50. Observer, 11 August 1985; Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, vol. 2: Everything She Wants (2015), pp. 669–70; Woman’s Own, 12 October 1985; ‘Interview for Mail on Sunday’, 30 August 1985, TFW.
Chapter 2. The Line of Duty
1. ‘Thatcher Arrives at Downing Street’, 4 May 1979, http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/thatcher/6328.shtml; ‘Remarks on Becoming Prime Minister’, 4 May 1979, TFW.
2. Ronald Millar, A View from the Wings: West End, West Coast, Westminster (1993), pp. 263–7; and see the invaluable article by the Thatcher Foundation’s Christopher Collins at https://www.margaretthatcher.org/archive/StFrancis.asp.
3. Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, vol. 1: Not for Turning (2013), pp. 419–20.
4. Ibid., pp. 308–9, 387; Sunday Telegraph, 29 April 1979, quoted in Brian Harrison, ‘Mrs Thatcher and the Intellectuals’, Twentieth Century British History, 5:2 (1994), p.p. 226–7; Daily Mirror, 9 January 1981; Alwyn W. Turner, Rejoice! Rejoice! Britain in the 1980s (2010), p. 163; Henry Root, The Henry Root Letters (1980: 1981), p. 15.
5. ‘TV Interview for BBC Campaign ’79’, 27 April 1979, TFW.
6. Robert Saunders, ‘The Many Lives of Margaret Thatcher’, English Historical Review, 132:556 (2017), p. 645; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 308, 410. See also Dominic Janes, ‘“One of Us”: The Queer Afterlife of Margaret Thatcher as a Gay Icon’, International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics, 8:2–3 (2012), pp. 211–27.
7. Ferdinand Mount, Cold Cream: My Early Life and Other Mistakes (2008), pp. 269, 324; Alan Hollinghurst, The Line of Beauty (2004), p. 376; Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, vol. 2: Everything She Wants (2015), pp. 648–9.
8. Ibid., p. 665; Mount, Cold Cream, p. 290; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 388; Matthew Parris, Chance Witness: An Outsider’s Life in Politics (2002: 2013), p. 177; Guardian, 8 October 2010.
9. Parris, Chance Witness, p. 213; Louis Heren, Alas, Alas for England: What Went Wrong with Britain (1981), p. 114; L. J. Sinclair, ‘Summit Information Desk (“Who Me?”)’, c. 1 May 1983, TFW; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 176, 342–3; Observer, 12 October 1975; Moore, Everything She Wants, pp. 637, 652; ‘Interview for News of the World’, 24 April 1980, TFW; The Times, 1 May 1980; Thatcher to Sir James Hanson, 8 July 1981, TFW; Ion Trewin (ed.), The Hugo Young Papers: Thirty Years of British Politics – Off the Record (2008), p. 189.
10. Moore, Everything She Wants, p. 636; Guardian, 30 May 1988; Parris, Chance Witness, p. 212; Harrison, ‘Mrs Thatcher and the Intellectuals’, p. 224; Trewin (ed.), Hugo Young Papers, p. 49.
11. Harrison, ‘Mrs Thatcher and the Intellectuals’, p. 208; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 342; Trewin (ed.), Hugo Young Papers, p. 273. Harrison’s essay is a pretty comprehensive rebuttal of the idea that Mrs Thatcher was a philistine; for another example, written by a Labour supporter, see D. J. Taylor, The Prose Factory: Literary Life in England since 1918 (2016), pp. 415–16.
12. Trewin (ed.), Hugo Young Papers, p. 49. On Mrs Thatcher’s lack of empathy, see John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, vol. 2: The Iron Lady (2003), pp. 247–8.
13. Parris, Chance Witness, p. 210.
14. Guardian, 6 June 1983, 28 May 1988; Observer, 13 September 1987.
15. Moore, Everything She Wants, p. 668; TNA PREM 19/474, Sally Rozario to A. Kennard, ‘Expenditure of Refurbishing at No. 10 Downing Street’, 25 June 1979; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 431; Jonathan Aitken, Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality (2013), p. 265; TNA PREM 19/474, Edwards to Thatcher, 28 January 1981; and see the subsequent correspondence about the Welsh flat in TNA PREM 19/474.
16. ‘Interview for Living Magazine’, 9 January 1984, TFW; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 361, 529–30; Aitken, Margaret Thatcher, p. 238; Sir John Coles, ‘Appreciation of Margaret Thatcher’, c. 14 June 1984, TFW; Campbell, Iron Lady, pp. 480, 482.
