]
Kheper nigroaeneus (dung beetle), [>], [>]
Kilham, Lawrence, [>]–[>]
Kolibris (hummingbird), [>]
König, Claus, [>]
Kruger National Park, South Africa, [>], [>], [>]
La Brea Tar Pits, California, [>]
Laetiporus sulphureus (chicken-of-the-woods; sulfur shelf), [>], [>]
lead, [>]
Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom), [>]
Leptoptilos crumeniferus (African marabou stork), [>]
life everlasting. See beliefs; recycling
light availability, [>], [>]
lignin, [>], [>], [>]
limestone, [>], [>]–[>]
limpet, [>]
lions: American, [>]; food sources, [>]; hunted by humans, [>]; recycling of waste products, [>], [>]; in sequence of undertakers, [>], [>], [>]
livestock: complete carcass used for human/pet consumption, [>]; cows and the Australian Dung Beetle Project, [>]–[>]; drug as toxin to vultures, [>]; fate of carcasses, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; views on predators and scavengers of, [>]
Lucilia (green blowfly; greenbottle): cuprina, [>]; description, [>], [>]; life cycle, [>]; physiology of wing beat, [>]; sensitivity to smell of putrefaction, [>], [>]; sericata, [>], [>]
maggot, [>], [>], [>]
maggot therapy, [>]
magpies: feeding strategies, [>], [>]; salmon as food source, [>]; in sequence of undertakers, [>]
Maine: author’s camp and cabin, [>], [>]; ice storm of 1998, [>]; overview of wildlife, [>]; seasons, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
mammal, [>], [>]
mammoth. See Mammuthus
Mammut (mastodon), [>]–[>], [>]
Mammuthus (mammoth): evolution, [>]; extinction, [>], [>], [>]; habitat, [>]; hunted by humans, [>], [>], [>]; woolly (see woolly mammoth)
mango, [>]
maples: fungi in, [>], [>], [>]; red, [>], [>], [>]; striped, [>]; sugar, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; used by woodpeckers, [>], [>]
Marden, James, [>]
marten, [>]
Martin, Paul, [>], [>]
Marzluff, John, [>]
mastodon, [>]–[>], [>]. See also Mammut
McLean, Norman, [>]
McNeil Sanctuary, Alaska, [>], [>]
medicine and health: antibiotics, [>], [>]; maggot therapy, [>]; neutralization of toxins, [>]; shiitake mushrooms, [>]
Megarhyssa ichneumon (ichneumon wasp), [>]–[>], [>]
Mellaart, James, [>], [>]
mercury, [>]
merganser, [>]
metamorphosis: evolution of, [>]; genetics, [>]–[>]; human, [>]–[>], [>]; sphinx moth, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; from two different organisms living sequentially, [>]–[>]
methane, [>]
mice: deer, [>]; predators, [>]; in sequence of undertakers, [>]; titmice, [>]; transported and buried by beetles, [>]–[>]; use of old woodpecker holes, [>]
Michaels, Karyl, [>]
midge or gnat, [>], [>]
millipede, [>]
mimicry, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
“Missouri River Journals” (Audubon), [>]
mite, [>], [>], [>]
mitochondria, [>], [>], [>]
moa, [>]
Moby Dick (Melville), [>]
mollusk, [>]
mongoose, [>]
moose, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
moose tick disease, [>]–[>]
moss: club, [>]; on downed trees, [>]–[>]; peat, [>] (see also peat); used in raven’s nest, [>]
moths: hummingbird sphinx (see Hemaris sp.); metamorphosis, [>], [>]–[>]; sphinx (hawk), [>]
Musca vetustissima (bush fly), [>], [>]
mushroom. See fungi
mustelid, [>]. See also fisher; marten; weasel; wolverine
mycelium, [>]
mycorrhizae, [>]
nautilid, [>]
Necrodes surinamensis, [>], [>]
Necrophila americana, [>], [>]
Nicrophorus (burying beetle; sexton beetle): americanus, [>]–[>]; antibiotic spray, [>], [>], [>]; behavior in cooler weather, [>]; cleaning behavior, [>]; defodiens, [>], [>]; description, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]; etymology of name, [>]–[>]; larval stage, [>]; life cycle, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; mating and reproductive behavior, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; navigation and homing abilities, [>]; orbicollis, [>], [>], [>]; predation escape strategies, [>]–[>]; pupal stage and hibernation, [>]; relationship with mites, [>], [>], [>]; response to rooster carcass, [>]–[>]; response to squirrel carcass, [>]; sayi, [>], [>]; sense of smell, [>]; sound production, [>], [>], [>]; tomentosus, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]; transport and burial of mice carcasses, [>]–[>]; transport and burial of shrew carcass, [>]–[>]; vespilloides, [>]; wing/elytra coloration to mimic bees, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
