by Akala
CHAPTER 2 – The Day I Realised My Mum Was White
1. Humphreys, Margaret, Empty Cradles (London: Corgi, 2011)
2. You can read a good portion of the original text online on at the encyclopaedia of Virginia. Retrieved from URL https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/_An_act_concerning_Servants_and_Slaves_1705
3. Allen, Theodore W., The Invention of the White Race: Vol I: Racial Oppression and Social Control (London: Verso, 2012)
4. Ignatiev, Noel, How the Irish Became White (London: Routledge, 2008)
5. Wolfe, Patrick, Traces of History: Elementary Structures of Race (London: Verso, 2016) p. 77
6. Garner, Steve, Whiteness: An Introduction (Oxford: Routledge, 2007) p. 70
7. Wolfe, Patrick, Traces of History, p. 73
8. Eze, Emmanuel Chukwudi, ed., Race and the Enlightenment: A Reader (London: Blackwell, 1997)
9. Wolfe, Patrick,Traces of History
10. Nascimento, Abidias Do, Brazil Mixture or Massacre?: Essays in the Genocide of a Black People (Massachusetts: The Majority Press, 1979)
11. The most notorious of these child massacres occurred on 22 July 1993, when eight street children were killed by members of the police outside the Candelaria church in Rio de Janeiro. One of the survivors of the massacre, Sandro Rosa do Nascimento, went on to hijack a bus and hold several people hostage for hours, while he voiced outrage at social injustice in Brazil. This incident is portrayed in the critically acclaimed documentary Bus 174.
12. Linebaugh, Peter, and Rediker, Marcus, The Many-Headed Hydra: The Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic (London: Verso, 2012)
13. Dubois, Laurent, Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2004)
14. Blackmon, Douglas A., Slavery By Another Name (New York: Anchor Books, 2008)
15. Horne, Gerald, Race War: White Supremacy and the Japanese Attack on the British Empire (New York: New York University Press, 2004) pp. 17–18
16. In 1937, Churchill told the Palestine Royal Commission: ‘I do not admit for instance, that a great wrong has been done to the Red Indians of America or the black people of Australia. I do not admit that a wrong has been done to these people by the fact that a stronger race, a higher-grade race, a more worldly wise race to put it that way, has come in and taken their place.’ Heyden, Tom, “The Greatest Controversies of Winston Churchill’s Career” BBC News (26 January 2015). Retrieved from URL www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29701767
17. For an examination of how much the conflict in the Pacific was considered to be racial by the Japanese as well as the Europeans, see: Dower, John W., War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon, 1986)
18. Davies, Barbara, “Cocktail Party” Daily Mail (8 December 2016). Retrieved from URL www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4011866/cocktail-party-Brits-faced-evil-decadent-expat-lives-Hong-Kong-ended-overnight-Japan-s-unspeakably-savage-invasion-75-years-survivors-relive-horror-html
19. Mills, Charles, The Racial Contract (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2017)
CHAPTER 3 – Special Needs?
1. Cobain, Ian, The History Thieves: Secrets, Lies and the Shaping of a Modern Nation (London: Portobello Books, 2016)
2. Ken Robinson’s brilliant TedTalk – literally entitled “Do Schools Kill Creativity?” – has fourteen million views. Retrieved from URL www.youtube.com/watch?v=iG9CE55wbtY
3. Hart, John, “The Big Lesson From the World’s Best School System? Trust Your Teachers” The Guardian (9 August 2017). Retrieved from URL www.theguardian.com/teachers-network/2017/aug/09/worlds-best-school-system-trust-teachers-education-finland
4. For good histories of racism and educational policy see: Tomlinson, Sally, Race and Education: Policy and Politics in Britain (London: Open University Press, 2008) or Tierney, John, Race Migration and Schooling (London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Ltd., 1982)
