[>] Mortality in slavers, Navy: Rediker (1987), pp. 32–33, 47–48, 92–93.
[>] Shortchanging sailors: Rediker (1987), pp. 144–146.
44 Navy wages: Lloyd (1970), pp. 107–108; Merriman, pp. 171–173; Rediker (1987), p. 33.
[>] Woodes Rogers's childhood home in Bristol: Ralph and Williams, p. 107.
[>] Rogers born in 1679: His birth records have not survived, but his younger siblings were born in 1680 and 1688. We know he was "about twenty-five" at the time of his 1705 marriage in London. See Little, p. 18.
[>]–45 Rogers family history in Poole: Newton Wade, "Capt. Woodes Rogers," Notes and Queries, Vol. 149, Number 22, 28 November 1925, p. 389; Manwaring (1935), pp. 92–93; Bryan Little, Crusoe's Captain, London: Odham's Press, 1960, pp. 15–17.
[>] Poole oysters and fishing: A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain, pp. 346–347; on the Newfoundland fish trade see Michael Harris, Lament for an Ocean, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1998, pp. 42–43.
[>] Woods Rogers senior in Africa: Captain [Woodes] Rogers to William Dampier, circa 1695, as excerpted in William Dampier, Dampier's Voyages, Volume II, John Masefiled, ed., London: E. Grant Richards, 1906, pp. 202–203, 321–324.
[>] Education, pastor Samuel Hardy: Little, pp. 17–19.
[>] Rogers in Bristol in June 1696: Ralph and Williams, p. 106.
[>]–46 Bristol disadvantages as a port: Kenneth Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic trade in the eighteenth century, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 29–30.
[>] Pope's quote on Bristol: Ibid., p. 33.
[>] Description of central Bristol, Redcliffe in 1700: Andor Gomme, Michael Jenner, and Bryan Little, Bristol: an architectural history, London: Lind Humphries, 1979, p. 94; Roger H. Leech, The Topography of Medieval and Early Modern Bristol, Part I, Bristol: Bristol Records Society, 1997, pp. xx–xxvii, 119–162; Morgan, pp. 7–9.
[>]–47 William Dampier, Woodes Rogers, Roebuck: Christopher Lloyd, William Dampier, Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1966, pp. 15–16; Dampier, pp. 202–203, 321–324.;David Lyon, The Sailing Navy List, London: Conway, 1993, p. 26.
[>] Dampier and Avery: Joel H. Baer, "William Dampier at the Crossroads: New Light on the 'Missing Years,' 1691–1697," International Journal of Maritime History, Vol. VIII, No. 2 (1996), pp. 97–117.
[>]–48 Rogers's apprenticeship: Little, p. 19.
[>] Rogers in Newfoundland: We know he had traveled there in the fisheries trade prior to 1708, owing to a passing reference in Woodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Around the World, Originally published 1712, New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1928, p. 99.
[>] Woodes Rogers senior and Elizabeth: W. N. Minchinton, The Trade of Bristol in the Eighteenth Century, Bristol: Bristol Record Society, 1957, p. 6.
[>] Trinity Bay and Poole merchants: "Poole," "Trinity Harbour," and "Old Perlican" in Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Nfld.: Memorial University, 1997.
[>] Whetstone's bio and command: J. K. Laughton, "Whetstone, Sir William (d. 1711)" in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; Little, pp. 19–20.
[>] House on Queen's Square (1702): Gomme, Jenner & Little, pp. 96–98; Little, pp. 22–23.
[>] Whetstone's early career: J.K Laughton, "Whetstone, Sir Willaim," Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004; David Syrett (ed.), Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy 1660–1815, London: Navy Records Society, 1994, p. 983.
[>]–50 Causes of the War of Spanish Succession, King Charles II: Wikipedia, "Charles II of Spain" and "War of Spanish Succession," online resource, viewed 10 January 2006.
[>] 1703 storm: G. J. Marcus, A Naval History of England, Volume I: The Formative Centuries, Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1961, pp. 221–223.
50 Queen's Square house completed: Little, p. 22.
[>]–51 Marriage, Knighthood, Rear Admiral of the Blue: Oxford Dictionary; Syrett, p. 983; Manwaring, p. 93n.
[>] Father dies: Notes & Queries, Volume 149, Number 22, 28 November 1925, p. 388; Newton Wade, "Capt. Woodes Rogers," Notes & Queries, 10th series, Number VIII, No. 207 (December 14 1907), p. 470.
[>] Woodes made freeman: Manwaring, p. 93.
[>] Woodes Rogers's physical appeareance: William Hogarth, Woodes Rogers and his Family (1729), oil on canvas painting, National Maritime Museum, London.
