47 Leave it as See Morris, Theodore Rex, 225–26.
48 “He still has” Nicholas Roosevelt, TR, 117.
49 Roosevelt indulged in TR, Works, 4.22. A lookout southeast of Vista Encantada was dedicated by the National Park Service in 1990 as “Roosevelt Point.”
50 The soil was so arid It is a conjecture that the future author of “The Waste Land” may have read TR’s article “Across the Navajo Desert” in The Outlook that fall, before moving to England in the spring of 1914.
51 Roosevelt was reminded TR, Works, 4.26, quoting Joaquin Miller, Song of the Sierras (Boston, 1871), xii.
52 Kayenta was TR, Works, 4.31, 36. See Elizabeth Compton Hegemann, Navaho Trading Days (Albuquerque, 1963), 224ff., for a photographic memoir of the Wetherills and the entire region TR traversed in 1913.
53 On 10 August Nicholas Roosevelt, TR, 120; TR, Works, 4.37.
54 He noted the next TR, Works, 4.38.
55 proposals to cut up and sell Dana and Mary R. Coolidge, The Navajo Indians (Boston, 1930), 268.
56 Although he held no brief TR, Works, 4.28.
57 Roosevelt’s attitude Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Bad Lands, 355; Morris, The Rise of TR, 304–5, 466–67. The most comprehensive survey of TR’s prepresidential Indian policies is that of Dyer, TR and the Idea of Race, 70–83.
58 As President See Lewis L. Gould, The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (Lawrence, Kan., 1991), 207–9. But see also McGerr, A Fierce Discontent, 205–9.
59 He had protected Natalie Curtis, The Indians’ Book (New York, 1907), 476. Natalie Curtis, later Burlin (1875–1921), was related to the great Western photographer Edward S. Curtis, a family friend of the Roosevelts. This connection helped smooth her introduction to TR in 1903. See Natalie Curtis, “Mr. Roosevelt and Indian Music: A Personal Reminiscence,” The Outlook, 5 Mar. 1919, and TR, Letters, 3.523. Her pioneering musicology, using cylinder recordings, was taken seriously in Europe, where composers such as Béla Bartók were conducting similar researches. Ferruccio Busoni’s Red Indian Fantasy for piano and orchestra (1915) was based on themes from The Indians’ Book. A biographical website devoted to Miss Curtis is available at http://www.nataliecurtis.org/.
60 “These songs cast” Reproduced in facsimile in Curtis, The Indians’ Book.
61 He talked to her TR, Works, 4.41.
62 Dawn, beautiful dawn Ibid., 4.44.
63 Roosevelt decided Ibid., 4.42. TR also wrote that Kayenta “would be an excellent place for a summer school of archeology and ethnology.” Ibid., 38–39.
64 At mid-morning TR, Works, 4.47; Natalie Curtis, “Theodore Roosevelt in Hopi-Land,” The Outlook, 17 Sept. 1919. The following anecdote, with quotations, is taken entirely from this source.
65 It was Natalie Curtis Miss Curtis’s embarrassment was compounded when she found that the good-looking young “cowboy” who had helped her milk the gasoline from a parked car was none other than Archie. Curtis, “Theodore Roosevelt in Hopi-Land.”
66 Roosevelt then gave himself Except where otherwise indicated, the following account of TR’s stay in Walpi is based on his essay “The Hopi Snake-Dance,” in TR, Works, 4.48–72.
67 On Wednesday morning Curtis, “Theodore Roosevelt in Hopi-Land.”
68 Roosevelt listened and memorized In her memoir of TR’s visit, Miss Curtis remarked on the “impersonality” with which he absorbed what she had to tell him. This, plus the “electric snap” of his comprehension and the accuracy of his memory, gave him “an astonishing command of data in subjects that no one would imagine he could know … without years of study.”
69 At dawn the following day Curtis, “Theodore Roosevelt in Hopi-Land”; TR, Works, 4.63–64.
70 privately wishing TR, Works, 4.64.
71 When each priest Ibid., 4.65–68.
72 At five o’clock “Hopi Indians Dance for TR [at Walpi, Ariz.] 1913,” a film available online from the Library of Congress at http://memory.loc.gov/, shows TR watching this event with a woman who may be Natalie Curtis.
73 “If I don’t write” Curtis, “Theodore Roosevelt in Hopi-Land.”