5. Coard’s original book is hard to come by but the full text can be found in Richardson, Brian, Tell it Like it is: How Our Schools Fail Black Children (Staffordshire: Bookmarks Publications, Trentham Books, 2005)
6. Coard, Bernard,Why I Wrote the ‘ESN Book’ (5 February 2005). Retrieved from URL www.theguardian.com/education/2005/feb/05/schools.uk
7. See Gillborn, David, Racism and Education: Coincidence or Conspiracy? White Success, Black Failure (London: Routledge, 2008)
8. Burgess, Simon, and Greaves, Ellen, ‘‘Test Scores, Subjective Assessment and Stereotyping of Ethnic Minorities (2009)
CHAPTER 4 – Linford’s Lunchbox
1. Carrington, Ben, Race, Sport and British Politics (California: Sage, 2010)
2. Taylor, Daniel “Graham Rix and Gwyn Williams accused of racism and bullying while at Chelsea” The Guardian (18 January 2018). Retrieved from URL https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/jan/12/graham-rix-gwyn-williams-accused-racism-bullying-chelsea
3. Taylor, Daniel “Liverpool’s Rhian Brewster: ‘When I’m racially abused, I just want to be left alone’” The Guardian (28 December 2017). Retrieved from URL www.theguardian.com/football/2017/dec/28/liverpool-rhian-brewster-racial-abuse-england-uefa
4. Bring them home report. Retrieved from URL www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/pdf/social_justice/bringing_them_home_report.pdf
5. Earle, T. F., and Lowe, K. P., Black Africans In Renaissance Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010)
6. Walker, Robin, When We Ruled: The Ancient and Mediaeval History of Black Civilisations (London: Generation Media, 2006) pp. 46–54
7. Davidson, Basil, The African Slave Trade: A Revised and Expanded Edition (London: Back Bay Books, 1980), p. 63
8. Beckert, Sven, Empire of Cotton: A New History of Global Capitalism (London: Penguin Random House, 2014)
9. Curtin, Philip D., The Image of Africa: British Ideas and Action, 1780–1850 (London: Macmillan, 1964)
10. Long, Edward, The History of Jamaica (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010)
11. For examinations of Enlightenment thinking about race see: Eze, Emmanuel Chukwudi, ed., Race and the Enlightenment: A Reader (London: Blackwell, 1997) and especially Smith, Justin E. H., Nature, Human Nature, & Human Difference: Race in Early Modern Philosophy (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2015)
12. Jordan, Michael, The Great Abolition Sham: The True Story of the End of the British Slave Trade (Gloucestershire: The History Press, 2005) p. 93
13. Richardson, David, ed., Abolition and Its Aftermath: The Historical Context, 1790–1916 (London and New York: Routledge, 1985)
14. Davidson, Basil, The African Slave Trade: A Revised and Expanded Edition (London: Back Bay Books, 1980)
15. I am aware that Bernard Lewis has a reputation for being extremely orientalist, nonetheless the primary sources he amasses to make the point seem undeniable to me and also there is a palpable lack of widely available texts on race and slavery in the Arab world. See Lewis, Bernard, Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990); Gordon, Murray, Slavery in the Arab World (New York: New Amsterdam Books, 1987)
16. Jahn, Janheinz, Neo African Literature: A History of Black Writing (New York: Grove Press, 1968); Kwei Armah, Ayi, The Eloquence Of The Scribes: A memoir on the sources and resources of African literature (Dakar, Senegal: Per Ankh, 2006)
17. Mbembe, Achille, Critique of Black Reason (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2017)
18. Article 13 of the Haitian constitution of 1805 explicitly excludes the ‘Polanders and Germans’ from the category white and article 14 reads ‘All acception [sic] of colour among the children of one and the same family, of whom the chief magistrate is the father, being necessarily to cease, the Haytians shall hence forward be known only by the generic appellation of Blacks.’
CHAPTER 5 – Empire and Slavery in the British Memory
1. The hymn ‘Amazing Grace’ was written by British slave trader John Newton.
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p; 2. The 2007 documentary is called Maafa Truth.
