46. Ibid., pp. 128–39, 146; Hosken, Ken, pp. 117–21.
47. Guardian, 22 March 1982, 23 March 1982.
48. Curran, ‘Boomerang Effect’, pp. 121–2; Curran, ‘Goodbye to the Clowns’, p. 36; The Times, 14 February 1983; Carvel, Citizen Ken, p. 107; see also Julian Barnes in the Observer, 23 October 1983.
49. Carvel, Citizen Ken, pp. 101–2, 107, 231–2; Julian Critchley, Some of Us: People Who Did Well under Thatcher (1992), p. 74; The Times, 29 June 1983; Russell Davies (ed.), The Kenneth Williams Diaries (1993), p. 653; Trewin (ed.), Hugo Young Papers, p. 188.
50. The Times, 14 May 1981; Carvel, Citizen Ken, pp. 207–8.
51. Hosken, Ken, pp. 148, 146; The Times, 17 June 1981; Livingstone, You Can’t Say That, pp. 210–11; Guardian, 17 February 1982.
52. Ibid., 22 July 1982; Hosken, Ken, p. 113; Livingstone, You Can’t Say That, p. 157. See also Andy Beckett, Promised You a Miracle: UK80–82 (2015), p. 349.
53. Hosken, Ken, pp. 143–4; Stephen Brooke, ‘Space, Emotions and the Everyday: The Affective Ecology of 1980s London’, Twentieth Century British History, 28:1 (March 2017), p. 120; News of the World, 21 February 1982; Sun, 27 July 1984; Daily Mail, 19 May 1983; and see Curran, ‘Goodbye to the Clowns’, pp. 33–4.
54. Carvel, Citizen Ken, p. 234; White, London in the Twentieth Century, pp. 395, 397.
55. Hosken, Ken, pp. 165–7; Carvel, Citizen Ken, pp. 157–8; Daily Telegraph, 8 December 1982; The Times, 9 December 1982.
56. Ibid., 9 December 1982, 10 December 1982, 11 December 1982; Daily Mirror, 6 December 1982, 9 December 1982; Sun, 8 December 1982; Carvel, Citizen Ken, pp. 159–60; Hosken, Ken, p. 168; Guardian, 27 July 1983.
57. The Times, 23 February 1983, 29 August 1983; Guardian, 27 August 1983, 29 August 1983; Daily Express, 29 August 1983. On the Troops Out grant, see also Hosken, Ken, p. 169.
Chapter 25. Attack of the Sloanes
1. Observer, 17 May 1981; The Times, 18 May 1981, 29 July 1981; Daily Express, 19 May 1981.
2. Ben Pimlott, The Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth II (1996), pp. 475–6; Daily Mirror, 19 November 1980.
3. The Times, 28 July 1981, 29 July 1981; Guardian, 27 July 1981; Daily Mirror, 29 July 1981.
4. The Times, 27 July 1981, 28 July 1981, 29 July 1981, 31 July 1981; Guardian, 29 July 1981.
5. Daily Express, 29 July 1981; The Times, 29 July 1981.
6. Tony Benn, The End of an Era: Diaries, 1980–90 (1992), pp. 141–2; The Times, 30 July 1981; Guardian, 30 July 1981. On Clay Cross, see also The Times, 17 June 1981.
7. Guardian, 28 July 1981, 30 July 1981; The Times, 29 July 1981, 30 July 1981.
8. Ibid., 27 July 1981, 29 July 1981, 30 July 1981; Guardian, 30 July 1981.
9. MO C108, Special – Royal Wedding 1981; MO N403, Special – Royal Wedding 1981.
10. MO W633, Special – Royal Wedding 1981.
11. MO S496, Special – Royal Wedding 1981. For the Newton Abbot programme, see MO Misc., Special – Royal Wedding 1981.
12. Russell Davies (ed.), The Kenneth Williams Diaries (1993), p. 639; Sue Townsend, The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole Aged 13¾ (1982: 2002), pp. 137–9.
13. The Times, 30 July 1981; Guardian, 30 July 1981; Daily Express, 31 July 1981.
14. Ibid., 30 July 1981; Daily Mirror, 31 July 1981, 30 July 1981.
15. The Times, 31 July 1981, 22 August 1981; Daily Express, 5 November 1981; Daily Mirror, 5 November 1981.
16. Daily Express, 29 July 1981.
17. Jonathan Dimbleby, The Prince of Wales: A Biography (1994), pp. 263–5; Pimlott, The Queen, p. 473; The Times, 25 February 1981; Daily Mirror, 25 February 1981.