74 “I can never afford” Ibid. Miss Curtis, writing in 1919, misremembered her own and TR’s schedule, but she was specific in describing the editorial session she had with him before he left Walpi. Even for a writer of his promptitude, completing such a lengthy manuscript so soon was a remarkable feat. He may have already written the parts of it that covered the events of 19 and 20 Aug.
75 The Colonel returned TR arrived back in New York on 26 Aug. 1913. His three Arizona articles were published in The Outlook on 4, 11, and 18 Oct. 1913.
76 He was overjoyed EKR was slightly piqued not to have been consulted about TR’s proposed expedition until it was a fait accompli. She wrote KR from Europe to complain, “In his letters to me he preserves a sphinx like silence and except for the fact that he sails on October 4th I know nothing of his plans.” 15 July 1913 (KRP).
77 One of her favorite quotations Sylvia Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, 397. EKR was probably thinking of the passage in Boccaccio’s version of the story, “Therefore let us flee hence in secret and go there together, thou and I; and what span of life we have left in the world, heart of my body, let us spend it together in delight.” R. K. Gordon, ed., The Story of Troilus (London, 1934), 88.
78 “I am having” TR to QR, 29 Sept. 1913 (TRC).
79 On 27 September The New York Times, 28 Sept. 1913. TR also forced the nomination of Samuel Seabury, a Democrat, as associate justice running on the Progressive ticket.
80 Finally he allowed The New York Times, 4 Oct. 1913. The official text of TR’s speech, entitled “The United States and the South American Republics,” is in TR, Works, 18.391–405. TR was embarrassed when some paragraphs he decided not to read, being overly critical of Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy, were accidentally released to newspapers.
81 he sold The Outlook EKR to ERD, 4 July 1913 (ERDP). TR’s income from writing and speaking in 1913, based on his wife’s figures and royalty statements in SCR, was approximately $46,000, or $764,000 in contemporary (2010) dollars. This total does not include whatever he may have earned from his inheritance and investments. His and EKR’s frequent protestations of poverty in later life were those of old-money aristocrats, as reflexive as middle-class complaints about the weather. Before returning home from South America, EKR informed ERD that in order to get through the winter alone at Sagamore Hill, she would require the in-house services of a cook, a kitchen maid, a waitress, a chambermaid, and a parlormaid (20 Oct. 1913 [ERDP]).
82 Quentin and Archie Having qualified for Harvard, ABR congratulated himself on at last being able to associate with men “of my own class.” Apparently Andover had not come up to his social standards. ABR note, n.d., enclosed in EKR to KR, 9 Mar. 1913 (KRP).
83 Alice was more EKR to KR, 24, 27 May 1913 (KRP); EKR to ERD, 15 July 1913 (ERDP). According to ARL in later life, TR and EKR showed more concern for the social consequences of a loud public divorce than for her or Nick’s personal distress. “Although they didn’t quite lock me up, they exercised considerable pressure … told me to think it over very carefully indeed.… Not done, they said. Emphatically.” Teague, Mrs. L, 158. See also Cordery, Alice, 238.
84 “Naturally,” he wrote TR, An Autobiography, 243 (foreword, dated 1 Oct. 1913).
INTERLUDE: GERMANY, OCTOBER—DECEMBER, 1913
1 Inevitably, they dwarfed Illustration in The Outlook, 18 Oct. 1913. There is a full account of the dedication in The Times, 20 Oct. 1913.
2 The Battle of Leipzig Also known in various languages as the Battle of Nations, because of the multiplicity of armies that took part. Germans usually refer to the monument as der Volkerschlachtdenkmal.
3 in tomorrow’s European papers See, e.g., page 8 of The Times, 20 Oct. 1913.
4 His particular phobia Bismarck’s constant, typically Prussian refrain had been, “The Reich is in danger.” (Ecksteins, Rites of Spring, 66.) For a discussion of the anthropologica
l significance of the Battle of Nations monument, see Rudy Koshar, From Monuments to Traces: Artifacts of German Memory, 1890–1990 (Berkeley, Calif., 2000) 43–47.
5 “Ich gehe mi Euch” Lawrence Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf (Boston, 2000), 133. In an alternate translation of this remark, the Kaiser sounds more peremptory: “you would be at Belgrade” becomes “you must be in Belgrade.” (H. W. Koch, ed., The Origins of the First World War: Great Power Rivalry and German War Aims [London, 1972], 136.) Conrad himself was the source of the quotation.
