THE
COMPLETE WORKS
OF
ISAAC BABEL
EDITED BY
NATHALIE BABEL
TRANSLATED BY
PETER CONSTANTINE
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
CYNTHIA OZICK
THE COMPLETE WORKS O F
ISAAC BABEL
Compilation, Preface, Afterword copyright © 2002 by Nathalie Babel Translation copyright © 2002 by Peter Constantine Introduction copyright © 2002 by Cynthia Ozick Chronology copyright © 2002 by Gregory Freidin
ISBN 0-393-04846-2 1. Babel' I. (Isaak), 1894-1940—Translations into English. I. Babel, Nathalie.
II. Constantine, Peter, 1963- III. Ozick, Cynthia. IV. Title.
PG3476.B2 A23 2001 891.73'42—dc21 2001044036
W. W. Norton 8c Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y.
INTRODUCTION
by Cynthia Ozick
On May 15, 1939, Isaac Babel, a writer whose distinction had earned him the Soviet privilege of a dacha in the country, was arrested at Peredelkino and taken to Moscow’s Lubyanka prison, headquarters of the secret police. His papers were confiscated and destroyed—among them half-completed stories, plays, film scripts, translations. Six months later, after three days and nights of hellish interrogation, he confessed to a false charge of espionage. The following year, a clandestine trial was briefly held in the dying hours of January 26; Babel recanted his confession, appealed to his innocence, and at 1:40 the next morning was summarily shot by a firing squad. He was forty-five. His final plea was not for himself, but for the power and truth of literature: “Let me finish my work.”
What Kafka’s art hallucinates—trial without cause, an inescapable predicament directed by an irrational force, a malignant social order— Babel is at last condemned to endure in the living flesh. Kafka and Babel can be said to be the twentieth centurys European coordinates: they are separated by language, style, and temperament; but where their fevers intersect lies the point of infection. Each was an acutely conscious Jew. Each witnessed a pogrom while still very young, Kafka in enlightened Prague, Babel under a Czarist regime that promoted harsh legal disabilities for Jews. Each invented a type of literary modernism, becoming a movement in himself, indelible, with no possibility of successors. To be influenced by Kafka is to end in parody; and because the wilderness of an astoundingly variegated experience is incised, unduplicatably, in the sinews of Babels prose, no writer can effectively claim to be his disciple.
But of course they are opposites: Kafka ingrown, self-dissatisfied, indifferent to politics; hardly daring, despite genius, to feel entitlement to his own language; endlessly agonizing over a broken engagement; rarely leaving home. And here is Babel, insouciant, reckless, a womanizer, half a vagabond, a horseman, a propagandist, the father of three by three different women, only one of them legally his wife. Then why bring up Kafka when speaking of Babel? Kafka at least died in his bed. Babel was murdered by the criminal agency of a cynically criminal government. Kafka requested that his writing be destroyed, and was not obeyed. Babels name and work were erased—as if he had never written at all—until 1954, when, during a “thaw,” he was, in Soviet terminology, rehabilitated.
Yet taken together, they tell us what we in our time are obliged to know about the brutal tracings of force and deception, including self-deception. Kafka alone is not enough; his interiors are too circumscribed. Babel alone is not enough; his landscapes are too diffuse. Kafka supplies the grandly exegetical metaphor: the man who thinks but barely lives, the metaphysician who is ultimately consumed by a conflagration of lies. Babel, by contrast, lives, lives, lives! He lives robustly, inquisitively, hungrily; his appetite for unpredictable human impulse is gargantuan, inclusive, eccentric. He is trickster, rapscallion, ironist, wayward lover, imprudent impostor—and out of these hundred fiery selves insidious truths creep out, one by one, in a face, in the color of the sky, in a patch of mud, in a word. Violence, pity, comedy, illumination. It is as if he is an irritable membrane, subject to every creaturely vibration.