17. John Hoskyns, Just in Time: Inside the Thatcher Revolution (2000), p. 24; Mount, Cold Cream, pp. 287, 289–90, 323.
18. Moore, Not for Turning, p. 423; Coles, ‘Appreciation of Margaret Thatcher’, c. 14 June 1984, TFW; Aitken, Margaret Thatcher, p. 278; Trewin (ed.), Hugo Young Papers, pp. 149, 165.
19. ‘Interview for News of the World’, 24 April 1980, TFW; Harrison, ‘Mrs Thatcher and the Intellectuals’, p. 208; Coles, ‘Appreciation of Margaret Thatcher’, c. 14 June 1984, TFW; Campbell, Iron Lady, pp. 20, 479; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 438; David Waddington, John MacGregor and Peter Morrison to Thatcher, 31 July 1980, TFW.
20. Sue Townsend, The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole (1984: 2002), p. 147.
21. Parris, Chance Witness, p. 201; Aitken, Margaret Thatcher, p. 278; Sun, 3 November 2012.
22. ‘Interview for News of the World’, 24 April 1980, TFW; Los Angeles Times, 23 April 1979; Aitken, Margaret Thatcher, pp. 184, 188.
23. Ibid., p. 239; Sun, 2 November 2012.
24. Hoskyns, Just in Time, p. 380; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 432, 434; Coles, ‘Appreciation of Margaret Thatcher’, c. 14 June 1984, TFW; Hailsham to Thatcher, 11 July 1984, TFW; Mount, Cold Cream, p. 324.
25. Frank Johnson, Out of Order (1982), p. 170. It has to be said that this story comes from the journalist Frank Johnson, who heard it from the journalist Sir John Junor, so it might be a bit exaggerated. Still, it is so good, and rings so true, that it would be a shame to question it.
26. Aitken, Margaret Thatcher, pp. 239–40; Campbell, Iron Lady, pp. 15, 17, 19; Moore, Everything She Wants, pp. 5, 523, 618; Mount, Cold Cream, pp. 324, 326; Cecil Parkinson, Right at the Centre: An Autobiography (1992), p. 217; Nigel Lawson, The View from No. 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical (1992: 1993), p. 128; John Biffen, Semi-Detached (2013), pp. 374, 390–91; Spectator, 18 January 2014; Jim Prior, A Balance of Power (1986), p. 136.
27. Moore, Not for Turning, p. 422; Campbell, Iron Lady, pp. 16–17; George Walden, Lucky George: Memoirs of an Anti-Politician (1999), p. 191; Parris, Chance Witness, p. 188; Aitken, Margaret Thatcher, pp. 264–5. See also, for example, Roy Jenkins, A Life at the Centre (1991), pp. 493, 496.
28. Parris, Chance Witness, pp. 193, 205; Thatcher to Kirk Peters, 10 February 1981, TFW; Thatcher to unidentified boy, 1 July 1981, TFW.
29. Thatcher to David Liddelow, 1 April 1980, TFW. For David’s original letter, as well as later press commentary, see Daily Express, 11 April 2013; Daily Telegraph, 17 April 2013.
30. ‘Speech to Conservative Central Council’, 15 March 1975, TFW; and see Robert Saunders, ‘“Crisis? What Crisis?” Thatcherism and the Seventies’, in Ben Jackson and Robert Saunders (eds.), Making Thatcher’s Britain (Cambridge, 2012), p. 29; Saunders, ‘The Many Lives of Margaret Thatcher’, p. 651; Matthew Bailey and Philip Cowley, ‘Thatcherism: Not Made in Birmingham’, 16 March 2015, http://www.conservativehome.com/platform/2015/03/matthew-bentley-and-philip-cowley-thatcherism-not-born-in-birmingham.html.
31. Stuart Hall, ‘The Great Moving Right Show’, Marxism Today (January 1979), pp. 14–20; David Marquand, ‘The Paradoxes of Thatcherism’, in Robert Skidelsky (ed.), Thatcherism (1988), p. 160; Austin Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party (1983), p. 15.
32. For a good survey of this colossal subject, mercifully free of political-science jargon, see Saunders, ‘The Many Lives of Margaret Thatcher’.
33. Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 64; ‘TV Interview for BBC1 Panorama’, 8 June 1987, TFW.