18. Sun, 8 August 1980; Daily Mirror, 18 September 1980, 19 September 1980; Roy Greenslade, Press Gang: How Newspapers Make Profits from Propaganda (rev. edn: 2004), pp. 353–4.
19. Ibid., pp. 354–7; Sunday Mirror, 16 November 1980; The Times, 2 December 1980.
20. Daily Mirror, 27 July 1981; Daily Express, 27 July 1981; Sun, 28 July 1981; Piers Brendon and Phillip Whitehead, The Windsors: A Dynasty Revealed, 1917–2000 (2000), p. 201.
21. Pimlott, The Queen, p. 476; Ann Barr and Peter York, The Official Sloane Ranger Handbook: The First Guide to What Really Matters in Life (1982), pp. 20–21.
22. The Times, 30 May 1980, 29 October 1982, 9 March 1981. On York, see Guardian, 29 January 1983.
23. Barr and York, Official Sloane Ranger Handbook, pp. 7, 36, 12–13, 59, 114, 117. On knickerbockers for men, see Peter York, Modern Times (1984), p. 65. For this section, I carried out some gruelling fieldwork among the people of north Oxfordshire.
24. York, Modern Times, pp. 21–2; ‘Speech to the Institute of SocioEconomic Studies’, 15 September 1975, TFW; Observer Music Monthly, 4 October 2009.
25. Guardian, 25 September 2015; the original article is reprinted in Jack, Before the Oil Ran Out: Britain in the Brutal Years (rev. edn: 1997), pp. 93–100. For Soames’s pay in 2012, see Scotsman, 10 April 2013.
26. Barr and York, Official Sloane Ranger Handbook, p. 20; The Times, 31 March 1981, 7 April 1981; The Face, January 1981; and see Jon Savage, Time Travel: Pop, Media and Sexuality, 1976–96 (1996), p. 119.
27. Tatler, May 1981; Daily Express, 18 June 1981. On Tatler in general, see Andy Beckett, Promised You a Miracle: UK80–82 (2015), pp. 199–201.
28. Guardian, 25 September 2015; Jack, Before the Oil Ran Out, pp. 95–6.
29. The Times, 23 September 1981; and see Charles Sturridge, The Making of Brideshead: A Note from the Director, which accompanies the Acorn DVD release of Brideshead Revisited (2002).
30. The Times, 23 September 1981, 9 October 1981, 15 October 1981, 17 October 1981; Guardian, 25 November 1981, 24 December 1981; Daily Express, 22 December 1981.
31. Guardian, 25 November 1981, 13 October 1981, 24 December 1981; The Times, 13 October 1981; Daily Express, 22 December 1981.
32. Fodor’s 1982 Guide to Great Britain (New York, 1982), p. 59; David Cannadine, In Churchill’s Shadow: Confronting the Past in Modern Britain (2002), p. 240; Daily Express, 9 February 1979, 11 July 1977; Raphael Samuel, Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture (rev. edn: 2012), pp. 51–135, 261; David Cannadine, ‘Brideshead Revered’, London Review of Books, 5:5 (17 March 1983).
33. Guardian, 24 December 1981, 11 February 1982.
34. Daily Express, 5 December 1981; The Times, 10 November 1981.
35. Guardian, 26 July 1982, 16 September 1983; The Times, 6 September 1983.
36. Jack, Before the Oil Ran Out, pp. 181–3.
Chapter 26. The British Are Coming!
1. Alexander Walker, National Heroes: British Cinema in the Seventies and Eighties (1985), pp. 173–5; James Chapman, Past and Present: National Identity and the British Historical Film (2005), pp. 271–3; Daily Mail, 14 July 2012.
2. Chapman, Past and Present, pp. 276, 279–80, 288–9; The Times, 3 April 1981; Evening Standard, 2 April 1981; Financial Times, 3 April 1981; Walker, National Heroes, p. 179; George Orwell, ‘Boys’ Weeklies’, Horizon, March 1940, http://theorwellprize.co.uk/george-orwell/by-orwell/essays-and-other-works/boys-weeklies/.
