———. 2009 [2003]. Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World. 2nd rev ed. New York: Overlook. McCullough, Colleen. 1991. The Grass Crown. New York: William Morrow. McGing, Brian C. 1986. The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus. Leiden: Brill.
———. 1998. “On the Fringes: Culture, History, and the Kingdom of Pontus.” English abstract. Vestnik Drevnei Istorii [J Ancient History, Moscow] 37:112.
———. 2003. “Subjection and Resistance: To the Death of Mithridates.” In A Companion to Hellenistic History, ed. A. Erskine, 71–89. Oxford: Blackwell.
———. 2009. “Mithradates VI Eupator: Victim or Aggressor?” In Høtje 2009a.
McNicoll, A. W., and N. P. Milner. 1997. Hellenistic Fortifications from the Aegean to the Euphrates. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Merry, Robert W. 2005. Sands of Empire: Missionary Zeal, American Foreign Policy, and the Hazards of Global Ambition. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Metz, Martin; A. M. Piliponsky; C.-C. Chen, et al. 2006. “Mast Cells Can Enhance Resistance to Snake and Honeybee Venoms.” Science 28, 313 (July): 526–30.
Mitchell, Stephen. 1995 [1993]. Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Moore, L., B. Goodwin, S. Jones, et al. 2000. “St. John’s Wort Induces Hepatic Drug Metabolism.” Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences 97:7500–7502.
Munro, J. Arthur R. 1901. “Roads in Pontus, Royal and Roman.” Journal of Hellenic Studies 21:52–66.
Ñaco del Hoyo, T., et al. 2009. “The Impact of the Roman Intervention in Greece and Asia Minor upon Civilians (88–63 BC).” In Transforming Historical Landscapes in the Ancient Empires, ed. B. Antela-Bernardez and T. Ñaco del Hoyo. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series.
Nappi, Carla. 2009. “Bolatu’s Pharmacy: Theriac in Early Modern China.” Early Science and Medicine (May).
Nazaryan, G. 2005. Armenian History of Tigranes the Great. ArmenianHighland .com.
Neverov, O. J. 1973. “Mithridates as Dionysus.” Soobshcheniya Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha 37:41–45.
Newman, Cathy. 2005. “Twelve Toxic Tales.” National Geographic 207 (May): 2–31.
Norton, Stata. 2006. “The Pharmacology of Mithradatium: A 2000-Year-Old Remedy.” Molecular Interventions 6:60–66.
Oberdorfer, Don. 2004. “Tet: Who Won?” Smithsonian (November): 117–23.
Oikonomides, A. N. 1962. “A Statuette of Mithridates the Great.” Archaeology 15:13–15.
Olbrycht, Mark. 2009. “Mithridates Eupator and Iran.” In Højte 2009a.
Pain, Stephanie. 2008. “From Poison to Plague: Mithridates’s Marvelous Medicine.” New Scientist (January 26): 52–53.
Parke, H. W. 1988. Sibyls and Sibylline Prophecy in Classical Antiquity. London: Routledge.
Peck, Henry Thurston. 1898. “Mithridates VI King of Pontus.” Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. New York: Harper.
Pillonel, Cédric. 2005. “Les guerres mithridatiques: essai de quantification des armées pontiques.” Univ. of Lausanne, Switzerland. www.strabon.ch/ mithridate/quantification/article.html
Polupudnev, V. 1993. Mitridat: Istoricheskii roman. [Historical novel.] Moscow: Izd-vo Kvorum.
Racine, Jean. 1965 [1673]. Mithridate. Ed. and comm. G. Rudler. Oxford: Blackwell.
Raffi, Aram. 1959 [1916]. “Armenia, Its Epics, Folk-Songs, and Mediaeval Poetry.” Concluding essay in Armenian Legends and Poems, ed. Z. C. Boyajian. 2nd ed. London: Dent.