3. Thomas, Hugh,The Slave Trade: The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440–1870 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997) p. 793
4. Turner, Camilla “Outcry after grammar schools pupils asked to buy slaves with ‘good breeding potential’ in history class” Daily Telegraph (13 July 2017) Retrieved from URL www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2017/07/13/grammar-school-criticised-asking-pupils-buy-slaveswith-good/; Alleyne, Richard “Head apologises for lesson in ‘slave trading’ at school” Daily Telegraph (28 November 2012) Retrieved from URL www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/9710013/Head-apologises-for-lesson-in-slave-trading-at-school.html;Davis, Anna “East London school apologises after pupils told to dress as slaves for black history month” Evening Standard (17 October 2017). Retrieved from URL www.standard.co.uk/news/london/east-london-head-apologises-after-pupils-told-to-dress-as-slaves-for-black-history-month-a3660606.html
5. Lusher, Adam “How Britain imprisoned some of the first black fighters against slavery” Independent (17 July 2017) Retrieved from URL www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/slavery-black-prisoners-of-war-race-racism-portchester-castle-english-heritage-exhibition-britain-a7846051.html
6. Dubois, Laurent, Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution (Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2004) p. 21
7. Jordan, Michael, The Great Abolition Sham: The True Story of the End of the British Slave Trade (Gloucestershire: The History Press, 2005) p. 69
8. Dubois, Laurent, Avengers of the New World, p. 256
9. Ibid. pp. 290–91
10. For a look at how post-revolutionary Haiti was dealt with by the major world powers of the time see: Horne, Gerald, Confronting Black Jacobins: The United States, The Haitian Revolution, and the Origins of the Dominican Republic (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2015)
11. For a study of post-revolutionary Haiti and class/colour conflict see: Nicholls, David, From Dessalines to Duvalier (London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1984). For the US-backed overthrow of Jean Bertrand Aristide see Hallward, Peter, Damming the Flood: Haiti, Aristide, and the Politics of Containment (London: Verso, 2007)
12. Draper, Nicolas, The Price of Emancipation: Slave-Ownership, Compensation and British Society at the End of Slavery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013); Hall, Catherine, Legacies Of British Slave Ownership (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016)
13. Ramdin, Ron, The Other Middle Passage: Journal Of A Voyage From Calcutta To Trinidad 1858 (Hertford: Hansib Publications, 1994)
14. For the story of the remarkable man that let this revolt see: Kennedy, Fred, Daddy Sharpe: A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Samuel Sharpe, A West Indian Slave Written by Himself, 1832 (Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers, 2008)
15. Newsinger, John, The Blood Never Dried: A People’s History of the British Empire (London: Bookmarks Publication, 2006) p. 30
16. Sherwood, Marika, After Abolition: Britain and the Slave Trade since 1807 (London: I. B. Tauris, 2007)
17. Diouf, Sylviane A., ed., Fighting the Slave Trade: West African Strategies (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2003)
18. Ibid., p. 183
19. Newsinger, John, The Blood Never Dried
20. For a meticulous comparative study of slavery across societies and cultures and throughout history see Patterson, Orlando, Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study (Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1982)
21. Diouf, Sylviane A., ed., Fighting the Slave Trade, p. 211
22. Newsinger, John, The Blood Never Dried
23. Mishra, Pankaj, From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt Against the West and the Remaking of Asia (London: Allen Lane, 2012)
24. Mackenzie, John M., Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion, 1880–1960 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984)
25. Cobain, Ian, The History Thieves: Secrets, Lies and the Shaping of a Modern Nation (London: Portobello Books, 2016)
26. Kushner, Tony, The Battle of Britishness: Migrant Journeys, 1685 to the Present (Manchester: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) p. 67
27. Gott, Richard, Britain’s Empire: Resistance, Repression and Revolt (London: Verso, 2011)
28. Newsinger, John, The Blood Never Dried, p. 10
CHAPTER 6 – Scotland and Jamaica
1. Gane-Mcalla, Casey, Inside the CIA’s Secret War In Jamaica (Los Angeles: Over The Edge Books, 2016)
2. For a quick overview of Jamaica’s neocolonial challenges see: Prashad, Vijay, The Darker Nations: A People’s History of the Third World (New York: The New Press, 2007) pp. 224–45, and the 2001 documentary Life and Debt directed by Stephanie Black.