34. Ian Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma: Britain under Thatcherism (1992), p. 11; Woodrow Wyatt, The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt, vol. 1 (1998), p. 585; E. H. H. Green, Thatcher (2006), p. 33; Graham Stewart, Bang! A History of Britain in the 1980s (2013), p. 61.
35. ‘Speech to Conservative Party Conference’, 14 October 1983, TFW; and see Green, Thatcher, pp. 21–54; E. H. H. Green, Ideologies of Conservatism: Conservative Political Ideas in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, 2002), pp. 214–39; Richard Vinen, Thatcher’s Britain: The Politics and Social Upheaval of the Thatcher Era (2009) p. 288; Stewart, Bang!, pp. 61–2.
36. ‘TV Intervi
ew for BBC1 Panorama’, 8 June 1987, TFW; Nigel Lawson, ‘The New Conservatism: Lecture to the Bow Group’, 4 August 1980, TFW.
37. Green, Ideologies of Conservatism, pp. 218–22, 224, 235; Green, Thatcher, p. 27; Vinen, Thatcher’s Britain, p. 289; Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 14.
38. Kevin Bonnett, Simon Bromley, Bob Jessop and Tom Ling, ‘Authoritarian Populism, Two Nations, and Thatcherism’, New Left Review 147 (1984), pp. 32–60; Vinen, Thatcher’s Britain, pp. 4, 275–6; ‘Speech to Greater London Young Conservatives: Iain Macleod Lecture, “Dimensions of Conservatism”’, 4 July 1977, TFW; Saunders, ‘“Crisis? What Crisis?”’, pp. 28–9.
39. Moore, Not for Turning, p. 302; Vinen, Thatcher’s Britain, pp. 282, 57; The Times, 31 March 1983; ‘TV Interview for BBC Campaign ’79’, 27 April 1979, TFW; New York Times, 29 April 1979; Coles, ‘Appreciation of Margaret Thatcher’, c. 14 June 1984, TFW; Hugo Young, This Blessed Plot: Britain and Europe from Churchill to Blair (1998), p. 307.
40. John Ranelagh, Thatcher’s People: An Insider’s Account of the Politics, the Power and the Personalities (1991), p. 71.
41. David Cannadine, ‘Apocalypse When? British Politicians and British “Decline” in the Twentieth Century’, in Peter Clarke and Clive Trebilcock (eds.), Understanding Decline: Perceptions and Realities of British Economic Performance (Cambridge, 1997), p. 262; Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (1993), p. 15; ‘Message to the People of Britain’, 16 April 1979, TFW; ‘Speech to Conservative Rally in Bolton’, 1 May 1979, TFW; ‘TV Interview for BBC Campaign ’79’, 27 April 1979, TFW.
42. Aitken, Margaret Thatcher, p. 268; Lord Hailsham, The Dilemma of Democracy: Diagnosis and Prescription (1978) pp. 15, 22; Sir Keith Joseph, Solving the Union Problem Is the Key to Britain’s Recovery (1979), p. 5; Trewin (ed.), Hugo Young Papers, pp. 120–21; Green, Thatcher, p. 55; Thatcher, Downing Street Years, p. 10. Saunders, ‘“Crisis? What Crisis?”’, pp. 30–31, is very good on all this.
43. Moore, Everything She Wants, pp. 6–7; ‘TV Interview for De Wolfe Productions’, 30 December 1982, TFW.
44. Moore, Everything She Wants, pp. 8, 6; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 302, 577, 300; Campbell, Iron Lady, p. 250; Parris, Chance Witness, p. 204; ‘TV Interview for BBC1 Panorama’, 8 June 1987, TFW.
45. Mount, Cold Cream, pp. 287–8; ‘1979 Election Address: “The Britain I Want to See”’, 11 April 1979, TFW.
46. ‘Notes for Conference Speech (“Thoughts on the Moral Case”)’, 3 October 1979, TFW.
47. ‘Notes for Conference Speech (“Virtue of a Nation”)’, 16 October 1981, TFW; ‘Notes for Conference Speech (“Draft 2”)’, 16 October 1981, TFW.
48. ‘Speech in Finchley (adoption)’, 11 April 1979, TFW; ‘Speech at St Lawrence Jewry’, 4 March 1981, TFW; The Times, 5 March 1981; and see Matthew Grimley, ‘Thatcherism, Morality and Religion’, in Jackson and Saunders (eds.), Making Thatcher’s Britain, pp. 84, 88–9; Daily Telegraph, 18 September 1984, quoted in Hugo Young, One of Us: A Biography of Margaret Thatcher (rev. edn: 1990), p. 352.