Raloff, Janet. 2005. “Plants Take Bite Out of Deadly Snake Venoms.” Science News 167 (March 26): 206.
———. 2007. “Counterintuitive Toxicity.” Science News 171 (January 20): 40–42.
Ramsey, John T. 1999. “Mithridates, the Banner of Ch’ih-yu, and the Comet Coin.” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 99:197–253.
———. 2007. “A Catalogue of Greco-Roman Comets from 500 B.C. to A.D. 400.” J History of Astronomy 38:175–97. Also published in Syllecta Classica, special issue 17.
Rank, Otto, F.R.S. Raglan, and Alan Dundes. 1990. In Quest of the Hero. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.
Reinach, Théodore. 1890. Mithridate Eupator, roi de Pont. Paris: Firmin-Didot. Facsimile ed., Elibron Classics.
Richards, G. C. 1941. “Strabo: The Anatolian Who Failed of Roman Recognition.” Greece & Rome 10, 29:79–90
Rigsby, Kent J. 1988. “Provincia Asia.” Transactions of the American Philological Association 118:123–53.
———. 1996. Asylia: Territorial Inviolability in the Hellenistic World. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press.
Root-Bernstein, Robert S. 1991. “Infectious Terrorism.” Atlantic Monthly 267, 5 (May): 44–50.
Rostovtzeff, M. 1919. “Queen Dynamis of Bosporus.” J Hellenic Studies 39: 88–109.
———. 1921. “South Russia in the Prehistoric and Classical Period.” American Historical Review 26, 2:203–24.
———. 1932. “Mithridates.” Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 9, ch. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Sacks, Kenneth. 1990. Diodorus Siculus and the First Century. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.
Sadie, Stanley. 1972. “Note on Mozart’s First Serious Opera.” Musical Times 113:41–42.
Sagona, Antonio, and Claudia Sagona. 2005. Archaeology at the North-East Anatolian Frontier, I: An Historical Geography and a Field Survey of the Bayburt Province. Ancient Near Eastern Studies. Oakville CT: David Brown.
Samulev, V. F. 2004. Tsar’ Mitridat VI Evpator: Povesti I rasskazy. [Novel.] Ialta, Ukraine: El’ga.
Sanford, Eva M. 1937. “Contrasting Views of the Roman Empire. American J Philology 58, 4:437–56.
———. 1950. “Roman Avarice in Asia.” J Near Eastern Studies 9, 1:28–36.
Santangelo, Federico. 2007. Sulla, the Elites, and the Empire: A Study of Roman Policies in Italy and the Greek East. Leiden: Brill.
Saprykin, Sergey. 2004. “Unification of Pontus: Bronze Coins of Mithridates Eupator as Evidence of Commerce in the Euxine.” Paper, Conference, Black Sea in Antiquity: Regional and Interregional Economic Exchanges, Sonderborg, Denmark, May 28.
———. 2009. “Religion and Cults of the Pontic Kingdom.” In Højte 2009a.
Saprykin, S. Y., and A. A. Maslennikov. 1995. “Bosporan Chora in the Reign of Mithridates VI Eupator and His Immediate Successors, Part I.” Ancient Civilizations 2, 3:261–81.
Sarikakis, Theodore. 1976. “Les Vespres Ephesiennes de l’an 88 av. J.C.” Epistemonike Epeteris tes Philosophikes (Thessaloniki) 76:253–64.
Scarborough, John. 2007. “Attalus III of Pergamon: Research Toxicologist.” Paper, 27th Annual Meeting of the Classical Association of South Africa, Cape Town, July 2–5.
———. 2008. “L. Aelius Gallus.” In Encyclopedia of Ancient Natural Scientists, ed. P. Keyser and G. Irby-Massie, 34–35. London: Routledge.
Scheidel, Walter. 2005. “Human Mobility in Roman Italy, II: The Slave Population.” J Roman Studies 95:64–79.
