Moses, 70, 171, 173, 213
Mosques, 105, 133, 146–47, 151, 182, 303–4, 325. See also Jingere Ber mosque; Sankore mosque; Sidi Yahya mosque
Mossa, Hamed, 147–48, 233–34, 363–64n
Mossi, 219
Mosul, 269
“Mouckta, Cheif Maraboot,” 91, 354n
Moussa, Jenan, 305, 368n
Muhammad, prophet, 64, 82, 146, 271, 339
festival for birthday of. See Mawlid
Muhammad, al-hajj, Askiya, 212, 216, 286, 293, 350n, 362n
Muhammad, Shaykh Sidi, 93, 94, 169–70, 312, 354n
Muhammad Bani, Askiya, 293
Muhammad Bonkana, Askiya, 293
Muhammad Gao, Askiya, 293
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, 146
Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi, 215–16
Muhammad-n-Allah, 221–22
Muhkam, al- (dictionary), 291
Muhkam fi’l-Lugha, 367n
Murray, Lindley, 352n
Musa I (Mansa Musa), 29, 135–36, 215, 274, 350n
Musa, Katib, 220
Muslims, 29, 39, 62, 68, 69, 71, 186, 288, 298, 326
antagonism between Christians and, 33–34, 63–64, 75, 82, 168, 294
educated, 199, 350n
empires and kingdoms ruled by, 94, 133, 135, 151, 294
European explorers disguised as, 76, 91, 101–3, 107, 165, 167–68
jihadist, 83, 120, 146, 152, 155–56, 181–82, 283
South African, 144
See also Islam
Mustapha (victim of jihadists), 280–81, 366n
Napoleon, 72
National Archives (Britain), 1–2, 347n
National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), 10, 45–56, 120–22, 148, 193, 197, 232, 242, 352n, 357n
jihadist opponents of, 77–83, 120, 180, 181, 186–89
looting by members of, 45, 53–56, 141, 357n
National Portrait Gallery (London), 352n
NATO, 19
Natural History Museum (London), 23
NaturePlus program, 352n
Nayl al-ibtihaj (Ahmad Baba), 362n, 366n
Nazis, 8, 251, 365n
Negroland of the Arabs Examined and Explained, The (Cooley), 136, 160, 226, 358n
Negroland Revisited, The (Masonen), 346n, 350n, 365–66n
Netherlands, 231–32, 235, 257
embassy in Bamako, 232, 250–53, 309, 331, 365n
New Guinea, 263
New Republic, The, 235–36, 256, 322, 364n
New Yorker, The, 322
Newfoundland, 22
Newton, A. P., 262, 365n
Newton, Isaac, 21
Niafounke (Mali), 16, 241, 242, 351n, 364n
Nicholls, Henry, 76
Nicholson, John, 360n
Niger, 16, 28, 78, 166, 349n
Upper Senegal and Niger, 285
Niger River, 72–76, 91, 92, 101–2, 129, 151, 216, 253, 264–66, 336, 345
bend of, 8, 26, 28, 268, 294, 318, 350n
expeditions searching for, 37–38, 59–60
and Gulf of Guinea, 75, 76
Park’s discovery and exploration of, 64–65, 67, 72–74, 129
region of, 137, 165, 213, 214, 285, 313
transport of manuscripts on, 253–55, 271, 345
Nigeria, 75, 76, 136
Northern Nigeria, 273
Niono (Mali), 16, 234
Nobili, Mauro, 325, 367n
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 53, 144, 230. See also specific organizations and foundations
Nootka Sound, 37
Northwestern University, 18
Norway, 315
Nouakchott News Agency, 353n
Nouvelle république, La (Bamako), 353n
Nsamanko, battle of, 90
Nubia, 38
Nuh, Askiya, 293
Number One Transportation Company, 254
Nunez River, 100
Nyassi, Lake, 131
O’Fahey, Sean, 18, 348n
Oil Rivers delta, 75
Old Testament, 70
Operation Serval. See France, military intervention against jihadists by
Ordnance Survey, 22
Oregon, University of, 249–50, 255, 323, 326, 364–65n
Orientalists, 132, 218, 264, 272, 285, 287–88, 319, 343
Orlov, Count Grigory, 88
Osman (Timbuktu merchant and ruler), 105
Othello (Shakespeare), 32