CHAPTER THREE: WAR
[>] Purpose of ships of the line: A. B. C. Whipple, Fighting Sail, Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1978, pp. 12–15.
[>] Size, complement of a first-rate: Merriman, p. 365.
[>]–53 Conditions in fleet battles: Whipple, pp. 146–165.
[>]–55 Naval battles in War of Spanish Succession: N. A. M. Rodger, The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815, London: W. W. Norton, 2004, pp. 166–174.
[>] French privateers: Merriman, p. 338; "Letter from the Masters of six merchant vessels to the Victualling Board of the Royal Navy," Dover, 30 December 1704, reproduced in Merriman, pp. 341–342; Julian Hoppit, A Land of Liberty: England 1689–1727, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 112; G. N. Clark, "War Trade and Trade War," Economic History Review, Vol. 1 No. 2 (January 1928), p. 263.
[>] Port Royal "height of splendor": John Taylor (1688) as quoted in Allan D. Meyers, "Ethnic Distinctions and Wealth among Colonial Jamaican Merchants, 1685–1716, Social Science History, Vol. 22 (1), Spring, 1998, p. 54.
[>] Port Royal casualties in 1692 earthquake: Cordingly, pp. 141–142.
[>] Port Royal 1703 fire: A New History of Jamaica, London: J. Hodges, 1740, pp. 270–272.
[>]–58 Port Royal as a slum with quotes, dunghill: Edward Ward, A Collection of the Writings of Mr. Edward Ward, Vol. II, fifth ed., London: A. Bettesworth, 1717, pp. 164–165.
[>] Sources of indentured servants: George Woodbury, The Great Days of Piracy in the West Indies, New York: W. W. Norton, 1951, pp. 32–46.
[>] Character of Jamaica as per Edward Ward: Ward (1717), pp. 161–162.
[>]–59 Slave population growth on Jamaica: Richard S Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624–1713, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1972, pp. 164–165.
[>]–59 More slaves died than were born: Dunn, pp. 300–305.
[>] Slave laws of Jamaica: A New History of Jamaica, pp. 217–223; Dunn, pp. 238–246.
[>] Runaway slave communities and Nanny Town: Mavis C. Campbell, The Maroons of Jamaica 1655–1796, Granby, MA: Bergin & Gravey Publishers, 1988, pp. 49–53.
[>] Spanish population seven million: Wikipedia, "Economic History of Spain," viewed 5 April 2006.
[>] Weak dispostion of Royal Navy in West Indies: Ruth Bourne, Queen Anne's Navy in the West Indies, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1939, pp. 59–61.
[>] Sixty-eight degrees: N. A. M. Rogers, The Wooden World, New York: W.W. Norton, 1996, p. 46.
61–62 Difficulties of communicating: Bourne (1939), pp. 66, 70.
[>] No mainmasts available in West Indies: Ibid., pp. 74–75.
[>] Shipworm and lack of careening facilities: Ibid., pp. 73–74.
[>] Jamaica squadron's condition in 1704: Ibid., pp. 75–76.
[>] Leeward Islands station ship in 1711: Ibid., p. 80 (also in CSPCS 1710–11, No. 824).
[>] Problems of disease: Bourne (1939), pp. 87–88.
[>] Kerr's fleet (1706–7): Bourne (1939), pp. 93–95; see Josiah Burchett, A Complete History of the Most Remarkable Transactions at Sea, London: 1720, pp. 699, 701.
[>] Jamaicans refuse to grow or eat produce: Dunn, pp. 273–275.
[>] Constable's letter (1711): Bourne (1939), pp. 100–101; his first name from John Hardy, A Chronological List of the Captains of His Majesty's Royal Navy, London: T. Cadell, 1784, p. 29.
[>]–64 Buccaneers at Port Royal (1670s): Dunn, p. 185.
[>] 10 percent of prize to the Admiralty: Clark, p. 265.
[>] 1702–3 Privateering campaign agai
nst Spanish: Oldmixon, p. 340; Howard M. Chapin, Privateer Ships and Sailors, Toulon, France: Imprimerie G. Mouton, 1926, pp. 240–241.
[>] 1704 privateer captures and successes: Oldmixon, pp. 342–343.
[>] Size of Jamaican privateer fleet: The State of the Island of Jamaica, London: H. Whitridge, 1726, p. 4.
[>] Quote on Jamaican privateering: A New History of Jamaica (1740), p. 273.
[>] 127 Bristol privateers: Shipsides & Wall, p. 50.