Scullard, H. H. 1970. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68. 3rd ed. London: Butler and Tanner.
Selsky, A., and H. Loven. 2006. “Three Detainees Hanged Themselves.” Associated Press news story, June 11.
Sheldon, Rose Mary. 2003. Espionage in the Ancient World: An Annotated Bibliography. Jefferson NC: McFarland.
———. 2005. Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome. New York: Frank Cass.
Sherwin-White, A. N. 1977. “Ariobarzanes, Mithridates, and Sulla.” Classical Quarterly, new ser., 27, 1:173–83.
———. 1994. “Lucullus, Pompey and the East.” In Cambridge Ancient History, ed. J. A. Crook, A. Lintott, and E. Rawson, 229–55, vol. 9, Last Age of the Roman Republic. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Singh, K. Gajendra. 2003. “West vs East, at Daggers Drawn.” Asia Times (April 3).
———. 2006. “The Great Western Demonology Circus.” Ed
itorial. Al-Jazeerah, April 10. www.aljazeerah.info/Opinion
Sitwell, Nigel. 1986. Outside the Empire: The World the Romans Knew. London: Paladin.
Smith, William, ed. 1890 [1843]. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. London: John Murray.
Snaith, Guy, ed. 2007. La Morte de Mitridate, by La Calprenede. Critical Edition. University of Liverpool Online Series, French Texts. www.liv.ac.uk/soclas/los/index.htm
Sonnabend, H. 1998. “Ein Hannibal aus den Osten?” In Alte Geschichte: Wege-Einsichten-Horizonte: Festshrift fur Eckart Olshausen zum 60. Geburtstag, ed. U. Fellmeth and H. Sonnabend, 191–206. Zurich: Hildesheim.
Stoneman, Richard. 1987. Across the Hellespont. London: Hutchinson.
“Stopping Mithridates.” 2005. Field Notes. Odyssey (March–April): 12.
Stothers, Richard. 2007. “Unidentified Flying Objects in Classical Antiquity.” Classical Journal 103:79–92.
Strauss, Barry. 2004. The Battle of Salamis. New York: Simon and Schuster.
———. 2005. “The Agony of War under Oars.” Naval History (February): 39–42.
———. 2009. The Spartacus War. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Stuart, David. 2004. Dangerous Garden. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.
Sullivan, Richard. 1980. “The Dynasty of Cappadocia.” In Aufstieg und Niedergang de romische Welt/Rise and Fall of the Roman World, 2. Principat, Band 7, ed. E. Temporini and W. Haase. Berlin and New York: De Gruyter.
Summerer, Lâtife. 2009. “The Search for Mithridates: Reception of Mithridates between the 15th and 20th Centuries.” In Højte 2009a.
Swann, John P. 1985. “The Universal Drug: Theriac through the Ages.” Medical Heritage 1, 6:456–58.
Talbert, Richard. 2000. The Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, and Map-by-Map Directory. 2 vols. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.
Tezcan, Mehmet. 2003. “The Iranian-Georgian Branch of the Silk Road, 1st to 4th centuries.” Paper, 1st International Silk Road Symposium, Tbilisi, Georgia, June 25–27.
———. 2007. “Pontos Kralligi” (“Pontus Kingdom, 3rd c BC to 4th c AD”). In The Pontos Question from the Beginning to the Present (in Turkish), ed. V. Usta, 77–108. Serander.
Totelin, Laurence. 2004. “Mithradates’ Antidote—A Pharmacological Ghost.” Early Science and Medicine 9, 1:1–19.
Touwaide, Alain. 2008. “More Than the Sex of Angels.” History of Science Society Newsletter (April): 4–13.
Traina, Giusto. 1995. “From Crimea to Syria: Re-defining the Alleged Historical Earthquake of 63 BC.” Annali di Geofisica 38, 5–6:479–89.
Tsetskhladze, Gocha. 2001. North Pontic Archaeology: Recent Discoveries and Studies. Leiden: Brill.
