8 “Darwin Theory Proved True; English Scientists Say the Skull Found in Sussex Establishes Human Descent from Apes,” New York Times, 22 December 1912, p. CI.
9 “Simian Man,” New York Times, 22 December 1912, p. 12.
10 See, e.g., Edward Hitchcock and Charles H. Hitchcock, Elementary Geology (New York: Ivison, 1860), 377-93; James D. Dana, Manual of Geology, 2d ed. (New York: Ivison, 1895), 767-70.
11 C. I. Scofield, ed., Scofield Reference Bible (New York: Oxford University Press, 1909), 3n2, 4nnI,2.
12 Ronald L. Numbers, The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism (New York: Knopf, 1992), 7.
13 George William Hunter, A Civic Biology (New York: American, 1914), 253.
14 Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin: A Variorum Text, ed. Morse Pechham (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1959), 747. Darwin goes on to add that Lamarckian-type factors might also cause variation.
15 Charles Darwin to Asa Gray, 22 May 1860, in Francis Darwin, ed., Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, vol. 2 (New York: Appleton, 1896), 105.
16 T. H. Huxley to Bishop of Ripon, 19 June 1887, in Leonard Huxley, Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, vol. 2 (New York: Appleton, 1901), 173.
17 T. H. Huxley to Charles Darwin, 23 November 1859, in ibid., vol. I, 189.
18 T. H. Huxley to Charles Kingsley, 30 April 1863, in ibid., 52.
19 Charles Hodge, What is Darwinism? (New York: Scribner‘s, 1874), 11, 173.
20 Asa Gray, Natural Selection and Religion: Two Lectures Delivered to the Theological School of Yale College (New York: Scribner’s, 1880), 68-69.
21 “Introduction,” American Naturalist 1 (1867), 2.
22 Joseph LeConte, Evolution and Its Relation to Religious Thought (New York: Appleton, 1891), 258, 301.
23 Clarence King, “Catastrophism and Evolution,” American Naturalist 2 (1877), 470.
24 E. D. Cope, Theology of Evolution: A Lecture (Philadelphia: Arnold, 1887), 31.
25 For example, at the time of the Scopes trial, the antievolution leader William Bell Riley lauded LeConte as an example of a scientist who believed that “there must be an infinite Creator back of nature.” W. B. Riley, “Should Evolution Be Taught in Tax Supported Schools?” (1928), in Ronald L. Numbers, ed., Creation-Evolution Debates (New York: Garland, 1995), 371.
26 Peter J. Bowler, Evolution: The History of an Idea (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 233.
27 Vernon L. Kellogg, Darwinism To-Day (New York: Holt, 1907), 5.
28 Julian Huxley, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis (London: Chatto and Windus, 1968); William Jennings Bryan, “The Prince of Peace,” in William Jennings Bryan, ed., Speeches of William Jennings Bryan, vol. 2 (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1909), 266—67.
29 A. H. Strong, Systematic Theology, vol. 2 (Westwood: Revell, 1907), 473.
30 B. B. Warfield, Biblical and Theological Studies (New York: Scribner‘s, 1911), 238.
31 James Orr, God’s Image of Man (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1904), 96.
32 James Orr, “Science and the Christian Faith,” in The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth 7 (Chicago: Testimony, [1905—15]), 102-3 (emphasis in original).
33 John William Draper, History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science (New York: Appleton, 1874), vi.
34 Andrew Dickson White, The Warfare of Science (London: King, 1876), 7.
35 Orr, “Science and Faith,” 89. The historian George M. Marsden wrote about Draper and White, “Though dubious reconstructions of the evidence (usually ignoring, for instance, that most of the debate about science had been debates among Christians) they suggested that the intellectual life of the past several centuries had been dominated by the conflict between advocates of religious based obscurantism and enlightened champions of value-free scientific truth.” George M. Marsden, Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1991), 139-40.
36 Edwin Mims, “Modern Education and Religion,” manuscript of address to the Association of American Colleges, in Mims Papers.
37 A. W. Benn and F. R. Tennant, quoted in James R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 41, 47.
38 Arthur Keith, Concerning Man’s Origin (London: Watts, 1927), 41 (reprint of essay first published in the Rationalist Press Association Annual for 1922).