nitrogen: fixation, [>]; recycling and sequestration, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
nuthatches: fed by humans, [>]; in sequence of undertakers, [>]; use of old woodpecker holes, [>]
oak: acorns, [>], [>]; fungi in, [>]; life span, [>]; sapsuckers in, [>]
octopus, [>], [>]
odor of a carcass: attraction of scavengers by, [>]; and burying beetle sense of smell, [>]; chemical of putrefaction, [>]; and fly sense of smell, [>], [>]; stranded whale, [>]
odors and scents: “calling” scent from burying beetle, [>], [>], [>]; carcass (see odor of a carcass); shrew, as protection, [>]; sphinx moth communication, [>]
Oiceoptoma noveboracense, [>], [>]
oil and petroleum, [>], [>]
ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, [>]–[>]
orchid, [>]
Osedax (zombie worm), [>]
Osmoderma scabra (scarab beetle), [>]
otter, [>]
owls: barn, [>]; barred, [>]; to control rodents, [>]; food sources, [>], [>]; great horned, [>]; use of old woodpecker holes, [>]
oxygen: in decomposition of tree, [>]; lack in deepwater ocean, [>]; recycling, [>]; and respiration, [>]; and the sphinx moth, [>]–[>]
Pachylomera femoralis, [>]–[>]
parasite, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
parrot, [>]
peat, [>], [>]
Penicillium mold, [>]
pesticides, [>], [>], [>]
Peterson, Roger Tory, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
pets, [>], [>], [>]
Phellinus igniarius (false tinder mushroom), [>]–[>]
phosphorus, [>], [>]
photosynthesis, [>], [>], [>]–[>]. See also primary production
phylogeny, [>]–[>]
physics and metaphysics, [>]–[>]
pigeon, passenger, [>], [>]
pigs: body temperature experiment, [>]–[>], [>]; evolution, [>]; food sources, [>]; wild (boar), [>], [>]
pines: bristlecone, [>]; burrows and feeding tracks by beetles, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; to construct cabin, [>]; white, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
pine sawyer beetles: boring into pine tree, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; description, [>], [>]; eggs deposited on cut tree, [>]; “sawing” sound, [>]
plankton, [>]–[>], [>]
plants: ecological role, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; pollinators, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]; seed dispersal, [>]; See also trees
plastic, possible alternative, [>]–[>]
“playing possum,” [>], [>], [>]
plesiosaur, [>]
Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom), [>], [>]
Poe, Edgar Allan, [>], [>]
pollinators: bee, [>]; beetle, [>], [>]–[>]; hummingbird, [>]; wasp, [>]
pollutants. See under environmental issues
polychete, [>]
poplar, [>]
porcupine, [>], [>]
predators: escape from (see escape or survival strategies); evolution and body size, [>]–[>]; humans as, [>]–[>] (see also hunting tools); killed by herdsmen, [>], [>]; seasonal, [>]; taking the weak animals, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; vs. scavengers, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
preservation of carcass: antibiotics from maggots, [>]; antibiotic spray from beetles, [>], [>],
[>]; cache behavior, [>], [>], [>]–[>]
primary production, [>]–[>], [>], [>]. See also photosynthesis
protozoa, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
pterosaur, [>], [>]
Quetzalcoatlus (pterosaur), [>]
Rabenold, Patricia, [>]
raccoons: fate of carcass, [>]; food sources, [>]–[>], [>]; as a scavenger, [>], [>]
rattail fish, [>]
raven. See Corvus corax
recycling: and the afterlife, [>]–[>]; calcium carbonate, [>]–[>]; carbon, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; dust to dust, [>]; energy, [>]; genome, and metamorphosis, [>]–[>]; life to life, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]; nitrogen, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]; nutrients, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; redundancy in the process, [>]–[>]; trees, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; waste products, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>] (see also dung beetles)
redwood, [>]
Rehfusschen, [>]
religion. See beliefs
rhinoceros, [>], [>]
rhizomorph, [>]
rodents: calcium from gnawing bones, [>]; hunted by humans, [>]; rodenticides, [>], [>]; sustainable control methods, [>]
roller, [>]