Ussher, James. 2007 [1658 English, 1654 Latin]. The Annals of the World. Ed., rev., and updated by L. Pierce and M. Pierce. Green Forest AR: Master Books.
Utley, Francis Lee. 1965. Lincoln Wasn’t There, or Lord Raglan’s Hero. Washington, DC: College English Association.
Vogel, Gretchen. 2001. “How the Body’s ‘Garbage Disposal’ May Inactivate Drugs.” Science 291 (5 January): 35–37.
Vollenweider, Marie-Louise. 1995. “218–Mithridates vi assimilé à Alexandre le Grand.” Camées et intailles, vol. 1, Le Portraits grecs du Cabinet des médailles, Catalogue Raisonné. Paris: Bibliothèque nationale de France.
Walbank, F. W. 1984. A Historical Commentary on Polybius. Vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Ward, John. 1749–50. “An Attempt to Explain an Antient Greek Inscription, Ingraven on a Curious Bronze Cup.” Philosophical Transactions 46:488–99.
Warmington, B. H. 1969. Nero: Reality and Legend. New York: Norton.
Watson, G. 1966. Theriac and Mithridatium: A Study in Therapeutics. London: Wellcome Historical Medical Library.
Welles, C. Bradford. 1974 [1934]. Royal Correspondence in the Hellenistic Period. Chicago: Ares.
West, Stephanie. 2003. “The Most Marvelous of All Seas: The Greek Encounter with the Euxine.” Greece & Rome 50, 2:151–67.
White, Matthew. 2002. “Body Count of the Roman Empire.” www.users.erols .com/mwhite28/romestat.htm
Widengren, Geo. 1959. “The Sacral Kingship of Iran.” In The Sacral Kingship, Studies in the History of Religions, suppl. 4. Leiden: Brill.
Wilbraham, Richard. 1839. Travels in the Trans-Caucasian Provinces of Russia . . . 1837. London: Murray.
Wynne-Tyson, E. 1972. Mithras. New York: Barnes & Noble.
Younger Edda (Snorre’s Edda, Prose Edda). 1879. Ed. and trans. Edda Snorra Sturlusonar, Snorri Sturluson, and Rasmus Björn Anderson. N.p.: Griggs and Co.
Zammit-Maempel, G. 1978. “Handbills Extolling the Virtues of Fossil Sharks’ Teeth.” Journal of Maltese Studies 7:211–24.
Zin’ko, V. N. 2004. Iz sobranija Kerc(hat)enskogo gosudarstbnnogo istorikokul’turnogo zapobednika, tom. 1, Antic(hat)naja skul’tura. Kiev: Mistetstvo.
INDEX
Note: “M” indicates Mithradates. Page numbers in italic type indicate illustrations.