39 Clarence Darrow, The Story of My Life (New York: Grosset, 1932), 250.
40 Clarence Darrow, quoted in Kevin Tierney, Darrow: A Biography (New York: Croswell, 1979), 85; Arthur Weinberg and Lila Weinberg, Clarence Darrow: A Sentimental Rebel (New York: Putnam’s, 1980), 42.
41 “Malone Glad Trial Starts on Friday,” Chattanooga Times, 19 July 1925, p. 2; Arthur Garfield Hays, “The Strategy of the Scopes Defense,” Nation, 5 August 1925, p. 158.
42 W. C. Curtis, “The Evolution Controversy,” in Jerry R. Tompkins, ed., D-Days at Dayton: Reflections on the Scopes Trial (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 75.
43 Moore, Post-Darwinian Controversies, 73.
44 Asa Gray, The Elements of Botany for Beginners and Schools (New York: Ivison, 1887), 177.
45 Joseph LeConte, A Compend of Geology (New York: Appleton, 1884), 242-82, 313-90.
46 James Edward Peabody and Arthur Ellsworth Hunt, Elementary Biology: Plants (New York: Macmillan, 1912), 118.
47 Clifton F. Hodges and Jean Dawson, Civic Biology (Boston: Ginn, 1918), 331-35.
48 George William Hunter, A Civic Biology: Presented in Problems (New York: American, 1914), 194-96, 405.
49 Statistics from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975), 16, 368-69; Tennessee Department of Education, Annual Report for 1925 (Nashville: Ambrose, 1925), 165.
50 Austin Peay, “The Second Inaugural—1925,” in Austin Peay, Governor of Tennessee, 1923-29: A Collection of State Papers and Public Addresses (Kingsport, Tenn.: Southern, 1929), 211.
51 Bettye J. Broyles, Churches and Schools in Rhea County, Tennessee (Dayton: Rhea County Historical and Genealogical Society, 1992), 258.
52 Thomas Hunt Morgan, A Critique of the Theory of Evolution (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1916), 194.
53 Thomas Hunt Morgan, The Scientific Basis of Evolution (New York: Norton, 1932), 109-10.
54 For example, Curtis asserted in his affidavit as expert witness for the defense at the Scopes trial, “The modern science of genetics is beginning to solve the problem of how evolution takes place, although this question is one of extreme difficulty.” The antievolutionist Harold W. Clark, who taught science at a small church college, sought to refute Curtis on this point but in doing so acknowledged that modern discoveries in genetics were reviving the idea that slight, random variations could account for evolution. Harold W. Clark, “Back to Creationism,” in Ronald L. Numbers, ed., The Early Writings of Harold W. Clark and Frank Lewis Marsh (New York: Garland, 1995), 100.
55 Albert Edward Wiggam, The Next Age of Man (Indianapolis: Bobs-Merrill, 1927), 43.
56 William Jennings Bryan, “God and Evolution,” New York Times, 26 February 1922, sec. 7, p. 1 and sec. 7, p. 11.
57 Henry Fairfield Osborn, “Evolution and Religion,” New York Times, 5 March 1922, sec. 7, p. 2. In the same year, Princeton University naturalist Edwin Conklin issued a similar public attack on antievolutionism in which he charged, “Uncertainty among scientists as to cause of evolution has been interpreted by many non-scientific persons as throwing doubt upon its truth.” Edwin G. Conklin, Evolution and the Bible (Chicago: American Institute of Sacred Literature, 1922), 3. Both Osborn and Conklin were liberal Christians, and Conklin’s defense of teaching evolution appeared in a series of modernist religious tracts.
58 Thomas Hunt Morgan, What Is Darwinism? (New York: Norton, 1927), viii-ix (reprint of earlier popular article) (emphasis in original).
59 Bryan, “Prince of Peace
,” 269.
60 George W. Hunter and Walter G. Whitaman, Science in Our World of Progress (New York: American, 1935), 486.
61 Hunter, Civic Biology, 263.
62 William Jennings Bryan, In His Image (New York: Revell, 1922), 108; Transcript, 333—36.
63 Billy Sunday, “Historical Fabric of Christ’s Life Nothing Without Miracles,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 7 February 1925, p. 13.
