eunuchs, 42, 122, 275, 277, 282–84, 286–88, 290, 309, 314, 323, 325, 330, 339–40, 343–44, 346
Eupatoria, 279
Eupatoristai, 249
Eupatorium, 240
Eupatra (daughter of M), 114, 343, 352, 358
Euripides, 6, 47, 185
Trojan Women, 217
Eutropius, 310
exile from Sinope, 72, 75–95
early years of, 78–87
education during, 91–94
mythic hero archetype and, 393n5
pastimes during, 87–89
planning, 76–77
return from, 94–99
second, 392n4
sexuality during, 89–91
tribes encountered on, 85–86
Exipodras (son of M), 114, 339
Fannius, Lucius, 258, 261, 264
Ferguson, Niall, Virtual History, 6
figs, 240, 245
Fimbria, 210, 213, 223–25, 227–28, 255, 265
Fimbrian legions, 230, 265–66, 270–71, 294, 303, 310–11
fire: gold color sacred to, 193
protection against, 92, 198–99, 271–72
Rhodians’ mastery of, 182
as sacred, 46
victory ceremony involving, 152, 233–35, 234, 262
Flaccus, 210, 213, 221, 223–24, 265
Flashman, Harry, 420n29
food, 50, 67, 85, 87. See also eating contests
Ford, Michael Curtis, The Last King, 7, 267, 356
foreign policy: M’s, 131, 159–62
Pontus’s, 50–52
Rome’s, 105, 109, 131, 146
fortifications, fortresses, 80, 84–85, 114–15. See also individual forts
fossils, 53, 247
frankincense, 240
free will, 46–47
friends, 45, 47, 76, 106–7, 124, 137, 175, 214–15, 247, 261, 277, 282, 296, 301, 320, 345, 351
Friends of Rome, 52, 61, 105, 107, 112, 142, 146, 222, 225, 292, 330, 363
Frontinus, 318
Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, 172
frostbite, 340
funeral: customs, 82, 83, 353, 418n8
of M, 354
Furies, 183, 185–86
Gabinius, 233
Gaddis, John Lewis, Landscape of History, 6
Gaius, 47, 76, 107, 323, 353, 363
Galatia and Galatians, 129, 155, 214–16, 255, 260, 273, 278, 288
Galen, 4, 58, 244
garlic, 240
Gaugamela, Battle of (331 BC), 66
Gaul and the Gauls, 86, 109, 118–19, 160, 172, 186, 191, 342, 344
Gauros, 339
Gellius, Aulus, 242, 254
gemology, 48, 247
gender switch, Hypsicratea and, 321–23, 367, 369
Genghis Khan, 38
genocide, 21–22, 175
Georgia, 3, 334. See also Colchis
Germanic Gauls, 118–19, 128
Gibbon, Edward, 364
ginger, 240
Globe of Billarus, 290–92
glossopetra, 246–47
goddesses, M’s relations with, 272, 274, 276, 417n49
gold, 115, 193
death by, 169–70
Golden Fleece, 326
Gordium, Phrygia, 121
Gordius, 76, 129–31, 135–38, 161, 231–33, 261
Gordyene and the Gordyeni, 298, 303, 307
Gouras, 309, 314
government. See rule, M’s
grave mounds. See kurgans
Greece: battle for, 189–213
cultural influence of, 46
human sacrifice in, 185
map of, 15
M’s relations with, 116, 158, 175–79, 220, 222
rebellion of, 175–79
Rome’s conquest of, 36, 109, 110
slaves from, 172
Grypos, Antiochus VIII, 107, 255
guerrilla warfare. See asymmetrical warfare
hair, 96, 103–4, 189, 263
Halley’s Comet, 21, 31–32, 138, 188–89
Han dynasty, 28–29
Hannibal, 92, 160
in Anatolia, 57
and Armenia, 55, 137
and Artaxata, 306
comparisons to, 2, 24, 26, 344
death of, 56, 56–57, 347
defeats of, 34, 57, 109, 161, 268
and glorious failure, 236
luxury spurned by, 54
M’s exposure to, 46
Roman relations of, 105
Hare, Robert, 374
harems, 38, 42, 165, 283, 298, 344, 374
harpe, 32, 50
Harry Potter (fictional character), 36, 40
Helen, 364
Heliopolis, 59–60
Helios, 121, 180, 262. See also Sun
hellebore, 48, 61, 70, 86
Hellespont, 274