Babel was born in Odessa, a cosmopolitan and polyglot city that looked to the sea and beyond. It was, he wrote, the most charming city of the Russian Empire. If you think about it, it is a town in which you can live free and easy. Half the population is made up of Jews, and Jews are a people who have learned a few simple truths along the way. Jews get married so as not to be alone, love so as to live through the centuries, save money so they can buy houses and give their wives astrakhan jackets, love children because, lets face it, it is good and important to love ones children.The poor Odessa Jews get very confused when it comes to officials and regulations, but it isn’t all that easy to get them to budge in their opinions, their very antiquated opinions. You might not be able to budge these Jews, but there’s a whole lot you can learn from them. To a large extent it is because of them that Odessa has this light and easy atmosphere.
There is much of the affectionate and mirthful Babel in this paragraph: the honest yet ironic delight in people exactly as they are, the teasing sense of laughing entitlement (“so as to live through the centuries”), prosperity and poverty rubbing elbows, ordinary folk harried by officialdom, confusion and stubbornness, love and loneliness. As for poor Jews, Babel began as one of these, starting life in the Moldavanka, a mixed neighborhood with a sprinkling of mobsters. What he witnessed there, with a bright boys perceptiveness, catapulted him early on into the capacious worldliness that burst out (he was twenty-nine) in the exuberant tales of Benya Krik and his gang—tough but honorable criminals with a Damon Runyonesque strain.
Lionel Trilling, among the first to write seriously about Babel in English, mistook him for “a Jew of the ghetto.” If “ghetto” implies a narrow and inbred psyche, then Babel stands for the reverse. Though he was at home in Yiddish and Hebrew, and was familiar with the traditional texts and their demanding commentaries, he added to these a lifelong infatuation with Maupassant and Flaubert. His first stories were composed in fluent literary French. The breadth and scope of his social compass enabled him to see through the eyes of peasants, soldiers, priests, rabbis, children, artists, actors, women of all classes. He befriended whores, cabdrivers, jockeys; he knew what it was to be penniless, to live on the edge and off the beaten track. He was at once a poet of the city (“the glass sun of Petersburg”) and a lyricist of the countryside (“the walls of sunset collapsing into the sky”). He was drawn to spaciousness and elasticity, optimism and opportunity, and it was through these visionary seductions of societal freedom, expressed politically, that he welcomed the Revolution.
He not only welcomed it; he joined it. In order to be near Maxim Gorky, his literary hero, Babel had been living illegally in St. Petersburg, one of the cities prohibited to Jews under the hobbling restrictions of the Czarist Pale of Settlement. With the advent of the Revolution the Pale dissolved, discriminatory quotas ceased, censorship vanished, promises multiplied, and Babel zealously attached himself to the Bolshevik cause. In 1920, as a war correspondent riding with the Red Calvary to deliver Communist salvation to the reluctant Polish villages across the border, he fell into disenchantment. “They all say they re fighting for justice and they all loot,” he wrote in his diary. “Murderers, its unbearable, baseness and crime.. . . Carnage. The military commander and I ride along the tracks, begging the men not to butcher the prisoners.” Six years later, Babel published his penetrating-ly authoritative Red Cavalry stories, coolly
steeped in pity and blood, and found instant fame.
With Stalins ascension in 1924, new tyrannies began to mimic the old. Postrevolutionary literary and artistic ferment, much of it experimental, ebbed or was suppressed. Censorship returned, sniffing after the subversive, favoring the coarse flatness of Socialist Realism. Babels wife, Evgenia, whom he had married in 1919, emigrated to Paris, where his daughter Nathalie was born in 1929. His mother and sister, also disaffected, left for Brussels. Babel clung to Moscow, hotly wed to his truest bride, the Russian tongue, continuing his work on a cycle of childhood stories and venturing into writing for theater and film. The film scripts, some designed for silent movies, turned out to be remarkable: they took on, under the irresistible magnetism of the witnessing camera and the innovation of the present tense, all the surreal splendor of Babels most plumaged prose. Several were produced and proved to be popular, but eventually they failed to meet Party guidelines, and the director of one of them, an adaptation of Turgenev, was compelled to apologize publicly.