64 Albert Edward Wiggam, The New Decalogue of Science (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1922), 105. In his closing argument for the Scopes trial, as part of his attack on evolutionary theory, Bryan expressly denounced this book and the eugenic ideas that it promoted.
65 Wiggam, NextAge of Man, 45 (emphasis in original).
66 Raymond A. Dart, Adventures with the Missing Link (New York: Harper, 1959), 5.
67 Raymond A. Dart, “Australopithecus africanus: The Man-Ape of South Africa,” Nature 115 (1925), 198.
68 Robert Broon, “Some Notes on the Taungs Skull,” Nature 115 (1925), 571.
69 Raymond A. Dart to Arthur Keith, 26 February 1925, in Frank Spencer, ed., The Piltdown Papers, 1908-1955 (London: Oxford University Press, 1990), 160 (emphasis in original).
70 Dart, Adventures with the Missing Link, 7.
71 Dart, “Australopithecus,” 198-99.
72 Bryan, “Prince of Peace,” 269.
73 Dart, Adventures with the Missing Link, 38-40 (includes quotations from newspapers and magazines); William Jennings Bryan, “Mr. Bryan Speaks to Darwin,” Forum 76 (1925), 102-3. At about the same time, antievolution science lecturer Harry Rimmer asserted that the Piltdown hominid “is made up of plaster of Paris and imagination,” while William Bell Riley referred to it as “imaginatively created.” Harry Rimmer, “Monkeyshines: Fakes, Fables, Facts Concerning Evolution,” in Edward B. Davis, ed., The Antievolution Pamphlets of Harry Rimmer (New York: Garland, 1995), 427; W. B. Riley, “Evolution—A False Philosophy,” in William Vance Trollinger, Jr., ed., The Antievolution Pamphlets of William Bell Riley (New York: Garland, 1995), 101.
CHAPTER TWO. GOVERNMENT BY THE PEOPLE
1 William Jennings Bryan, “God and Evolution,” New York Times, 26 February 1922, sec. 7, p. 1.
2 Henry Fairfield Osborn, “Evolution and Religion,” New York Times, 5 March 1922, sec. 7, p. 14.
3 John Roach Straton, “In the Negative,” in John Roach Straton and Charles Francis Potter, Evolution Versus Creation (1924), reprinted in Ronald L. Numbers, ed., Creation—Evolution Debates (New York: Garland, 1995), 88-89. The fundamentalist leader William Bell Riley later took a similar position; see W. B. Riley, Evolution—A False Philosophy, reprinted in William Vance Trollinger, Jr., ed., The Antievolution Pamphlets of William Bell Riley (New York: Garland, 1995), III-12.
4 George McCready Price, The Phantom of Organic Evolution (New York: Revell, 1924), 110-II. For a representative example of Osborn’s dating of these fossils, see Henry Fairfield Osborn, Evolution in Religion and Education (New York: Scribner’s, 1926), 146.
5 William Jennings Bryan, “Speech to the West Virginia State Legislature,” in William Jennings Bryan, Orthodox Christianity Versus Modernism (New York: Revell, 1923), 37.
6 William Jennings Bryan, “The Prince of Peace,” in William Jennings Bryan, ed., Speeches of William Jennings Bryan (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1909), 267.
7 A. C. Dixon and R. A. Torrey, quoted in Ronald L. Numbers, The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism (New York: Knopf, 1992), 39.
8 Shailer Mathews, “Modernism as Evangelical Christianity,” in Mark A. Noll et al., eds., Eerdmans’ Handbook to Christianity in America (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans’, 1983), 379.
9 “Editorial,” Our Hope 25 (July 1918), 49.
10 George M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 149.
11 Ibid., 157—58.
12 William Bell Riley, Message to the Metropolis (Chicago: Winona, 1906), 24-48, 165-95, 224-27 (quote on 48).
13 Transcribed proceedings of the WCFA conference were published as God Hath Spoken (Philadelphia: Bible Conference Committee, 1919), 27, 221, 441.
14 [Curtis Lee Laws], “Convention Side Lights,” Watchman-Examiner 8 (1920), 834.