6 Franz Ferdinand jealously Sondhaus, Conrad, 133.
7 French comments had The New York Times, 19 Nov. 1913; Koshar, From Monuments to Traces, 47.
8 An eruptive bigness Ecksteins, Rites of Spring, 69; Tuchman, The Proud Tower, 344; Schorske, Fin-de-Siècle Vienna, 345. Tuchman misdates the premiere of Strauss’s Festliches Präludium, Op. 61, which marked the opening of the Vienna Konzerthaus on 19 Oct. 1913.
9 “It is only by” Tuchman, The Proud Tower, 344.
10 In last year’s Ecksteins, Rites of Spring, 73.
11 Chancellor ever more Franz von Papen, Memoirs, trans. Brian Connell (London, 1952), 13.
12 “fureur d’hégémonie” Georges Clemenceau, Discours de guerre (1934, 1968), 12.
13 Early in November Except where otherwise indicated, the following account of the Zabern affair is based on David Schoenbaum, Zabern 1913: Consensus Politics in Imperial Germany (London, 1982), and on Sebastian Compagnon, “Novembre 1913: Saverne la tranquille se rebelle,” online study published by the University of Strasbourg at http://mcsinfo.u-strasbg.fr/.
14 “Should you kill” Schoenbaum, Zabern 1913, 98. The author has retranslated the words in Schoenbaum’s source, Arnold Heydt, Der Fall Zabern (Strasbourg, 1934), 7–8.
15 “And me, I’ll” Zaberner Anzeiger, 6 Nov. 1913, quoted in Compagnon, “Novembre 1913.” The local report inflated the shooting-range scuffle into an actual sword attack on an Alsatian.
16 “For every one” Ibid.
17 “Tête de macchabée!” Ibid.
18 “As far as I” Schoenbaum, Zabern 1913, 103.
19 shouts of “Bettscheisser” Ibid., 111–12.
20 The Chancellor, sounding Transcript of Bethmann-Hollweg’s remarks at World War I Document archive (http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/); James W. Gerard (eyewitness), My Four Years in Germany (New York, 1917), 67. Gerard, the American ambassador to Germany, gives a personal account of the Zabern affair and its effect on the German people in ibid., 59ff.
21 During the debate Schoenbaum, Zabern 1913, 125.
22 rage and shame The British peer Lord Milner was in Germany at the time of the Zabern crisis and reported that “the people were so incensed that a revolt against the brutality of the system was with difficulty controlled.” (Robert T. Loreburn, How the War Came [New York, 1920], 283.) Meanwhile, Alsatians began to refer to themselves bitterly as Muss-Pruessen, compulsory Prussians. Tuchman, The Proud Tower, 344.
23 One day, at Clemenceau, Discours de guerre, 18 (trans. author).
Historical Note: On 5 Jan. 1914, Reuter and Forstner appeared before a military tribunal in Strasbourg on charges of overriding the civil authority in Zabern. They were acquitted after defense lawyers argued that they had been doing their duty in a situation threatening riot. The Crown Prince personally congratulated Reuter and decorated him. Nevertheless, the German and Reichsland parliaments pressed the issue of abuse of military power so forcefully that on 19 Mar., Wilhelm II issued a new regulation that compelled the army to seek civil clearance for acts of social discipline.
In 1916, the “hurricane” that Clemenceau had so long predicted mowed down Günter von Forstner. The lieutenant’s offenses remained largely forgotten until 1931, when Sergeant Willy Höflich published a memoir, Affaire Zabern. In retrospect, the incident can be seen as having been doubly divisive, driving a wedge not only between German democratic opinion and royal authority, but between the citizens of Alsace-Lorraine and their temporary overlords (“perhaps the final factor which decided the advocates of the old military system of Germany in favor of a European war”). Gerard, My Four Years in Germany, 91.