Unable to conform to official prescriptiveness, Babels publications grew fewer and fewer. He was charged with “silence”—the sin of Soviet unproductivity—and was denied the privilege of traveling abroad. His last journey to Paris occurred in 1935, when Andre Malraux intervened with the Soviet authorities to urge Babels attendance at a Communist-sponsored International Congress of Writers for the Defense of Culture and Peace—after which Babel never again met with his wife and daughter. Later that year, back in Moscow, he set up a second household with Antonina Pirozhkova, with whom he fathered a second daughter; through an earlier liaison, he was already the father of a son. But if Babels personal life was unpredictable, disorganized, and rash, his art was otherwise. He wrested his sentences out of a purifying immediacy. Like Pushkin, he said, he was in pursuit of “precision and brevity.” His most pointed comment on literary style appears in “Guy de Maupassant,” a cunning seriocomic sexual fable fixed on the weight and trajectory of language itself. The success of a phrase, the young narrator instructs, “rests in a crux that is barely discernible. Ones fingertips must grasp the key, gently warming it. And then the key must be turned once, not twice.” But even this is not the crux.The crux (Babels severest literary dictum) is here: “No iron spike can pierce a human heart as icily as a period in the right place.”
A writers credo, and Babels most intimate confession. Stand in awe of it, yes—but remember also that this same master of the white bone of truth, this artist of the delicately turned key, was once a shameless propagandist for the Revolution, capable of rabid exhortations: “Beat them, Red Fighters, clobber them to death, if it is the last thing you do! Right away! This minute! Now!” “Slaughter them, Red Army fighters! Stamp harder on the rising lids of their rancid coffins!” While it is a truism that every utopia contains the seeds of dystopia, Babel, after all, was granted skepticism almost from the start. Out of skepticism came disillusionment; out of disillusionment, revulsion. And in the end, as the tragic trope has it, the Revolution devoured its child.
Babels art served as a way station to the devouring. He was devoured because he would not, could not, accommodate to falsehood; because he saw and he saw, with an eye as merciless as a klieg light; and because, like Kafka, he surrendered his stories to voices and passions tremulous with the unforeseen. If we wish to complete, and transmit, the literary configuration of the twentieth century—the image that will enduringly stain history’s retina—now is the time (it is past time) to set Babel beside Kafka. Between them, they leave no nerve unshaken.
Cynthia Ozick
PREFACE by Nathalie Babel
In most countries, there is extraordinary significance attached to the publication of the complete works of famous writers. It is the crowning of a career, often posthumous. In the case of Isaac Babel, such efforts have been defeated until now. There have been competing publishers, different countries, and numerous translators, translating the same materials, sometimes ineptly, sometimes excellently. Large sections appeared in magazines and literary journals between publications in Russia and in other countries. The first postwar volume of Babels stories in the Soviet Union, albeit censured, was published in Moscow in 1957 and, since then, many compilations have appeared in a variety of languages in Russia, Western Europe, and the United States. An extensive two-volume collection1 was published in Moscow in 1990-1991, although it still contains omissions from the 1957 version.
This unfortunate situation was due, of course, to Babels having been a Soviet citizen, living in the Soviet Union. It is attributable also to his mysterious disappearance in 1939, exacerbated by the fact that his name was not officially heard again until 1954. Since we have now learned what actually happened to him, and since great efforts and scholarly endeavors have been made to gather his writings, it has finally become possible to prepare, with some considered confidence, the complete works of Isaac Babel.
Among Babels little-known works are his screenplays, some of which were written in collaboration with Sergei Eisenstein. In 1998, Peter Constantine approached me with the idea of translating these screenplays. His suggestion about the screenplays fell on fertile soil, for I saw in it the possibility of realizing a dream I had long nourished to have a reliable and complete edition of my father s work. Peter s initial idea therefore grew into a much larger endeavor, which has resulted in the present book. In this W. W. Norton edition, all of Babels known writings, uncensored and/or forgotten, have been assembled for the first time in any language.