3. Isaac, Benjamin, The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2004)
4. Eliav-Feldon, Miriam, Isaac, Benjamin, and Ziegler, Joseph, The Origins of Racism in the West (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009) p. 5
5. Whitman, James Q., Hitler’s American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017)
6. For a study specifically looking at the evolution of anti-black and anti-Jewish racism see Frederickson, George M., Racism: A Short History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015)
7. Eliav-Feldon, Miriam, Isaac, Benjamin, and Ziegler, Joseph, The Origins of Racism in the West p. 26
8. Frederickson, George M., Racism: A Short History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015)
9. Paul, Kathleen, Whitewashing Britain: Race and Citizenship in the Postwar Era (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997)
10. Frederickson, George M., Racism: A Short History
CHAPTER 7 – Police, Peers and Teenage Years
1. Humphries, Stephen, Hooligans or Rebels? An Oral History of Working-Class Childhood and Youth 1889–1939 (London: Blackwood, 1997) p. 174
2. Hall, Stuart, Critcher, Chas, Jefferson, Tony, Clarke, John and Roberts, Brian, Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1978)
3. For a history of Glasgow’s gangs see: Davies, Andrew, City Of Gangs: Glasgow and The Rise Of The British Gangster (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2014)
4. McKenna, Kevin, “Glasgow’s dark legacy returns as gangland feuds erupt in public killings” The Guardian (22 July 2017). Retrieved from URL www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jul/22/glasgow-gangland-feuds-erupt-in-public-killings
5. FitzGerald, Marian, Hale, Chris and Stockdale, Jan,Young People & Street Crime: Research into young people’s involvement in street crime (Youth Justice Board for England and Wales, January 2003)
6. Hirsch, Donald and Valadez, Laura, Local indicators of child poverty – developing a new technique for estimation (Loughborough University: Centre for Research in Social Policy, July 2014)
7. Douglas, Mary, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (London: Routledge, 2002)
8. Onibada, Ade, “Brothers Who Distribute Empowering Black Books Arrested” Voice (9 September 2016). Retrieved from URL www.voice-online.co.uk/article/brothers-who-distribute-empowering-black-books-arrested
9. Scottish Violence Reduction Unit, Violence is Preventable – Not Inevitable (January 2005). Retrieved from URL www.actiononviolence.org.uk/
10. Prison Reform Trust Bromley Briefings 2017. Retrieved from URLwww.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/portals/o/Documents/Bromley%20Briefings/summer%202017%20factfile.pdf
11. Dreisenger, Baz, Incarceration Nations: A Journey to Justice in Prisons around the World (New York: Other Press, 2017); Davis, Angela, Are Prisons Obsolete? (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003)
12. Khomami, Nadia “Most London knife crime no longer gang related, police say” The Guardian (13 October 2016). Retrieved from URL www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/oct/13/most-london-knife-no-longer-gang-related-police-say
13. Memorandum submitted by The Metropolitan Police Authority: The Colour Of Justice. Retrieved from URL https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cm
haff/181/181we44.htm
14. Macpherson, William, The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry Report Of An Inquiry by Sir William Of Cluny. Retrieved from URL https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/277111/4262.pdf
15. For good books on general police corruption in the UK see: Gillard, Michael and Flynn, Laurie, Untouchables: Dirty Cops, Bent Justice and Racism in Scotland Yard (London: Bloomsbury, 2012); Hayes, Stephen, The Biggest Gang: Shining a Light on the Culture of Police Corruption in Britain (London: Grosvenor House Publishing, 2013). For the specific use of spy cops in Britain see Evans, Rob and Lewis, Paul, Undercover: The True Story of Britain’s Secret Police (London: Faber & Faber, 2013). For a political history of British policing see Bunyan, Tony, The History and Practice of the Political Police in Britain (London: Quartet Books, 1977)
16. Watch the 2001 documentary Injustice, directed by Ken Faro, for a look at some of the worst cases of police brutality in British history.
CHAPTER 8 – Why Do White People Love Mandela? Why Do Conservatives Hate Castro?
1. Mandela, Nelson and Castro, Fidel, How Far We Slaves Have Come: South Africa and Cuba in Today’s World (New York: Pathfinder, 1991)
2. Williams, Elizabeth M., The Politics of Race in Britain and South Africa: Black British Solidarity and the Anti-apartheid Struggle (London: I.B. Tauris, 2017)
3. Mandela, Nelson and Castro, Fidel, How Far We Slaves Have Come p. 27
4. Dewey, Caitlin,“Why Nelson Mandela was on a Terrorism Watch List in 2008” Washington Post (7 December 2013). Retrieved from URL www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2013/12/07/why-nelson-mandela-was-on-a-terrorism-watch-list-in-2008/?utm-term.c13ad289887e
5. Mandela, Nelson and Castro, Fidel, How Far We Slaves Have Come p. 20
6. For the saga of Cuba in Africa see: Gleijeses, Piero, Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington And Africa 1959–1976 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003); Gleijeses, Piero, Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle for Southern Africa 1976–1991 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013); and Villegas, Harry, Cuba & Angola: The War for Freedom (Atlanta: Pathfinder, 2017). Villegas is one of the Cuban guerrillas that fought in Angola and several other key campaigns of the era.