[>] Whetstone Galley: Powell, p. 102; Patrick McGrath (ed.), Bristol, Africa, and the Eighteenth-Century Slave Trade to America, Vol. I, Bristol, UK: Bristol Records Sociey, 1986, p. 12; Bryan Little, Crusoe's Captain, London: Odham's Press, 1960, pp. 41–42.
[>]–66 Eugene Prize: Powell, p. 95; Little, p. 42.
[>] Dampier's Pacific travels: Summarized nicely in Gary C. Williams, "William Dampier: Pre-Linean Explorer, Naturalist," Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Vol. 55, Sup. II, No. 10, pp. 149–153.
[>]–67 Gold and silver production in Spanish America: Timothy R. Walton, The Spanish Treasure Fleets, Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press, 1994, pp. 136–138.
[>] Treasure fleets described: Kip Wagner, Pieces of Eight: Recovering the Riches of a Lost Spanish Treasure Fleet, New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1966, pp. 52–54; Walton, pp. 47–55; Charles E. Chapman, "Gali and Rodriguez Cermenho: Exploration of California," Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 3 (January 1920).
[>]–70 Quote on Dampier's attack on Manila Galleon: Lloyd (1966), p. 117.
[>] Dampier "never gave over": Edward Cooke, A Voyage to the South Sea and Round the World, London: B. Lintott and R. Golsing, 1712, Introduction.
[>] Court martial rulings against Dampier: Lloyd (1966), p. 96.
[>] Dampier's performance on St. George expedition: Lloyd (1966), pp. 97–121; Donald Jones, Captain Woodes Rogers' Voyage Round the World 1708–1711, Bristol, UK: Bristol Branch of the Historical Association of the University, 1992, pp. 5–6.
[>]–71 Investors in Rogers's expedition: Little, pp. 45–46; Jones, p. 5.
[>] Size, age of the Duke and Dutchess, Jones, pp. 4–5.
[>] Officers of the Rogers expedition: Powell, p. 104n; Little, pp. 47–48.
[>] Dr. Dover's use of mercury: Leonard A. G. Strong, Dr. Quicksilver, 1660–1742: The Life and Times of Thomas Dover, M.D., London: Andrew Melrose, 1955, pp. 157–159.
[>] 333 men aboard: Woodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Round the World, 2nd Ed. Corrected, London: Bernard Lintot & Edward Symon, 1726, p. 2.
72 Design flaws, crew shortcomings at outset: Rogers, pp. 2–3.
[>]–73 Events during Atlantic passage, including mutiny: Woodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Around the World, Originally published 1712, New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1928, pp. 8–33.
[>]–74 Events in the South Atlantic in December and early January: Rogers, pp. 30–33; Cooke (1712, Vol. I), pp. 30–36; quote on dolphins: Rogers (1726), p. 103. The author has been able to fill in some from his crossings of the Drake Passage.
[>]–75 Scurvy symptoms, effects, age of sail casualties: Stephen R. Bown, Scurvy: How a Surgeon, a Mariner, and a Gentleman Solved the Greatest Medical Mystery of the Age of Sail, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2003, pp. 1–7, 33–46.
[>] Scurvy deaths: Cooke (1712, Vol. I), p. 35; Rogers (1928), pp. 89–90.
[>]–76 Selkirk's bio: Rogers (1928), pp. 91–96; Alexander Winston, No Man Knows My Grave: Privateers and Pirates 1665–1715, Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1969, pp. 183–184.
[>] Selkirk's aversion to Dampier: Edward Cooke, A Voyage to the South Sea and Around the World, Vol. II, London: Bernard Lintot & R. Gosling, 1712, pp. xx–xxi.
[>] Rogers's quotes on Selkirk: Rogers (1928), pp. 91, 94, 96.
[>]–78 Privateering in late February and early March: Rogers (1928), pp. 103–113; Little, pp. 80–84; Cooke (1712, Vol. I), pp. 126, 130–132.
[>] Beginning slave manifests: C104/160: Accounts of the Negroes now onboard the Ascension, Gorgona, 20 July 1709 and 28 July 1709.
[>] Capture of Havre de Grace: Cooke (1712, Vol. I), pp. 136–8; Rogers (1928), pp. 116–7; C104/160: List of Negroes and cargo on Havre de Grace when captured, 15 April 1709.
[>] Rogers reaction to brother's death: Rogers (1928), pp. 117–118.
[>]–79 Siege of Guayaquil: Little, pp. 87–100.
[>]–80 Activities at Gorgona: Cooke (Vol. I), pp. 164, 317; Rogers (1928), pp. 167–171.