3. Chapman, Past and Present, pp. 274–5, 287–8, 294; Guardian, 9 July 2012.
4. Hugo Young, One of Us: A Biography of Margaret Thatcher (rev. edn: 1990), pp. 422–3; Walker, National Heroes, p. 179. For Mrs Thatcher and the Jews, see ‘Speech to Board of Deputies of British Jews’, 15 December 1981, TFW. For a thoughtful reading of the politics of Chariots of Fire, see Chapman, Past and Present, pp. 294–5, though he arguably underestimates how much the film’s patriotic nostalgia would have appealed to Mrs Thatcher, as well as the extent to which she was already invoking ‘the rhetoric of national greatness’ well before the Falklands War.
5. Chapman, too, draws attention to this scene: see his Past and Present, pp. 291–3.
6. Ibid., pp. 281–3; Walker, National Heroes, p. 180; Time, 21 September 1981.
7. The Times, 31 March 1982, 27 January 1982; Walker, National Heroes, p. 181.
&n
bsp; 8. Chapman, Past and Present, pp. 284–6; and see Jeffrey Richards, Films and British National Identity: From Dickens to Dad’s Army (Manchester, 1997), pp. 168–9.
9. Garry Whannel, Fields in Vision: Television Sport and Cultural Transformation (1992), pp. 143–4; Pat Butcher, The Perfect Distance: Ovett and Coe: The Record-Breaking Rivalry (2004), pp. 5, 88–9.
10. Daily Express, 2 July 1980; Butcher, Perfect Distance, p. 4.
11. Ibid., pp. 294–5, 8–9, 27, 35, 150, 169; The Times, 11 August 1984.
12. Butcher, Perfect Distance, pp. 24–5, 30–31, 34, 46, 171; The Times, 28 August 1981.
13. Ibid., 20 August 1981, 27 August 1981, 2 January 1980; Daily Express, 29 August 1981, 2 September 1981; Daily Mirror, 29 August 1981. On the rivalry in general, see also Simon Burnton’s thoughtful article in the Guardian, 18 April 2012.
14. Daily Express, 29 August 1981, 3 September 1981; Butcher, Perfect Distance, pp. 94, 220–21, 223, 159; Observer, 8 August 1982.
15. Daily Express, 3 November 1979; Skip Rozin, Daley Thompson: The Subject Is Winning (1983: 1984), pp. 7–8.
16. Ibid., pp. 27, 79.
17. Ibid., pp. 80, 17, 29–32, 78; The Times, 26 July 1984; Independent, 26 July 2008.
18. The Times, 26 July 1984; Guardian, 8 May 1980; Rozin, Daley Thompson, pp. 117, 105.
19. Ibid., pp. 152–3, 105, 128, 160, 7; Guardian, 7 August 1984
20. Ibid., 25 July 1980, 6 October 1982; Rozin, Daley Thompson, pp. 150, 125, 195; The Times, 26 July 1984.
21. Rozin, Daley Thompson, pp. 48–9.
22. Guardian, 7 August 1984; Rozin, Daley Thompson, p. 129. See also the interview in the Independent, 26 July 2008.
23. The Times, 15 August 1983, 28 July 1980, 26 July 1984; Rozin, Daley Thompson, pp. 7, 141; Guardian, 12 May 1983, 7 August 1984.
24. Rozin, Daley Thompson, pp. 17, 181; The Times, 28 July 1980, 26 July 1984.
25. Rozin, Daley Thompson, pp. 16, 6, 8.
26. Simon Wilde, Ian Botham: The Power and the Glory (2011), pp. 7–8, 31–3.
27. Ibid., pp. 11, 34–5; Daily Mirror, 15 April 1980. The TV interview, recorded for BBC2’s Open to Question (20 October 1986), is online at https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=682&v=rGH6x98lEjc.
28. Wilde, Ian Botham, pp. 14, 40, 106, 38, 195, 54, 71.
29. Ibid., pp. 17–18, 21, 69–70; The Times, 27 August 1981.
30. Wilde, Ian Botham, pp. 109, 113, 130; Daily Express, 20 June 1978; Daily Mirror, 3 August 1979, 15 April 1980.
31. Daily Express, 30 June 1978; Observer, 26 September 1982; Wilde, Ian Botham, pp. 99, 118.
32. Ibid., pp. 35–6; Daily Mirror, 15 April 1980; Observer, 26 September 1982.
33. Wilde, Ian Botham, pp. 110–11.
34. Ibid., pp. 136, 139–40; The Times, 19 April 1980; Observer, 27 April 1980; Daily Express, 19 May 1980.
35. The Times, 13 August 1980, 18 April 1981; Wilde, Ian Botham, pp. 158–9, 161–2; Sunday People, 26 April 1981.
36. The Times, 4 December 1980, 15 January 1981, 17 September 1980; Daily Express, 3 January 1981; Wilde, Ian Botham, pp. 150–52.