hemlock, 48, 230, 237, 242, 418n4
hemorrhage, viper venom for stopping, 241, 311
henbane, 48, 101, 418n4
Heniochi, 261, 325
Henry VIII, 244
Heraclea, 4, 121, 277
Hercules: M’s association with, 63–64, 64, 65, 75, 124, 358
as mythic hero, 40, 41, 304
Pergamon founded by son of, 15
and Prometheus, 326, 327
Hermaeus, 278, 282–83
Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, 249
Hermocrates, 261
hero archetype. See mythic hero archetype
Herodotus: and alternative history, 6
on Amazons, 94
on Croesus’s Delphic gifts, 201
on human sacrifice, 185
on Persian education, 48
on Persian sexuality, 89
on Persian thought, 46
on warfare, 295, 308
on Xerxes, 94
Hindus, 241
Hippolyte, 63, 304
historical methods, 5–6, 360, 362
history, M’s education in, 55, 108
Hitchner, R. Bruce, 23
hobbies, 48
Holland, Tom, Rubicon, 7
Homer, Iliad, 92–93, 364
Homoloichos, 206
honey: in antidote preparation, 240
pitcher crafted using, 248
poisonous, 70, 88–89, 240, 242, 315
honeymoon, 113–14
hormesis, 242, 349
horses, riding
chariot races, 49, 49–50, 125, 126
as Mithra’s sacred animal, 32
riding, 43, 43–44, 50, 120
sacrifice of, 262
hostages, 214
as diplomatic tool, 136
Høtje, Jakob Munk, 354
Housman, A. E., 238–39
human sacrifice, 185–86
hunting, 50, 72–75, 77, 87–88, 88
Hypaepa, 220
Hypericum (Saint-John’s-wort), 240, 242, 340
Hypsicratea/es, plate 2, plate 8, 5, 114, 304, 309–10, 319–23, 322, 325, 328, 335, 336, 338, 355, 355–57, 364–67, 369
Hystaspes, Oracle of, 34
Iasus, 157, 228
Iazyges, 261
Iberi, 325, 328–29, 333
Icizari castle, 81, 99
Ilium, 224, 274
images of M. See artistic portrayals of M
incest, 100
India, 102, 115, 159, 249
Ingushetia, 334
injury, 310–11. See also wounds
inscriptions, 106, 117, 126, 153, 155, 208–10, 212–13, 216, 234, 356, 367, 369
intelligence activities, 13, 96, 98, 107, 120–21, 141, 160, 175, 206, 215, 220, 232, 270
Iphigenia, 231
Iran. See Persia
Iraq War, 8–9, 405n1
iris, 240
Isis, 182, 185
Islamic toxicology, 244
Issus, Battle of (333 BC), 66
Italy and Italians, 139, 157–58, 160, 165, 174, 188, 344
Jason and the Argonauts, 62, 85, 327
Jerusalem, 341
Jesus, 27, 39,
40, 369
Jews, 172, 247, 331, 341
Joan of Arc, 40
Josephus, 163, 258, 367
Jugurtha, 105, 109, 111–12, 128, 132, 161, 186, 256, 280, 295, 308
Justin, 4
on Amazons, 94
on Attalus, 58
on Cappadocian battle, 130–31
on comets, 27–28
on military, 127
on Mithradatic Wars, 236, 341
on M’s character, 119–20
on M’s childhood, 39, 44
on M’s exile from Sinope, 75–76
on plots against M, 68, 71
on reconnaissance expedition and return, 120, 123
on Roman crisis, 166
speeches reported by, 159–62
Juvenal, 72, 239, 242–43
Kabeira, 84–85, 252–53, 277–78, 280–87, 284
Kainon Chorion (New Castle), 252–53, 284, 316, 330
Kalomodrys, 127
Kautilya, Arthashastra, 102
Kazbek, Mount, 332, 337
Kennedy, John F., 40
Kerch Straits, 339. See also Pantikapaion
khilat, 38, 103
King Arthur, 40
King of Kings, 117, 138, 226, 255, 293, 297, 369
kings, Roman Republic and, 161
King’s Friends, 106–7
kiss, as treaty ritual, 226
Klukhor Pass, 331, 333
Kocharian, Rubik, plate 5
Konnakorix, 216, 261, 277
Kopff, E. Christian, 8–9
Koundouri, Eleni, 212
krater, M’s, 249–50, 250
Krateuas, plate 1, plate 4, 101, 125, 238, 240
Kurdistan, 3
kurgans, 53, 115, 338, 365, 420n29
Lagetus, 410n35