acacia, 240
Academy, Plato’s, 201
Achaeans, 237, 326, 333
Achilles, 304, 364
aconite (monkshood), 48, 86, 101, 418n4
Acropolis, Athens, 204
Adiabene, 298
administration of empire, 153–54. See also rule, M’s
Adobogiona (concubine), 114, 216, 254, 364
Adobogiona (daughter of M), 114
Adramyttion, 16, 157, 178–79
Adrian, 282
advisers, 76, 106–7, 295
Aelian, 102
Aelius, 243
Aeschylus, 185
The Persians, 47
Afghanistan, 295, 318
Agamemnon, 185–86, 224, 231
agaric mushrooms, 101, 394n5
Agari healers/shamans, 101, 240–41, 289, 309–11
agates, 48, 247–49
Ahuramazda, 46, 79, 103, 152, 303
Alans, 334
Albanoi, 325, 328–29, 333
Alcock, Susan, 8, 20, 23
Alexander (assassin), 139, 226, 398n22
Alexander (Egyptian king), 163
Alexander of Paphlagonia, 261, 274–75, 284
Alexander the Great, 61, 163
alternative history concerning, 6
and Amazons, 94, 328
and Amisus, 290
appearance of, 65–67, 103
apricots introduced by, 279
and armor, 159
and art, 247–48
and cavalry, 295, 308, 318
at Chaeronea, 148–49
character of, 151, 340
and Chios, 216
cloak of, 38–39, 163, 330, 359
clothing of, 66–67
coin images of, 98, 189
comparisons to, 4, 26, 44, 65, 68, 121, 148, 153, 216, 232, 253, 325, 341–42, 359
dagger of, 104
and Darius III, 39, 66, 92, 94, 320, 354
death of, 38, 69, 361
Diogenes’ meeting with, 54
drinking capacity of, 127
education of, 47, 92
and hunting, 74–75
lightning as omen for, 36
luxury spurned by, 54
M as descendant of, 1, 37–39, 162
military of, 94
M’s exposure to, 46
as mythic hero, 40, 41
on night attacks, 320
poison research by, 70
Pompey’s identification with, 359
portrait sculpture of, 98
riding prowess of, 44
as role model, 10, 65–67, 73–75
rule of, 82
sexuality of, 89
at Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, 16
and Troy, 93
Alfred the Great, 244
alternative history. See counterfactual history
alum, 92, 198–99
Amasia, Pontus, 79–84, 80, 81, 83, 354
Amazons, 16, 93–94, 261, 279, 304, 320–21, 321, 328–29, 358,
366
amber, 48, 246, 247
Amisus, 277–79, 290, 309
Ammianus Marcellinus, 4
Anahit (Anaitis),16, 84, 89, 295
Anatolia: Amazons in, 93
Hannibal in, 57
influences on, 46
landscape of, 79
maps of, 15, 54
M as first effective ruler of, 3–4
massacre of 88 BC in, 13–19
name of, 387n12
revolt against Roman rule, 57, 59–61, 111
Sertorius and, 260
Sulla’s revenge on, 228, 255
Tigranes the Great and, 255
Western invasion of, 9
Anaxidamos, 206
ancestry of M, 1, 37–39, 63, 82, 83
Andromachus, 243, 244
anise, 240
antidotes: Alexander’s experiments with, 70
arsenic as, 242, 340
Gauls’ use of, 86
M’s experiments with, plate 4, 40, 58, 71, 96, 101–3, 238–46, 296, 340, 349
M’s secret, 240, 242–43, 245–46, 289
nature’s provision of, 48, 239, 242
Psylli saliva as, 111
recipes for, 243–44
significance of, 2
theriacs, 239–46, 296
use of, 243–44
Antikythera mechanism, 2, 291, 291–92
Antioch, Syria, 293
Antiochus I, 100, 103
Antiochus III, the Great, 34, 57, 105, 110, 137, 161, 305
Antiochus VIII Grypos. See Grypos
Antiope, 304
antisocial personality disorder, 374
antivenin, 111
Apamea, 153, 172
Aphrodisias, 155, 157
Aphrodite, 208, 229, 275
Apollinaris, Sidonis, 262
Apollo, 46, 60, 200–201
Apollonis, 157
appearance of M, 65–67, 77, 96, 103–4, 158, 340, 352–53, 416n42. See also artistic portrayals of M
Appian: on Alexander’s cloak, 38
on battle for Rhodes, 180–81
on Cappadocia, 129
on fire ceremony, 233
on massacre of 88 BC, 13–14, 19, 171
Mithradatic Wars, 4
on Mithradatic Wars, 4, 141–47, 150, 152–53, 198–99, 202–3, 210–11, 236, 237, 261, 262, 271, 275, 276, 282, 298, 307, 310, 318, 325–28, 333–34, 338, 340, 342, 344–46, 357, 359
on Monime, 163, 186
on M’s death, 347, 351, 354, 362
on Numa’s legacy, 166
The Poison King Page 53