15 William Bell Riley, quoted in Ferenc Morton Szasz, The Divided Mind of Protestant America, 1880—1930 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1982), 107.
16 William Jennings Bryan, “Applied Christianity,” The Commoner, May 1919, p. 12.
17 William Jennings Bryan, America and the European War (New York: Emergency Peace Federation, 1917), 14; William Jennings Bryan, quoted in Jonathan Daniels, The Wilson Era: Years of Peace, 1910—17 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944), 428.
18 William Jennings Bryan, quoted in Lawrence W. Levine, Defender of the Faith: William Jennings Bryan, The Last Decade, 1915—1925 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 274.
19 Levine, Defender of the Faith, vii.
20 Bryan, “Prince of Peace,” 266—68.
21 Ibid., 268—69.
22 Vernon Kellogg, Headquarters Nights (Boston: Atlantic, 1917), 22, 28.
23 William Jennings Bryan, Shall Christianity Remain Christian? Seven Questions in Dispute (New York: Revell, 1924), 146.
24 James H. Leuba, The Belief in God and Immortality (Boston: Sherman, French, 1916), 203, 213, 254.
25 William Jennings Bryan, In His Image (New York: Revell, 1922), 118.
26 Ibid., 120.
27 William Jennings Bryan and Mary Baird Bryan, The Memoirs of William Jennings Bryan (Philadelphia: United, 1925), 459.
28 David Starr Jordan, quoted as representative in Harold Bulce, “Avatars of the Almighty,” Cosmopolitan Magazine 47 (1909), 201. See also Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, 130—31, 267—69.
29 Bryan, In His Image, 125. The “Menace of Darwinism” speech appeared as chapter 4 of this book, from which these quotes were taken.
30 William Jennings Bryan, The Bible and Its Enemies (Chicago: Bible Institute, I92I), 39.
31 Bryan, In His Image, 94.
32 Ibid., 98, 100.
33 Numbers, The Creationists, 43.
34 Bryan, In His Image, 93.
35 Ibid., 122.
36 William Jennings Bryan, quoted in Levine, Defender of the Faith, 277 (emphasis added).
37 William Bell Riley to William Jennings Bryan, 7 February 1923, in Bryan Papers.
38 “The Evolution Controversy,” Christian Fundamentals in Schools and Churches 4 (April-June 1922), 5.
39 William Bell Riley, “Shall We Tolerate Longer the Teaching of Evolution?” Christian Fundamentals in Schools and Churches 5 (January-March 1923), 82.
40 W. B. Riley, “The Theory of Evolution Tested by Mathematics,” in Trollinger, ed., Anti-evolution Pamphlets, 148.
41 William Vance Trollinger, Jr., “Introduction,” in Trollinger, ed., Antievolution Pamphlets, xvii-xix.
42 Bryan, “Speech to Legislature,” in William Jennings Bryan, Orthodox Christianity Versus Modernism (New York: Revell, 1923), 46.
43 Bryan, In His Image, 243. See also William Jennings Bryan, “Applied Christianity,” The Commoner, May 1919, 11.
44 William Bell Riley to Charles S. Thomas, 1 July 1925, in Bryan Papers.
45 William Jennings Bryan, Is the Bible True? (Nashville: private printing, 1923), 15.
46 For estimates of popular support by current scholars, see Levine, Defender of the Faith, 270—71; Numbers, The Creationists, 44—45.
47 William Jennings Bryan, quoted in Levine, Defender of the Faith, 218.
48 Bryan, In His Image, 122.
49 Bryan, Seven Questions in Dispute, 154.
50 Bryan, “God and Evolution,” sec. 7, p. 11.
51 Bryan, “Speech to Legislature,” 48.
52 William Jennings Bryan, “Prohibition,” The Outlook 133 (1923), 263.
53 Bryan, “Speech to Legislature,” 45—46.
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54 Edger Lee Masters, “The Christian Statesman,” The American Mercury 3 (1924), 391.
55 William Jennings Bryan, quoted in “Progress of Anti-Evolution,” Christian Fundamentalist 2 (1929), 13.
56 Bryan and Bryan, Memoirs, 179—80.
57 “A Remarkable Man,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 29 April 1925, p. 6.
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