Harari, Yuval Noah - Sapiens, A - Sapiens, A Brief History Of Hum

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  13 Bill Christensen, ‘Military Plans Cyborg Sharks’, Live Science, 7 March 2006, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.livescience.com/technology/060307_shark_implant.html.

  14 ‘Cochlear Implants’, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, accessed 22 March 2012, http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/pages/coch.aspx.

  15 Retina Implant, http://www.retina-implant.de/en/doctors/technology/default.aspx.

  16 David Brown, ‘For 1st Woman With Bionic Arm, a New Life is Within Reach’, Washington Post, 14 September 2006, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/o9/13/AR2006091302271.html?nav=E8.

  17 Miguel Nicolelis, Beyond Boundaries: The New Neuroscience of Connecting Brains and Machines - and How it Will Change Our Lives (New York: Times Books, 2011).

  18 Chris Berdik, ‘Turning Thought into Words’, BU Today, 15 October 2008, accessed 22 March 2012, http://www.bu.edu/today/2008/turning-thoughts-into-words/.

  19 Jonathan Fildes, ‘Artificial Brain “10 years away” ‘, BBC News, 22 July 2009, accessed 19 September 2012, http://news.bbc.c0.uk/2/hi/8164060.stm.

  20 Radoje Drmanac et al., ‘Human Genome Sequencing Using Unchained Base Reads on Self-Assembling DNA Nanoarrays’, Science 327:5961 (2010), 78-81; ‘Complete Genomics’ website: http://www.completegenomics.com/; Rob Waters, ‘Complete Genomics Gets Gene Sequencing under $5000 (Update 1)’, Bloomberg, 5 November 2009, accessed 10 December 2010; http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aWutnyE4S0Ww; Fergus Walsh, ‘Era of Personalized Medicine Awaits’, BBC News, last updated 8 April 2009, accessed 22 March 2012, http://news.bbc.co.Uk/2/hi/health/7954968.stm; Leena Rao, ‘PayPal Co-Founder and Founders Fund Partner Joins DNA Sequencing Firm Halcyon Molecular’, TechCrunch, 24 September 2009, accessed 10 December 2010, http://techcrunch.com/2009/09/24/paypal-co-founder-and-founders-fund-partner-joins-dna-sequencing-firm-halcyon-molecular/.

  Acknowledgements

  For their advice and assistance, thanks to: Sarai Aharoni, Dorit Aharonov, Amos Avisar, Tzafrir Barzilai, Noah Beninga, Suzanne Dean, Caspian Dennis, Tirza Eisenberg, Amir Fink, Sara Holloway, Benjamin Z. Kedar, Yossi Maurey, Eyal Miller, David Milner, John Purcell, Simon Rhodes, Shmuel Rosner, Rami Rotholz, Michal Shavit, Michael Shenkar, Idan Sherer, Ellie Steel, Ofer Steinitz, Haim Watzman, Guy Zaslavsky and all the teachers and students in the World History programme of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

  Special thanks to Jared Diamond, who taught me to see the big picture; to Diego Olstein, who inspired me to write a story; and to Itzik Yahav and Deborah Harris, who helped spread the story around.

  Image credits

  1. (c) ImageBank/Getty Images Israel.

  2. (c) Visual/Corbis.

  3. (c) Anthropologisches Institut und Museum, Universitat Zurich.

  4. Photo: Thomas Stephan (c) Ulmer Museum.

  5. (c) magiccarpics.co.uk.

  6. (c) Andreas Solaro/AFP/Getty Images.

  7. Photo: The Upper Galilee Museum of Prehistory.

  8. (c) Visual/Corbis.

  9. (c) Visual/Corbis.

  10. Poster: Waterhouse Hawkins, c.1862 (c) The Trustees of the Natural History Museum.

  11. (c) Visual/Corbis.

  12. Photo: Karl G. Heider (c) President and Fellows of Harvard College, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, PM# 2006.17.1.89.2 (digital file# 98770053).

  13. Photos and (c) Deutsches Archaologisches Institut.

  14. (c) Visual/Corbis.

  15. Photo and (c) Anonymous for Animal Rights (Israel).

  16. (c) De Agostini Picture Library/G. Dagli Orti/The Bridgeman Art Library.

  17. Engraving: William J. Stone, 1823 (c) The Art Archive/National Archives Washington DC (ref: AA399024).

  18. (c) Adam Jones/Corbis.

  19. (c) The Schoyen Collection, Oslo and London, MS 1717. http://www.schoyencollection.com/.

  20. Manuscript: History of the Inca Kingdom, Nueva Coronica y buen Gobierno, c.1587, illustrations by Guarnan Poma de Ayala, Peru (c) The Art Archive/Archaeological Museum Lima/Gianni Dagli Orti (ref: AA365957).

  21. Photo: Guy Tillim/Africa Media Online, 1989 (c) africanpictures/akg.

  22. (c) Reunion des musees nationaux/Gerard Blot.

  23. (c) Visual/Corbis.

  24. (c) Visual/Corbis.

  25. (c) Universal History Archive/UIG/The Bridgeman Art Library.

  26. Illustration based on: Joe Cribb (ed.), Money: From Cowrie Shells to Credit Cards (London: Published for the Trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Publications, 1986), 27.

  27. (c) akg/Bible Land Pictures.

  28. (c) Stuart Black/Robert Harding World Imagery/Getty Images.

  29. (c) The Art Archive/Gianni Dagli Orti (ref: AA423796).

  30. Library of Congress, Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (c) courtesy of Roland Klemig.

  31. Photo: Boaz Neumann. From Kladderadatsch 49 (1933), 7.

  32. (c) Visual/Corbis.

  33. (c) Ria Novosti/Science Photo Library.

  34. Painting: Franklin’s Experiment, June 1752, published by Currier & Ives (c) Museum of the City of New York/Corbis.

  35. Portrait: C. A. Woolley, 1866, National Library of Australia (ref: an23378504).

  36. (c) British Library Board (shelfmark add. 11267).

  37. (c) Firenze, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Ms. Laur. Med. Palat. 249 (mappa Salviati).

  38. Illustration (c) Neil Gower.

  39. Redraft of the Castello Plan, John Wolcott Adams, 1916 (c) Collection of the New-York Historical Society/The Bridgeman Art Library.

  40. Photo and (c) Anonymous for Animal Rights (Israel).

  41. (c) Photo Researchers/Visualphotos.com.

  42. (c) Chaplin/United Artists/The Kobal Collection/Max Munn Autrey.

  43. Lithograph from a photo by Fishbourne & Gow, San Francisco, 1850s (c) Corbis.

  44. (c) Proehl Studios/Corbis.

  45. Europa Press via Getty Images.

  46. Photo and (c) Charles Vacanti.

  47. (c) ImageBank/Getty Images Israel.

 

 

 


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