Roosevelt, Theodore, [>]
rooster, [>]–[>]
salamander, [>]
salmon: chum, [>]; ecological role, [>]–[>]; evolution, [>]–[>]; habitat, [>]; life cycle and spawning, [>], [>]–[>]; predators, [>]–[>], [>]; sockeye, [>], [>]
Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout), [>], [>]
sapsucker, yellow-bellied, [>]–[>]
Sarcogyps calvus (Asian king vulture; red-headed vulture), [>]
Scarabaeus (dung beetle): laevistriatus, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; sacer, [>]
scavengers: author’s memories, [>]–[>]; ecological role, [>]–[>], [>] (see also undertakers, sequence of, animal carcass); evolution and body size, [>]–[>], [>]; humans as, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]; poisoning of food source by humans, [>], [>]–[>]; removal of food source by humans, [>]–[>]; seasonal, [>]; specialization, [>], [>], [>]; vs. predators, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
scavenging, confrontational, [>]
Schäfer, Ernst, [>]
Schüle, Wilhelm, [>]
Schüz, Ernst, [>]
scientific observation, seeing without preconceptions, [>]
seagull. See gull
sea urchin, [>], [>]
sequoia, [>]
sharks: in the Gal´pagos Islands, [>]; in sequence of undertakers, [>], [>]; sleeper, [>], [>]
shrews: common (see Sorex); description, [>]; short-tailed (see Blarina)
silica, [>]
silverfish, [>]
skin, beetles which eat, [>]
sloth, giant, [>], [>], [>]
Smith, Craig, [>]
snail, [>]
snakes: eggs buried by beetles, [>], [>]; python, [>]
soil: aeration and fertilization by beetles, [>], [>]; carbon in, [>]; diatomaceous earth, [>]; formation, [>]–[>], [>]; humus, [>], [>]; peat, [>], [>]; permafrost, [>]; retention of moisture by, [>]; See also chalk; limestone
Sorex (common shrew), [>]
South Africa: Kruger National Park, [>], [>], [>]; orchid pollinated by beetle, [>]
specialization: beetles, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]; deepwater animals, [>]; fish, [>]; large meat-eating scavengers, [>], [>]; vultures, [>], [>]; wasps, [>]; whale fall scavengers, [>]
spider, [>]
sponge, [>], [>]
springtail, [>]
spruce: to construct cabin, [>]; life span, [>]; mammoth habitat, [>]; red, [>]; spears made from, [>]
squirrels: fate of carcass, [>], [>]–[>]; flying, [>], [>]; food sources, [>], [>], [>]; red, [>]; use of old woodpecker holes, [>]
Stamets, Paul, [>]
Stanford, Craig B., [>]
starfish, [>], [>]
starling, [>]
Steinpilzen, [>]
Stereum rugosum (parchment fungus), [>]
stork, African marabou. See Leptoptilos crumeniferus
Strum, Shriley C., [>]
sulfur dioxide, [>]
swallow, tree, [>]
symbiosis: algae in cells, and chloroplasts, [>], [>], [>]; algae in clams, [>]–[>]; algae in coral, [>]–[>]; bacteria in cells, and mitochondria, [>]; gut bacteria in elephants, [>]; methane-capturing bacteria, [>]
Tanganyika (historical; Tanzania), [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
temperature: body (see temperature of carcass); deep ocean, [>]; dung beetle, [>]–[>]; and life cycle of bark beetle, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; and physiology of insect flight, [>]; and raven feather color, [>]; water from deep hydrothermal vents, [>]
temperature of carcass: increased by maggot metabolic processes, [>]; relationship with decomposition rate, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Teratornis merriami (teratorn), [>]–[>]
teratorns. See Aiolornis incredibilis; Argentavis magnificens; Teratornis merriami
termites: colonies and reproduction, [>]; developmental biology, [>]; evolution, [>]; gut organisms, [>]; nests, [>]–[>]; and use of tools by chimpanzees, [>], [>]
thallium sulfate, [>]
Thieme, Hartmund, [>]
Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall, [>]
“threatened” and “near threatened” species, [>], [>]
threatened ecosystems, [>]–[>]
Tibet, [>]
tick, [>]–[>]
titmice, [>]
toad, [>]
tools used by animals, [>], [>], [>]
tools used by humans: ax, [>]; cutting, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; to defend a carcass, [>]; energy extraction, [>]; hunting (see hunting tools); invention of the first, [>], [>]; sparks to create fire, [>]
tortoise, giant, [>]–[>], [>]
toxins. See under environmental issues
Trametes versicolor (turkey-tail fungus), [>], [>]
transduction, [>]
transitions, [>]–[>], [>]. See also evolution; metamorphosis