Othman, Othman Agh Mohamed, 359n, 361n, 364n
Ottomans, 110, 167, 263, 293
Oudney, Walter, 354n, 355n
Overweg, Adolf, 159, 162, 165, 169, 217
Oxford University, 22, 114, 262, 357n
Paine, Thomas, 22, 41
Pakistanis, 146, 199
Palmerston, Lord (Henry John Temple), 162, 165, 217
Paris, 87, 110, 185, 267, 268, 272, 316, 350n
explorers in, 37, 39, 107, 162
Orientalists in, 285–86
University of (Sorbonne), 114, 313, 314
Park, Mungo, 60–75, 89, 92, 105, 160, 191, 261, 267, 351n
in Bambara, 65–67
death of, 75
in Ludamar, 62–64, 66
marriage of, 73
at Niger River, 64–65, 67
outset on first expedition of, 60–61, 129
return trip to Britain of, 67–71
second expedition of, 74–75, 351n, 353n
writings of, 67, 68, 72, 132, 226, 352n
Parliament, British, 21
Patras, 111
Peddie, John, 100, 355n
Pelizzo, Riccardo, 350n
Pentateuch, 70
Persia, 25
Petit Marché (Timbuktu), 58, 79
Petra, 76
Pisania, 61, 69, 71
Plant, Robert, 243
Plasmodium falciparum, 35
Plato, 115
Pliny the Elder, 29
Ploumen, Lilianne, 252
Polo, Marco, 2
Portsmouth (England), 60
Portuguese, 30, 32, 131, 132, 251, 293
Potemkin, Prince Grigory, 180–81
Prince Claus Fund, 231, 235–36, 253, 257, 334, 363n
Privy Council Committee for Trade and Plantations, 73
Prophet Muhammad. See Muhammad, prophet
Prothero, Ralph Mansell, 228, 363n
Pruneau de Pommegorge, Antoine, 34
Prussia, 159, 162–65, 173, 177, 217, 224, 227
Psalms, Book of, 70
Public Broadcasting System (PBS), 313, 348n
Purchas, Samuel, 32
Quakers, 24
Quarterly Review, The, 108, 355n, 358n
Racism, 17, 82, 132, 260–62, 315, 316, 319, 365n
Arab, 147, 280
Radio Bouctou, 45, 80, 82
Radio France International, 11–12
Raft of the Medusa, The (Géricault), 100
Ralfs, Christian, 211, 217, 362n
Ramadan, 102, 187
Ramses II, 76
Ranke, Leopold von, 227
Rao, Kishore, 358n
Rawdon, Francis, Lord, 26
Reade, John (British vice-consul in Tripoli), 164
Rennell, James, 72, 131, 136
Rennell of Rodd, Lord (Francis James), 226
Reuters, 180
Rhodes, Cecil, 273
Rice, Xan, 364n
Richardson, James, 159, 161–64, 177, 360n
Ritchie, Joseph, 355n
Ritter, Carl, 160, 162
Roberts, Richard, 366n
Robinson, David, 18,
348n
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 2, 100
Rödiger, Emil, 176, 362n
Roi des Belges (steamboat), 260
Rousseau, Baron Jean-Baptiste, 96–99, 104, 108–10, 272, 354n
Rowlandson, Thomas, 352–53n
Roy, William, 22
Royal Academy of Sciences (Berlin), 227, 261, 365n
Royal Botanic Gardens (London), 22
Royal Geographical Society (RGS), 130–31, 160, 224–25
Geographical Journal, 228
Royal Navy, British, 22, 37, 97
Royal Society, 21, 22, 37, 60, 76
Rubáiyát (Khayyám), 127
Ruskin, John, 273
Russia, 39, 88, 186
Saad, Elias, 360n, 362–63n, 367n
Sadian dynasty, 293–94
Sadidi, Abdoulaye, 193, 196–98, 203–4
Saghir, Shaykh Sidi al-Mukhtar al-, 94–97, 312, 354n
Saghir al-Ifrani, Muhammad al-, 368n
Sahara, 7, 8, 27–29, 95, 172, 294, 296, 314, 350n
European explorers in, 3–4, 111, 162, 224
jihadist groups in, 78, 187–89, 353n
trade routes across, 33
Sahara Media, 359n, 361n, 364n
Sahili, Abu Ishaq al-, 135–36, 350n
Saint-Étienne (France), 106
Saint-Martin, Yves-Jean, 366n
Saint Petersburg, 37, 179, 180
Salafists, 146–47, 155–56, 184, 199, 233, 327, 330, 353n, 358n, 359n
Salah (Algeria), 92
Salé Rovers, 36
salt mines, 1, 31, 175, 216, 294
caravans from, 13, 16, 106