CHAPTER 15: EXFEDIÇÀO CIENTÍFICA ROOSEVELT-RONDON
1 Epigraph Robinson, Collected Poems, 67.
2 On the first day TR, Works, 6.110.
Chronological Note: Upon arrival at Barbados on 10 Oct. 1913, TR and his expedition colleagues were joined by Leo Miller. They steamed on south without visiting Panama, where President Wilson had just triggered, via electric signal, the fall of the last canal dike separating the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. If TR was wistful at not seeing this consummation of what he considered the greatest initiative of his presidency, he gave no sign. Earlier in the year, he had joked about keeping clear of Colombia, to avoid being jailed there for enabling the Panama Revolution of 1903. (James T. Addison to Hermann Hagedorn, 26 Apr. 1921 [AC].) He was happy now simply to be away from all things political. “I think he feels like Christian in Pilgrim’s Progress when the bundle fell from his back,” EKR wrote on 15 Oct. 1913 to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, “—in this case it was not made of sins but of the Progressive Party.” She watched her husband laughing at deck sports, “as I have not heard him laugh for years” (TRC). KR was at dockside when the Roosevelts arrived in Bahia, Brazil, on 18 Oct. Three days later in Rio de Janeiro, TR began his official tour of the “ABC nations,” Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. In all three countries, and also in transit through Uruguay, he received elaborate welcomes and hospitality from the governing, intellectual, and social elite. There were numerous formal sightseeing excursions, and he sent regular travel articles home to The Outlook. Three compilations of these are printed in TR, Works, 4.73–110.
His formal lectures at the universities of Rio and São Paulo (24, 27 Oct.), the Museo Sociale Argentino in Buenos Aires (7, 10, 12 Nov.), and the university in Santiago (22 Nov.) amounted to repetitions of the political and moral points he had been making for the past several years. They were reprinted in The Outlook.
After TR’s momentous change of plan in Rio for his Amazon expedition, described in this chapter, and his visit to that city’s Theatro Municipal on 22 Oct. to see the Ballets Russes in Swan Lake, his travels were without important incident. He left Cherrie and the rest of his scientific team behind to prepare for the expedition, and continued south with EKR and KR to São Paulo on 26 Oct. The family party proceeded via Montevideo (4 Nov.) to Buenos Aires (5–14 Nov.), before crossing the Andes by rail, via Tucumán and Mendoza to Santiago (21–25 Nov.). EKR sailed home from Valparaiso on 26 Nov. TR and KR recrossed the Andes from Puerto Varas via Lakes Esmeralda and Fria into the plains of northern Patagonia on 29–30 Nov., riding some of the way on horseback and also traveling by steamboat, ox railway, and automobile. On the shore of Nahuel Huapi, one of the world’s remotest bodies of water, TR was accosted by an English peer who said, “You won’t remember me; when I last saw you, you were romping with little Prince [Olaf of Norway] in Buckingham Palace.” (TR, Works, 4.100.)
He returned to Buenos Aires on 4 Dec., and left next day for Asunción, Paraguay, whence, on 9 Dec., he sailed up the River Paraguay, heading back into Brazil. For TR’s serialized account of these travels, see The Outlook, 24 Jan.–6 June 1914.
3 For a week Unless otherwise indicated, the narrative, scenic, and atmospheric details in this and the following chapter come from TR’s and Father Zahm’s respective travel books, Through the Brazilian Wilderness (TR, Works, 6) and Through South America’s Southland. The chronology is based on two expedition diaries: those of George K. Cherrie, 1913–1914 (AMNH), and Kermit Roosevelt, 1914 (KRP). Other firsthand accounts (cited when used) are those of Cândido M. Rondon, Lectures Delivered by Colonel Cândido Mariana da Silva Rondon … On the 5th, 7th and 9th of October 1915 at the Phenix Theatre of Rio de Janeiro, on the Roosevelt-Rondon Scientific Expedition, trans. R. G. Reidy and Ed. Murray (Rio de Janeiro, 1916; New York, 1969); Esther de Vivieros, Rondon conta sua vida (Rio de Janeiro, 19
58), an “as told to” biography largely dictated by Rondon; Leo E. Miller, In the Wilds of South America (New York, 1918), chaps. 13–16; George K. Cherrie, Dark Trails: Adventures of a Naturalist (New York, 1930), Part Six; and Kermit Roosevelt, Happy Hunting Grounds, chap. 1. The fullest account of the expedition, apart from TR’s, is Millard, The River of Doubt.
4 Roosevelt stoked himself TR, Works, 6.110; Sylvia Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, 416; TR to ERD, 8 Oct. 1913 (ERDP). Nicholas Roosevelt had noticed in Arizona that “his waist was larger than his chest.” TR, 13.
5 He had come north TR’s social and hunting activities between 12 and 31 Dec. 1913 are fully described in TR, Works, 6.47–110. See also Zahm, Through South America’s Southland, 419–41; Miller, In the Wilds, 214–29; and Rondon, Lectures, 16–30.
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