49. Eliza Filby, God and Mrs Thatcher: The Battle for Britain’s Soul (2015), pp. 9, 14–15, 21; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 349; Moore, Everything She Wants, p. 447; Parris, Chance Witness, pp. 186–7.
50. Saunders, ‘The Many Lives of Margaret Thatcher’, p. 653; News of the World, 20 September 1981, quoted in Stewart, Bang!, p. 62. For a clip of the Nationwide interview, which went out on 20 April 1979, see the first episode of The 80s, ‘The Sound of the Crowd’ (BBC Two, 4 August 2016).
51. Brian Harrison, Finding a Role? The United Kingdom, 1970–1990 (Oxford, 2010), pp. 140, 406; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 308; Jon Lawrence and Florence Sutcliffe-Braithwaite, ‘Margaret Thatcher and the Decline of Class Politics’, in Jackson and Saunders (eds.), Making Thatcher’s Britain, pp. 134–5, 142.
52. Ibid., pp. 139–43; ‘Speech to Conservative Trade Unionists Conference’, 11 March 1978, TFW.
53. John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, vol. 1: The Grocer’s Daughter (2000), p. 3; Green, Thatcher, p. 18; Anthony Sampson, The Changing Anatomy of Britain (1982: 1983), p. 41; New York Times, 29 April 1979; Saunders, ‘The Many Lives of Margaret Thatcher’, pp. 641–2; ‘Remarks on Becoming Prime Minister’, 4 May 1979, TFW.
54. Anthony King and Robert J. Wybrow (eds.), British Political Opinion, 1937–2000: The Gallup Polls (2001), pp. 198–9, 208; The Times, 10 October 1978; David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh, The British General Election of 1979 (1980), pp. 323, 394, 163, 342–3, 345, 350; Time, 23 April 1979. On the polls, see also Guardian, 4 May 1979, 5 May 1979; Sunday Times, 6 May 1979.
55. Guardian, 4 May 1979; Trewin (ed.), Hugo Young Papers, p. 133; Mount, Cold Cream, p. 347.
56. ‘Remarks on Becoming Prime Minister’, 4 May 1979, TFW; Daily Express, 3 February 1975; ‘Speech to Conservative Party Conference’, 13 October 1978, TFW; Saunders, ‘“Crisis? What Crisis?”’, p. 32; Campbell, Iron Lady, p. 5; Spectator, 11 May 1985; Mount, Cold Cream, pp. 325–6, 328.
57. Parris, Chance Witness, pp. 290–91. The City economist Roger Bootle, otherwise a keen admirer, made similar observations after Mrs Thatcher died: see Daily Telegraph, 8 April 2013.
58. Thatcher, Downing Street Years, pp. 24–5, 29; Aitken, Margaret Thatcher, p. 261; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 421; Campbell, Iron Lady, p. 27.
59. Tim Lankester, ‘Summary of the General Post’, 10 September 1979, TFW; Thatcher to Sellers, 18 May 1979, TFW; Grimley, ‘Thatcherism, Morality and Religion’, p. 299, fn. 92; Thatcher to Hayek, 18 May 1979, TFW; Thatcher to Friedman, 11 May 1979, TFW. On the messages in general, see Christopher Collins’s guide at https://www.margaretthatcher.org/archive/1979-cac-releases-1.asp.
60. Moore, Not for Turning, p. 324; Mount, Cold Cream, pp. 330–32; Thatcher to Millar, 5 May 1979, TFW; Millar to Thatcher, 10 May 1979, TFW.
61. Thatcher to Millar, 25 August 1978. TFW.
Chapter 3. You’d Look Super in Slacks
1. Guardian, 3 September 1982.
2. Daily Express, 12 August 1980; see also Guardian, 14 January 1981, 3 December 1988.
3. Daily Express, 12 August 1980; Guardian, 26 April 1981, 16 January 1980; The Times, 10 March 1981; Observer, 23 January 1983.
4. Guardian, 8 June 1978, 9 June 1978.
5. Daily Express, 13 June 1978, 19 June 1978.
6. Ibid., 14 June 1978; Guardian, 26 April 1981.
7. The Times, 9 August 1983.
8. ‘Interview for News of the World’, 24 April 1980, TFW.