Sangaré, Kéba, 318
Sanhaja, 362n
Sankore mosque, 13, 45, 49–50, 113–14, 153, 212, 274, 296, 317
Ahmad Baba building near, 83, 117, 126, 282, 307–8, 316–17, 367n
Gates at, 313–14
neighborhood near, 219, 268
World Heritage monument listing of, 152
Sanogo, Amadou (“Bolly”), 139
Sansanding (Mali), 74
Sansarif, Ahmadu, 270–71
Sareyamou (Mali), 167
Saturday’s Club, 21, 24–26, 72
Saudi Arabia, 49, 79, 147
Savama, 12–13, 144, 230–32, 236–39, 246, 249, 315, 348n, 363n, 364n, 371n
allegations of fraud against, 325–28, 332, 334–36, 371n
jihadist manuscript-burning threat to, 249, 251–53, 307
manuscripts evacuated to Bamako by, 234–36, 243, 246–48, 257, 324, 331, 344, 370n
Scheele, Judith, 349n
Schiffers, Heinrich, 360n, 363n, 365n
Schmitz, Jean, 366n
School of Living Oriental Languages (Paris), 272
Schubert, Gustav von, 161, 224, 225, 360n
Scotland, 73, 74
Scott, George, 74
Scott, Walter, 73
“Scramble for Africa,” 262, 365n. See also Colonialism and colonization
Secret of Santa Vittoria, The (Crichton), 8
Segu (Mali), 64, 65, 94, 198, 241, 266, 315
French attack on, 265, 272
refugees from Timbuktu in, 118, 192, 198
Selkirk (Scotland), 74
Seneca, 115
Senegal, 16, 34, 74, 87, 89, 133, 264, 266
Upper Senegal and Niger, 285
Senegal River, 28, 73, 216
Sennar, 37, 40
Sevare (Mali), 56, 197, 240–42, 304, 351n
Shakespeare, William, 1, 32
Sharh al-ahkam, 291, 367n
Sharia, 82, 83, 143, 148, 150, 183, 188, 344, 353n
Shaw, Flora (Lady Lugard), 273–76, 366n
Shaw, Norton, 225
Siberia, 37
Sidi Yahya mosque, 13, 51, 114, 116, 152, 183–84, 196–97, 200, 296, 361n
Sidibe, Moussa, 364n
Sierra Leone, 3, 73, 90
Signers in Blood, 189
Silla (town), 67
Silman Nari, 213
Simbing (Ludamar), 59–60
Sissoko, Cheikh Omar, 154–55, 359n
Sky News, 306
Slave trade and slavery, 24, 33, 34, 40, 69, 106, 162, 175, 295, 352n, 366n
Slaves, 23, 26, 30, 64, 74, 83, 102, 135, 147, 172, 214–15, 345
descendants of, 270, 313
Europeans captured and sold as, 36, 68
freed, 61, 95, 163, 217
in London, 131
price of, 69, 71
Sleeping sickness, 34–35
Smith, William, 22
Société de Géographie, 87–89, 97–99, 101, 107, 130, 354n, 355n
Sokoto, 94, 165, 170, 175, 177
Somalia, jihadists from, 146
Songhay, 7, 26, 45, 137, 164–66, 176, 267, 345, 367n
history of, 166, 212–14, 274, 296–98, 311, 317–19
language of, 26, 212, 313
rulers of, 167, 215, 286, 288–90, 294, 319
Sorbonne, 114, 313
South Africa, 18, 144, 282, 316–17, 348n. See also Cape Town
South America, 262, 342. See also Latin America
Spain, 29–31, 134, 192, 226, 227, 293. See also specific cities and regions
Sparks, Jared, 41, 351n
Special Conflict Resolution Research Group, 323
Speke, John Hanning, 317
Spiegel, Der, 322
Spinoza, Baruch, 115
Stanley, Henry Morton, 177, 263
Stewart, Charles, 325, 363n
Stolk, Deborah, 231–32, 234–36, 239, 249, 363–64n
Strieder, Thomas, 246–48, 309, 364n
Stuart, Andrew, 26
Sub-Saharan Africa, 2, 32, 136, 163, 186, 294, 350n. See also specific nations and regions
Sudan (modern state), 40, 193
Sudan, the (historical region), 2, 29–31, 76, 88–89, 94, 97–98, 265–69, 274–76, 357n, 363n
Barth’s account of, 211, 227–28
European exploration of, 70–72, 104, 129, 131, 166, 170, 350–51n
gold in, 134, 274
histories of. See Tarikh al-fattash; Tarikh al-sudan
Middle Ages in, 274, 311
Moroccan conquest of, 293–97