trees: dead (see trees, dead or dying); defense mechanisms while alive, [>], [>]; fate of fallen leaves, [>]; forests (see ecosystems, forest; forest industry); human use of “carcasses,” [>]; life spans, [>]–[>]; nurse, [>], [>]–[>]; old-growth, [>], [>]; roots as habitat for fish, [>]; seedlings on downed tree, [>], [>]–[>]
trees, dead or dying: bacteria introduced by beetles, [>]; burrows and feeding tracks by bark beetles, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; colonization of new habitat, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]; decomposition by fungi, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]; fungi introduced by insects, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]; as habitat for fish, [>]–[>]; holes produced by horntail wasp ovipositor, [>]; inner bark, [>], [>]; pollinators and seeding process, [>], [>]–[>]; recycling of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; standing, [>]–[>]
trout, brook, [>], [>]
Tsavo National Park, Kenya, [>], [>], [>]
Turkey. See Çatal Hüyük archaeological site
tyrannosaur, [>]–[>]
undertakers, sequence of: animal carcass, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]; downed tree, [>], [>]–[>]; fallen leaves, [>]
Ursus arctos horribilis (grizzly bear), [>], [>]–[>], [>]
van der Post, Laurens, [>], [>]
vents, deepwater thermal, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Vermont, home of author: aviary, [>]; beaver pond, [>]; ravens, [>], [>], [>]; sapsuckers, [>]–[>]
virus, [>]
vole, red-backed, [>]
vultures: Asian king (see Sarcogyps calvus); bearded (see Gypaetus barbatus); beliefs about, [>], [>], [>]; black (see Coragyps atratus); cinereous (see Aegypius monachus); communal roosts, [>], [>], [>], [>]; energetics, [>]; environmental threats, [>]; evolution, [>]–[>]; feeding on carcasses, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; flight, [>], [>]; food sources, [>], [>], [>]; griffon (see Gyps fulvus); Indian (see Gyps indicus); intelligence, [>]; naked head and neck, [>]; population declines, [>]–[>], [>]; red-headed (see Sarcogyps calvus); removal of food source by humans, [>]–[>]; reproduction, [
>]; in sequence of undertakers, [>], [>]–[>]; slender-billed (see Gyps tenuirostris); social nature, [>]; specialization, [>], [>]; taxonomy, [>]–[>]; turkey (see Cathartes aura); vocalization, [>]; white-rumped (see Gyps bengalensis); See also condors
Vultur gryphus (Andean condor), [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Wallis (friend), [>], [>]
wart hog, [>]
Washington, [>]
wasps: colonization of downed tree, [>], [>]; horntail, [>]; ichneumon (see Megarhyssa ichneumon); pollination by, [>]; prey used as future food source, [>]; specialization, [>]
water: and photosynthesis, [>]; retention, [>], [>], [>]; temperature at deepwater thermal vents, [>]; See also aquatic environments
weasel, [>], [>]
whales: blue, [>]–[>]; evolution, [>]; fate of carcasses (whale falls), [>]–[>]; killer (orca), [>]; sperm, [>]–[>], [>]
Whitefeather (raven), [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
William O. Douglas Wilderness, Washington, [>]
Williamson, Donald, [>]
wolverine, [>]
wolves: dire, [>], [>]; feeding on buffalo, [>], [>]; feeding on elk, [>]; hunted or poisoned by humans, [>], [>]; in sequence of undertakers, [>], [>]
woodpeckers: downy, [>], [>]; fed by humans, [>]; hairy, [>], [>]; nest hole in standing dead trees, [>], [>]–[>]; pileated, [>]; predation by raccoons, [>]–[>]; in sequence of undertakers, [>]; vocalization, [>]; yellow-bellied sapsucker, [>]–[>]
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, [>]–[>]
wool, beetles which eat, [>]
woolly mammoth: description, [>]; discovery of carcasses, [>]; hunted by humans, [>], [>]–[>]
worms: earthworms, [>]; polychete, [>]; tube, [>]; zombie (see Osedax)
wren, winter, [>]
Wyoming, [>]
Ybarrondo, Brent, [>]
A Year in the Main Woods (Heinrich), [>]
Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, [>]
Zimbabwe, [>], [>]
About the Author
BERND HEINRICH is an acclaimed scientist and the author of numerous award-winning books, including the bestselling The Mind of the Raven, Why We Run, and Winter World. He is a frequent contributor to national media, and professor emeritus of biology at the University of Vermont.
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