Lampsacus, 274
language: in Caucasia, 335
military diversity and, 206, 212
M’s knowledge of, 44, 46, 102, 137, 253–55
Laodicea, 81–82, 98–99, 155–57, 277, 323
Laodice (mother of M): ancestry of, 37–38, 40
children of, 45
death of, plate 3, 97, 99
M’s suspicions concerning, 50, 68–69
regency of, 69, 75, 79, 81–82, 94–99
Laodice the Elder (sister of M), 45, 82, 107, 129–30, 135
Laodice the Younger (sister of M), 45, 99, 100, 114, 122–25, 125, 165, 230, 326
laurel, 118
Laws of Manu, 102
Lee, Nathaniel, 262
legions, 113
Lemnian earth, 240
Lenaeus, Cn. Pompeius, 5, 201, 240, 330
Leonippus, 154
Lesbos, 157, 172, 220
Leto, 183
Leucosyrians, 261
library, M’s, 240, 246, 330–31
Lice-Eaters, 325
Licinius Crassus, M., 169, 170
Lies, 47
life story of M: modern perspective on, 6–9
scenes from, plate 3
sources for, 4–5, 27–28
summary of, 1
truth and fiction in, 28, 39–41
Light, 46–47, 49, 60, 151, 320, 369
lightning, 36–37, 105
Lion’s Head, Nysa, 153
Livy, 4, 6, 185, 331, 343, 400n24
looting, by Roman army, 110, 112, 200–201, 224, 275, 279, 283, 288–92, 302, 314
Louis XIV, 2
love relationships. See Hypsicratea/es; Laodice the Younger (sister of M); Monime; Stratonice
Lucian, 367
Lucretius, 90–91, 149–50
Lucullus, Lucius Lucinius, 4, 24, 111, 193, 266
Armenian campaign of, 293–94, 297–302, 306–9
as consul, 265
criticisms of, 278, 309, 312, 312–14
excessive lifestyle of, 314
Fimbria’s rivalry with, 225
invasion of Pontus, 279–80
Kabeira besieged, 280–87
mutinies against, 266, 303, 306, 309, 311
and omen at Otyrae, 267–70
Pompey’s rivalry with, 265, 278, 312–14
pursuit of M, 267–314
ships procured by, 200, 213, 220–21, 224–25
and siege at Cyzicus, 270–74
in Third Mithradatic War, 265–314
Triumph of, 275–76, 284, 309, 314
victory proclaimed by, 276, 292
Lyceum, Aristotle’s, 201
Lycia, 157, 166, 183, 186, 228
Lydia, 121, 162
Ma, 89
Macedonia, 110, 191–92, 199
Machares (son of M), 114, 193, 278, 289, 292, 316, 326, 327, 331, 333, 339
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 2
Magi, 36, 46, 47, 69, 181, 185, 189, 235, 240, 247, 262, 291
Magius, Lucius, 258, 261, 264, 270–71
Magnesia, 157, 228
Mahagandhahasti, 241
maltha. See naphtha
Mamisson Pass, 332, 334, 336
Marcus Aurelius, Emperor, 244
Mardia, 298
Marius, Gaius, 111–13, 128, 132–35, 133, 165–66, 173, 188, 210, 221, 229, 268
marriage, 100–101, 165
Mars, 208
Marsi, 157, 160, 188, 241
Martha, 134
Masinissa, 161
massacres: in Adramyttion, 16
in Caunus, 18
consequences of, 24
of 88 BC, 9, 13–26
in Ephesus, 16–18
extent of, 14–15, 173
as genocide, 21–22
historians on, 23–24
information sources for, 13–14
motives for, 173–75
number of slain in, 13–14, 383n2
other cities participating in, 172
in Pergamon, 15–16
perpetrators of, 19, 384n9
reaction to, 21
refugee flight prior to, 171
reputation of, 19
secrecy of, 13, 175
Sulla’s, 229
as terrorism, 22–23
timing of, 21
in Tralles, 18
transmission of orders for, 175
uniqueness of, 21
Mastrocinque, Attilio, 171, 291–92
Studi sulle guerre Mitridatiche, 7
Matyszak, Philip, 7
Mauretania, 111
McCullough, Colleen, The Grass Crown, 7
McGing, Brian, 141, 297, 342, 361
The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, 7
Medea, 62, 62–63, 288, 326
Media, 298