37. Daily Mirror, 9 June 1981; The Times, 18 April 1981; Wilde, Ian Botham, pp. 162, 165; Daily Express, 9 June 1981, 17 June 1981.
38. Daily Mirror, 22 June 1981; Daily Express, 22 June 1981; Wilde, Ian Botham, pp. 165–6; Martin Williamson, ‘So Nearly Botham’s Annus Horribilis’, 11 July 2009, http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22787118/so-nearly-botham-annus-horribilis; Guardian, 2 July 1981.
39. Daily Mirror, 8 July 1981; Daily Express, 8 July 1981; Williamson, ‘So Nearly Botham’s Annus Horribilis’; Wilde, Ian Botham, pp. 171–4; The Times, 8 July 1981.
40. Daily Express, 8 July 1981; Daily Mirror, 8 July 1981.
41. Williamson, ‘So Nearly Botham’s Annus Horribilis’; Wilde, Ian Botham, pp. 178–9; Guardian, 2 July 2011; The Times, 22 July 1981; Observer, 19 July 1981. The Sun is quoted in Andy Beckett, Promised You a Miracle: UK80–82 (2015), p. 26.
42. Wilde, Ian Botham, p. 179; Guardian, 2 July 2011, 6 June 2013; Andrew Miller, ‘“Pure Village-Green Slogging”’, 30 January 2007, http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22972796/pure-village-green-slogging.
43. The Times, 22 July 1981; Wilde, Ian Botham, pp. 181–2. See also Crispin Andrews, ‘“I Don’t Think Odds of 500–1 Have Appeared Since”’, 15 July 2016, http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/17081963/bob-willis-1981-headingley-test-england-ashes-win; as well as the features in the Guardian, 2 July 2011, 6 June 2013. For footage from the final day, see, for example, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtPw_Ztlm_Q.
44. The Times, 22 July 1981; Daily Express, 21 July 1981, 22 July 1981.
45. Wilde, Ian Botham, pp. 183–5; Guardian, 2 July 2011; Observer, 29 September 1982; Martin Williamson, ‘Beefy’s 28-Ball Ashes Broadside’, 8 August 2015, http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20598515/ian-botham-28-ball-ashes-broadside.
46. The Times, 17 August 1981; Wilde, Ian Botham, pp. 185–6.
47. Daily Mirror, 3 August 1981, 18 August 1981; Daily Express, 3 August 1981, 18 August 1981; Wilde, Ian Botham, pp. 175–6.
48. Observer, 26 September 1982.
49. Wilde, Ian Botham, pp. 197, 225, 191, 189, 203, 221; Simon Barnes, ‘A Genuinely Great Cricketer: An Assessment of Graham Gooch’, originally in Graeme Wright (ed.), Wisden Cricketers’ Almanack, 1991 (1991), http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/237057.html.
50. Wilde, Ian Botham, pp. 322–3; Observer, 30 September 2007; Sunday Times, 25 July 1993; Independent, 19 July 1993.
51. The Times, 4 August 1981.
52. Daily Express, 13 August 1981, 7 August 1981.
Chapter 27. She Came, She Saw, She Clobbered
1. For an analysis of this scene in context, see James Chapman, Licence to Thrill: A Cultural History of the James Bond Films (1999), pp. 207–8.
2. Guardian, 4 July 1979.
3. Anthony King and Robert J. Wybrow (eds.), British Political Opinion, 1937–2000: The Gallup Polls (2001), pp. 192, 30; Robert J. Wybrow, Britain Speaks Out, 1937–87: A Social History as Seen through the Gallup Data (Basingstoke, 1989), p. 125.
4. Alan Clark, Diaries: Into Politics, 1972–1982 (2000), p. 246; John Hoskyns, Just in Time: Inside the Thatcher Revolution (2000), p. 301.
5. The Times, 27 June 1981, 23 June 1981, 16 June 1981; Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, vol. 1: Not for Turning (2013), pp. 632–4; Daily Mirror, 18 June 1981.
