 236, 341

  on M’s character, 119–20

  on M’s childhood, 39, 44

  on M’s exile from Sinope, 75–76

  on plots against M, 68, 71

  on reconnaissance expedition and return, 120, 123

  on Roman crisis, 166

  speeches reported by, 159–62

  Juvenal, 72, 239, 242–43

  Kabeira, 84–85, 252–53, 277–78, 280–87, 284

  Kainon Chorion (New Castle), 252–53, 284, 316, 330

  Kalomodrys, 127

  Kautilya, Arthashastra, 102

  Kazbek, Mount, 332, 337

  Kennedy, John F., 40

  Kerch Straits, 339. See also Pantikapaion

  khilat, 38, 103

  King Arthur, 40

  King of Kings, 117, 138, 226, 255, 293, 297, 369

  kings, Roman Republic and, 161

  King’s Friends, 106–7

  kiss, as treaty ritual, 226

  Klukhor Pass, 331, 333

  Kocharian, Rubik, plate 5

  Konnakorix, 216, 261, 277

  Kopff, E. Christian, 8–9

  Koundouri, Eleni, 212

  krater, M’s, 249–50, 250

  Krateuas, plate 1, plate 4, 101, 125, 238, 240

  Kurdistan, 3

  kurgans, 53, 115, 338, 365, 420n29

  Lagetus, 410n35

  Lampsacus, 274

  language: in Caucasia, 335

  military diversity and, 206, 212

  M’s knowledge of, 44, 46, 102, 137, 253–55

  Laodicea, 81–82, 98–99, 155–57, 277, 323

  Laodice (mother of M): ancestry of, 37–38, 40

  children of, 45

  death of, plate 3, 97, 99

  M’s suspicions concerning, 50, 68–69

  regency of, 69, 75, 79, 81–82, 94–99

  Laodice the Elder (sister of M), 45, 82, 107, 129–30, 135

  Laodice the Younger (sister of M), 45, 99, 100, 114, 122–25, 125, 165, 230, 326

  laurel, 118

  Laws of Manu, 102

  Lee, Nathaniel, 262

  legions, 113

  Lemnian earth, 240

  Lenaeus, Cn. Pompeius, 5, 201, 240, 330

  Leonippus, 154

  Lesbos, 157, 172, 220

  Leto, 183

  Leucosyrians, 261

  library, M’s, 240, 246, 330–31

  Lice-Eaters, 325

  Licinius Crassus, M., 169, 170

  Lies, 47

  life story of M: modern perspective on, 6–9

  scenes from, plate 3

  sources for, 4–5, 27–28

  summary of, 1

  truth and fiction in, 28, 39–41

  Light, 46–47, 49, 60, 151, 320, 369

  lightning, 36–37, 105

  Lion’s Head, Nysa, 153

  Livy, 4, 6, 185, 331, 343, 400n24

  looting, by Roman army, 110, 112, 200–201, 224, 275, 279, 283, 288–92, 302, 314

  Louis XIV, 2

  love relationships. See Hypsicratea/es; Laodice the Younger (sister of M); Monime; Stratonice

  Lucian, 367

  Lucretius, 90–91, 149–50

  Lucullus, Lucius Lucinius, 4, 24, 111, 193, 266

  Armenian campaign of, 293–94, 297–302, 306–9

  as consul, 265

  criticisms of, 278, 309, 312, 312–14

  excessive lifestyle of, 314

  Fimbria’s rivalry with, 225

  invasion of Pontus, 279–80

  Kabeira besieged, 280–87

  mutinies against, 266, 303, 306, 309, 311

  and omen at Otyrae, 267–70

  Pompey’s rivalry with, 265, 278, 312–14

  pursuit of M, 267–314

  ships procured by, 200, 213, 220–21, 224–25

  and siege at Cyzicus, 270–74

  in Third Mithradatic War, 265–314

  Triumph of, 275–76, 284, 309, 314

  victory proclaimed by, 276, 292

  Lyceum, Aristotle’s, 201

  Lycia, 157, 166, 183, 186, 228

  Lydia, 121, 162

  Ma, 89

  Macedonia, 110, 191–92, 199

  Machares (son of M), 114, 193, 278, 289, 292, 316, 326, 327, 331, 333, 339

  Machiavelli, Niccolò, 2

  Magi, 36, 46, 47, 69, 181, 185, 189, 235, 240, 247, 262, 291

  Magius, Lucius, 258, 261, 264, 270–71

  Magnesia, 157, 228

  Mahagandhahasti, 241

  maltha. See naphtha

  Mamisson Pass, 332, 334, 336

  Marcus Aurelius, Emperor, 244

  Mardia, 298

  Marius, Gaius, 111–13, 128, 132–35, 133, 165–66, 173, 188, 210, 221, 229, 268

  marriage, 100–101, 165

  Mars, 208

  Marsi, 157, 160, 188, 241

  Martha, 134

  Masinissa, 161

  massacres: in Adramyttion, 16

  in Caunus, 18

  consequences of, 24

&nbs
p; of 88 BC, 9, 13–26

  in Ephesus, 16–18

  extent of, 14–15, 173

  as genocide, 21–22

  historians on, 23–24

  information sources for, 13–14

  motives for, 173–75

  number of slain in, 13–14, 383n2

  other cities participating in, 172

  in Pergamon, 15–16

  perpetrators of, 19, 384n9

  reaction to, 21

  refugee flight prior to, 171

  reputation of, 19

  secrecy of, 13, 175

  Sulla’s, 229

  as terrorism, 22–23

  timing of, 21

  in Tralles, 18

  transmission of orders for, 175

  uniqueness of, 21

  Mastrocinque, Attilio, 171, 291–92

  Studi sulle guerre Mitridatiche, 7

  Matyszak, Philip, 7

  Mauretania, 111

  McCullough, Colleen, The Grass Crown, 7

  McGing, Brian, 141, 297, 342, 361

  The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, 7

  Medea, 62, 62–63, 288, 326

 

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