As these works illustrate, and as anyone can surmise who has ever read anything about him, he was an enigma. Although his complete literary works are now in print with this long-awaited edition, a comprehensive biography about him has yet to be written. A number of people, including scholars, graduate students, and journalists, are attempting this difficult task. In addition, documentary films about his life have been made in the Netherlands and Germany, both using historical footage of Russia during the Revolution to illustrate the confusion of the times. They show huge rebelling crowds, and scenes with Cossacks, Russian workers, Poles, and Jews. It seems easier to show this period of history in film than to draw a written portrait of my father, a man so elusive and contradictory.
So, who was Isaac Emmanuelovich Babel?
Was he a Soviet writer, a Russian writer, or a Jewish writer?
As a Soviet writer, he shows and experiences a profound dichotomy between acceptance of the ideals of the Revolution and repulsion for its methods. As a Russian writer, he expresses both nostalgia for the old world and desire for the new. As a Jewish writer, he was well versed in Hebrew and the Talmud. Yet he wrote in Russian. His work reveals what many have called a “Jewish sensibility.” However, when he used the typical Jewish themes found in Yiddish literature, they were always interwoven with Russian cultural archetypes.
Babels work defies categorization. Simply put, in my personal view, the juxtaposition of compatibles and incompatibles keeps Babels prose in a state of constant tension and gives it its unique character. Approaching Babel with expectations based on traditional Russian literature might lead either to disappointment or to a feeling of discovery. His prose does not merely draw on past themes and forms, but is the forging of a new manner of writing, which reflected new times. Babels readers are not only students of Russian literature and history or of the Russian Revolution. They belong to different cultures, different religions, and different social classes. They have no single national tradition.
Critics have taken various positions and a great deal of research and passion has been invested in solving questions of Babels personal convictions and literary style. Actually, the critical literature on Babels works fills bookcases, compared to the mere half shelf of his own writings. Babel started writing as an adolescent, but he himself considered that his career as a man of letters, writing “clearly and concisely,” began only in 1924. It was then that his stories, which were to become the volumes entitled Red Cavalry and The Odessa Stories started
to appear. The young writer burst upon the literary scene and instantly became the rage in Moscow. The tradition in Russia being to worship poets and writers, Babel soon became one of the happy few, a group that included Soviet writers, who enjoyed exceptional status and privileges in an otherwise impoverished and despotic country. He was allowed to travel abroad and to stay in Western Europe for relatively long periods of time. In the late 1930s, he was given a villa in the writers’ colony of Peredelkino, outside Moscow. No secret was ever made of his having a wife and daughter in Paris. At the same time, hardly anyone outside of Moscow knew of two other children he had fathered. As a matter of fact, Babel had many secrets, lived with many ambiguities and contradictions, and left many unanswered questions behind him.
During his lifetime, Babel was loved, admired, and respected as a writer. The following entry from the first volume of the second edition of the Small Soviet Encyclopedia of March 1937 provides an insightful description of the man and the writer. I will quote from this article, since I find it well documented, critically sound, and psychologically perceptive. It shows what Babel was striving for and what he in fact achieved. Moreover, it is astonishing to note the date of publication, the year 1937, when the ground was very shaky for Jews and intellectuals. It seems that when the books were already printed in March 1937, the publishers did not have time to revise the contents of the encyclopedia according to the Party’s latest interpretations of Soviet history. They did, however, manage to glue by hand an addendum of “corrections” into each of the sixty-one thousand copies of the first volume before they were distributed, explaining the need for the revision of several of the articles. Fortunately for us, the entry on Babel was neither “corrected” nor removed.
Babel, Isaac Emmanuelovich (born 1894)—Soviet writer; son of an Odessa merchant. His first stories appeared in 1916, although the height of his literary activity occurred during the years 1923-1924. Babels literary output is small in volume. His basic genre was the “novella” or short story, most of which can be grouped into three thematic cycles: “Odessa Stories,” mainly about the exploits of the gangsters of Odessa (the film scenario of “Benya Krik” and the play “Sunset” also fall under this theme); the collection of stories “Red Cavalry”—impressions of the 1920 campaign of the army of Budyonny, in which Babel took part; and autobiographical stories (“The Story of My Dovecote,” etc.). . . .
The Complete Works of Isaac Babel Reprint Edition by Isaac Babel, Nathalie Babel, Peter Constantine Page 1