9. The Times, 5 May 1980; Sun, 16 March 1979.
10. Brian Harrison, Finding a Role? The United Kingdom, 1970–1990 (Oxford, 2010), p. 269; Guardian, 10 January 1983; Financial Times, 23 July 1984; The Times, 2 April 1981.
11. ‘Interview for News of the World’, 24 April 1980, TFW; ‘Mayo Clinic Diet’, 1 January 1979, TFW; Sun, 16 March 1979.
12. Observer, 12 October 1975; Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, vol. 2: Everything She Wants (2015), pp. 671–2; John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, vol. 2: The Iron Lady (2003), pp. 25, 475–6; Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, vol. 1: Not for Turning (2015), pp. 41–2, 435; ‘Interview for News of the World’, 24 April 1980, TFW.
13. Daily Express, 11 May 1981; Sunday Express, 15 February 1981; Daily Mirror, 13 October 1980.
14. The Times, 10 March 1981; Guardian, 11 July 1979.
15. Ibid., 11 July 1979, 11 August 1981, 26 July 1982, 18 October 1983.
16. Observer, 7 February 1982; The Times, 24 August 1982.
17. ‘Mrs McClusky Remembers Her School’, 6 February 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7231367.stm; Guardian, 23 October 1981; Daily Mirror, 24 October 1981.
18. Alwyn W. Turner, Rejoice! Rejoice! Britain in the 1980s (2010), pp. 6–7.
19. Ian Kennedy Martin, ‘Juliet Bravo’, http://www.iankennedymartin.com/page6.htm; Daily Express, 5 September 1981; Daily Mirror, 28 August 1980.
20. Peter Clarke, Hope and Glory: Britain, 1900–1990 (19
96), p. 363; Graham Stewart, Bang! A History of Britain in the 1980s (2013), p. 340; Hera Cook, The Long Sexual Revolution: English Women, Sex, and Contraception, 1800–1975 (2004: Oxford, 2005), p. 336; Christopher Johnson, The Economy under Mrs Thatcher, 1979–1990 (1991), p. 248; Guardian, 15 June 1981.
21. Financial Times, 20 May 1992; Guardian, 12 August 1980.
22. Harrison, Finding a Role?, p. 230; Observer, 8 April 1984; Guardian, 15 April 1985; and see the interview with Shirley, dated 21 October 2016, at https://www.director.co.uk/dame-stephanie-shirley-first-generation-immigrants-wealth-creators/.
23. Beatrix Campbell, Wigan Pier Revisited: Poverty and Politics in the 80s (1984), p. 58.
24. Mail on Sunday, 9 October 1983; Cate Haste, Rules of Desire: Sex in Britain, World War I to the Present (rev. edn: 1994), p. 287; Guardian, 22 July 1982; The Times, 23 February 1983; Daisy Payling, ‘“Socialist Republic of South Yorkshire”: Grassroots Activism and Left-Wing Solidarity in 1980s Sheffield’, Twentieth Century British History, 25:4 (2014), p. 617.
25. Mary Abbott, Family Affairs: A History of the Family in Twentieth-Century England (2003), p. 164; Haste, Rules of Desire, p. 289; Sheila Rowbotham, A Century of Women: The History of Women in Britain and the United States (1997: 1999), p. 470.
26. Haste, Rules of Desire, pp. 236–7; Harrison, Finding a Role?, p. 230; Chris Wrigley, ‘Women in the Labour Market and in the Unions’, in John McIlroy, Nina Fishman and Alan Campbell (eds.), The High Tide of British Trade Unionism: Trade Unions and Industrial Politics, 1964–79 (new edn: Monmouth, 2007), pp. 56–7, 59–60, 66; Campbell, Wigan Pier Revisited, pp. 138–42.
27. Beatrix Campbell, The Iron Ladies: Why Do Women Vote Tory? (1987), pp. 161, 152.
28. Daily Mirror, 27 October 1981; Sue Townsend, The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole Aged 13¾ (1982: 2002), pp. 17, 249.
29. Daily Express, 29 October 1981; Campbell, Iron Ladies, pp. 162–3.
30. The Economist, 8 September 1979; Clarke, Hope and Glory, p. 365; Laura Beers, ‘Thatcher and the Women’s Vote’, in Ben Jackson and Robert Saunders (eds.), Making Thatcher’s Britain (Cambridge, 2012), pp. 113–31; MO D156, Autumn Directive – Housework, 1983.
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