6. The Times, 10 July 1981.
7. Clark, Diaries: Into Politics, p. 242.
8. TNA PREM 19/424, Ingham to Pym, ‘Presentation’, 8 July 1981; Hoskyns, Just in Time, pp. 315–17; Hoskyns to Thatcher, ‘PPB’, 7 July 1981, TFW.
9. Hoskyns to Thatcher, ‘Strategy Meeting, Chequers’, 24 July 1981, TFW; Hoskyns, Wolfson and Millar to Thatcher, ‘Your Political Survival’, 20 August 1981, TFW; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 641–3; Hoskyns, Just in Time, pp. 326–8.
10. The Times, 17 July 1981, 6 August 1981; Hansard, 21 July 1981.
11. Howe to Thatcher, ‘Tax and Public Expenditure: Cabinet on 23 July’, 15 July 1981, TFW; Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (1993), p. 148; ‘Most Confidential Record’, CC (81) 29, 23 July 1981, TFW.
12. The two most complete accounts of the meeting are in Hugo Young, One of Us: A Biography of Margaret Thatcher (rev. edn: 1990), pp. 218–19; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 637–8; see also Thatcher, Downing Street Years, pp. 148–9. For the minutes, which are a bit bland, see CC (81) 29, 23 July 1981, TFW.
13. Thatcher, Downing Street Years, pp. 149–50; Geoffrey Howe, Conflict of Loyalty (1994), p. 223.
14. ‘Speech to 1922 Committee’, 23 July 1981, TFW; Clark, Diaries: Into Politics, p. 250; Gow to Thatcher, ‘1922 Executive’, 30 July 1981, TFW.
15. Richard V. Allen to Reagan, ‘Britain Drifts’ (NSC Country File Box 91326, Ronald Reagan Library), 31 July 1981, TFW.
16. Nicholas Henderson, Mandarin: The Diaries of Nicholas Henderson
(1994: 2000), p. 406.
17. Howe to Thatcher, ‘Fox and Goose’, 16 July 1981, TFW; Clark, Diaries: Into Politics, p. 249; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 639–40; Thatcher, Downing Street Years, p. 150. Charles Douglas-Home’s letter is quoted in Christopher Collins’s guide to Mrs Thatcher’s private files for 1981, at https://www.margaretthatcher.org/archive/1981cac2.asp.
18. The Times, 14 September 1981, 15 September 1981; Ian Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma: Britain under Thatcherism (1992), pp. 47–8; Thatcher, Downing Street Years, p. 151.
19. Observer, 13 September 1981; Jim Prior, A Balance of Power (1986), pp. 171–2; for a slightly different take, see Walters diary, 14 September 1981, TFW.
20. Young, One of Us, pp. 220–21; John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, vol. 2: The Iron Lady (2003), p. 120; Thatcher, Downing Street Years, p. 151.
21. Nigel Lawson, The View from No. 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical (1992: 1993), p. 140.
22. Observer, 20 September 1981; Norman Tebbit, Upwardly Mobile: An Autobiography (1988), pp. 192, 194–5; Hansard, 2 March 1978; Julian Critchley, Some of Us: People Who Did Well under Thatcher (1992), pp. 31–3, 35.
23. Ibid., pp. 40–41; Sunday Times, 16 October 1983; Young, One of Us, p. 315.
24. Critchley, Some of Us, p. 41; Mark Garnett and Ian Aitken, Splendid! Splendid! The Authorized Biography of Willie Whitelaw (2002), p. 274.
25. Daily Mirror, 15 September 1981; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 645, 652; Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, p. 250.
26. The Times, 14 September 1981, 22 July 1981, 26 August 1981, 23 September 1981.
27. Ibid., 5 November 1981, 4 November 1981, 2 November 1981.
28. Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, pp. 226–7; Keith Britto to Derek Howe, ‘Public Opinion Background Note 83’, 1 October 1981, TFW; The Times, 23 September 1981, 5 October 1981.
29. Ibid., 7 October 1981; John Campbell, Edward Heath: A Biography (1993), pp. 729–30.
30. Walters to Thatcher, ‘Notes on the Heath Speech’, 6 October 1981, TFW; Howe to Thatcher, 6 October 1981, TFW.
31. ‘Speech at Monash University’, 6 October 1981, TFW; The Times, 7 October 1981; Guardian, 8 October 1981; Daily Express, 9 October 1981.
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