medicine, Pergamon as center of, 58. See also antidotes; botanical medicine; doctors by name
Memnon, 4, 48, 147, 174, 212, 271, 275, 276, 278
memory techniques, 253–54
Men (Anatolian god), 84–85
Menander, 281–82
Menes, 241
Meniphilus, 323, 325, 330
Menophilus, 277
mercury, 252
Merry, Robert W., 9
Mesopolis, 220
Mesopotamia, 46, 54, 138, 298, 330
Metellus, 173
meteorites, 268, 269
Metrodorus of Scepsis, the Rome-Hater, 5, 108, 159, 187, 253, 296–97, 328, 367
Metrophanes, 190, 192, 261, 270, 323, 345, 363
Miletus, 157, 172
military: building the, 113, 127, 230
diversity in, 93–94, 199, 205–6, 212, 298, 300
M’s overtures to, 79–84
M’s popularity with, 96
Roman, 113
size of M’s, 147, 205, 261, 399n1
strategy for, 92, 127, 147, 295, 298, 299, 304, 307–8, 318–19
training of/for, 50, 127, 230, 237, 304
wealth of, 147
mill, water-powered, 2, 253
minerals and mining, 70–71, 71, 78, 247–48
Mitchell, Stephen, Anatolia, 7–8
Mithra, 46, 103
Aristonicus and, 60
fire ceremony to honor
, 152, 233–35, 303
gold sacred to, 193
M named after, 1, 27, 40
mushrooms sacred to, 394n5
as mythic hero, 41
omens sent by, 32, 44
sacrifice to, 262
savior-king sent by, 69
worshipped by pirates, 316
Zeus as form of, 79
Mithradateion, Galatia, 129
Mithradates I, 73, 121, 129
Mithradates II, 161
Mithradates IV, 100
Mithradates V Euergetes (father of M): assassination of, 68, 71
children of, 45
as king, 44–45
and mythic hero archetype, 40, 42
and ritual, 233
as Roman ally, 51–52, 60, 161
succession to, 69
Mithradates Chrestus “the Good” (brother of M), plate 3, 45, 68–69, 75, 97–99
Mithradates Monument, Delos, 106–7, 130, 179
Mithradates of Pergamon (son of M), 114
Mithradates the Younger (son of M), 114, 224, 230, 364
Mithradates vase, 248, 248
Mithradatic Wars: Armenian campaign, 293–302, 306–9, 329–30
battle for Greece, 189–213
casualties of, 385n23
Caucasus Mountain trek during, 326–38
current world crises and, 3, 9
duration of, 1, 381n2
early victories in, 147–57
First, 147–227, 191
invasion of Pontus, 279–80
Kabeira besieged, 280–87
last battles and escape, 318–29
Lucullus’s mismanagement of, 288–314
maps of, 191, 264
M’s Roman invasion plans, 327, 342–45
omens in, 181–83, 185, 189, 194, 202, 267–69, 269, 272, 297, 310, 343
origins of, 139–40
paintings of, 358
peace treaties in, 221–23, 225–27, 229–31, 237, 256, 340
Pontus occupied, 329–31
pursuit of M, 267–82, 318–29
rebellions against M, 218–21, 343–46
Roman and Italian refugees of, 171
Roman resistance movements in, 174, 183
Rome’s forces at start of, 146
Second, 229–35, 264
speeches relating to, 142–46, 159–62, 263–65, 305–6
Strabo’s family and, 45
Third, 259–352, 264
Mithradatis (daughter of M), 114, 344, 349, 352
Mithras (general), 138
mithridatism, 239
Mithridatium, 58, 239–46, 245, 289, 296, 330, 349, 367
Mithrobarzanes, 257–58, 297
Moaphernes, 45, 230
Moctezuma, 170
Mommsen, Theodor, 7
Monime, 114, 163, 164, 165, 169, 186, 194, 218, 219, 233, 277, 285, 286–87, 331
monkshood, 48, 86, 101, 418n4
monuments, victory, 208–10, 209, 212–13, 311
Moonlight Battle, plate 6, 319–20
Moors, 111
morality, 46–47
Moses, 40
Mosynoeci. See Turret-Folk
Mount Realgar Mine, 70, 71, 78, 121
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 2, 361
Muhammad, 40
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