See also Ludamar; Songhay
Sudanic Africa (journal), 346–47n
Suez Canal, 72
Suez Canal Company, 263
Sufi Islam, 7, 13, 151–52
Sumatra, 60
Sunni Islam, 156. See also Maliki Islam
Swift, Jonathan, 23, 349–50n
Switzerland, 191
Sylla, Bengaly, 369–70n
Tabaski, 220
Tadallisi, Sidi Yahya al-, 221–22
Tadmakkat, 312
Taghaza (Mali), 230, 294
Tahiti, 23
Takariya, Ali, 190
Taliban, 231
Tamasheq, 313, 362n
Tanezrouft, 3, 92
Tanganyika, Lake, 131
Tangiers, 160
Taoudenni (Mali), 175
Tarikh al-fattash, 270, 286–88, 290–92, 295, 297, 298, 312, 331, 343, 346n, 366n, 367n
Tarikh al-sudan (al-Sadi), 110, 211, 270, 272, 286, 354n, 366–67n
discovery of, 176, 318, 319, 354n, 362n
historical narrative of, 288, 293, 297, 343
in manuscript collections and libraries, 272, 312, 367n
misattribution to Ahmad Baba of, 97, 217–18
translations of, 217, 317–18, 346n
Tassing, Mirjam, 331
Taura, Karfa, 69, 71, 352n
Tautain, Louis, 272
Tazyin al-waraqat (A
bdullahi dan Fodio), 166
Tenda (Mali), 32
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 111
Tezcucans (Texcocans), 275
Thompson, E. P., 344
Thousand and One Nights, The, 9, 212, 347n
Timbuktu, origin of name of, 26, 30, 98, 214–15, 345, 350n, 362n
Timbuktu Renaissance Action Group, 324, 369n
“Timbuktu University,” 274, 311, 343
Timbuktu University, plans for, 371n
Times, The (London), 217, 262, 273, 365n
Tinariwen (band), 243
Tindirma (Mali), 271
Tintalous (town), 164
Tjoelker, To, 250–54, 256–57, 308–9, 331, 365n
Tlemcen (Algeria), 134
Tombouctou la mystérieuse (Dubois), 272
Tombs, 154–55, 174, 205, 359n, 361n. See also Mausoleums
T160K: Timbuktu Libraries in Exile, 323–24, 364–65n, 369n
Tuat (Touat; Algeria), 92, 99, 108, 215
Touchard, Laurent, 364n
Toumast Press, 56, 352n
Touré, Ali Farka, 243
Touré, Amadou Toumani, 347n
Touré, Diallo Fadima, 142, 186, 358n
Touré, Mohamed, 125, 237, 356–57n, 364n
Toya (Mali), 249
Traoré, Abba, 117, 120, 193, 196, 199, 202, 203
Traoré, Banzoumana, 357n
Traoré, Hassim, 268
Traoré, Hassini, 117–18, 196, 199–200, 202, 203, 361n
Traoré, Tina, 363n
Travels Through Central Africa to Timbuctoo (Caillié), 110, 132, 305, 342, 354–55n
Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa (Barth), 225–26, 228, 360n
Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa (Park), 72, 351n, 352n
Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 17, 348n
Triaud, Jean-Louis, 368n
Trinity College (Dublin), 129
Tripoli (Libya), 30, 159, 160, 162–64, 227
British consul/consulate in, 2, 4, 90–92, 94–97, 108–10
explorers setting out from, 3, 59, 90, 94, 177
French consul/consulate in, 96, 272, 354n
Troglodytes, 29, 33
Tropical Dependency, A (Shaw), 273–74, 366n
Tuareg, 27, 45, 98, 103, 119, 168, 214, 215, 319, 359n, 362n
campaign for autonomous state for. See National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA)
European explorers harassed and attacked by, 3, 92–93, 164, 167
at Festival in the Desert, 243
French conflicts with, 265, 266, 272, 312
Salafist, 147, 152–53
Timbuktu ruled by, 220
Tuckey, James Hingston, 355n
Tukulor empire, 265, 268
Tunis, 132, 162, 163, 269
Umar, Ahmad, 292
Umar (qadi), 296–97
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), 114, 141, 144, 183, 237, 246, 324, 356n, 360–61n
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