[>] Near-mutiny at Gorgona: Rogers (1928), pp. 172–177.
[>] Low supplies, state of ships (December 1709): Rogers (1928), pp. 211–213; Jones, p. 14.
[>] Battle with Incarnación: Rogers (1928), pp. 213–215.
[>]–82 Battle with Begoña: Rogers (1928), pp. 216–222; Cooke (Vol. I), pp. 346–352.
[>] Rogers accused of leaving treasure at Batavia: Jones, p. 21.
[>] Value of expedition's proceeds, Rogers's share: Little, pp. 149, 169.
[>] Sailors impressed: Jones, pp. 19–21.
[>] Charles Vane in Port Royal c. 1712: TJR, p. 37.
[>] Quote on Jennings's social stature: GHP, p. 41.
[>] Embargo of shipping prior to hurricane: "A letter containing an account of the most general grievances of Jamaica," Jamaica, 6 October 1712, in The Groans of Jamaica, London: 1714, p. 1.
[>] Description of the 1712 hurricane: Oldmixon, p. 345; Boston News-Letter, 12 January 1713, p. 1; Burchett (1720), p. 785.
[>] Peace breaks out: Word had gotten as far as Antigua by late September; see Burchett, p. 784.
CHAPTER FOUR: PEACE
[>] RN demobilization and slashing of merchant wages: Rediker (1987), pp. 281–282.
[>] Possession of Spanish currency as ground for seizure: Lord Archibald Hamilton, An Answer to An Anonymous Libel, London: 1718, p. 44.
86 Thirty-eight vessels captured by Spanish: CO137/12, folio 90(iii): A List of Some of the Many Ships, Sloops, and other Vessels taken from the Subjects of the King of Great Britain in America by the Subjects of the King of Spain since the Conclusion of the last peace, Jamaica: c. 1716.
[>] Governor of Jamaica quote: Hamilton (1718), p. 44.
[>] Quotes, description of the situation of seamen in Jamaica: A. B., The State of the Island of Jamaica, London: H. Whitridge, 1726, p. 8.
[>] Hornigold amongst the first pirates: Ibid., p. 8n.
[>] New Providence during the war: Oldmixon, p. 432; Craton, pp. 93–94; CO5/1265, No. 76v: Memorial of Sundry Merchants to Joseph Addison, London: 1717; CO23/1, No. 17: Testimonial of Samuel Buck, London: 2 December 1719.
[>] Population, situation in Nassau and Bahamas in 1713: This surmised from remarks on eyewitness comments on the condition of the island by John Graves in 1706, as quoted by Craton, pp. 93–94. The situation was probably similar in 1713, as any advances the islanders would have made after 1706 were rolled back by subsequent French attacks; this supposition is further supported by the poor state of the island's development as late as 1718, as described by Samuel Buck in CO23/1, No. 17 and described in later chapters.
[>]–90 Sources for the early piracies, activities of Hornigold, Cockram, West: "Boston News Item," Boston News-Letter, 29 April 1714, p. 2; Henry Pulleine to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Bermuda: 22 April 1714 in CSPCS 1712–1714, No. 651, pp. 333–334.
[>] Long Wharf and Boston harbor described: Carl Bridenbaugh, Cities in the Wilderness: The First Century of Urban Life in America 1625–1742, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955, pp. 171–172, 151, 178–179; Justin Winsor (ed.), Memorial History of Boston, 1630–1880, Boston: Ticknor & Co., 1880, pp. 440–441, 496.
[>] People drowning on the road to Roxbury: Winsor, p. 442n.
[>] Shops of King Street: Michael G. Hall, The Last American Puritan, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1988, p. 338.
[>] News-Letter and postal network: Winsor, pp. 388–390, 442–443; Bridenbaugh (1955), p. 180.
[>] Royal Exchange Tavern: Winsor, p. 499.
[>] Faneu
il's store: Bridenbaugh (1955), p. 185.
[>] Eastham environment: Henry David Thoreau, Cape Cod, New York: W. W. Norton, 1951, pp. 45–60.
[>] Wrecking in Eastham area: Jeremiah Digges, Cape Cod Pilot, Provincetown, MA: Modern Pilgrim Press, 1936, pp. 134–137.
[>] Legend of Bellamy and Hallett: Digges (1936), pp. 193–197. Another interpretation, somewhat dated by new evidence, was offered in Edwin Dethlefson, Whidah: Cape Cod's Mystery Treasure Ship, Woodstock, VT: Seafarer's Heritage Library, 1984, pp. 14–22. For a more fanciful account see Barry Clifford, The Pirate Prince, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, pp. 21–22.
[>] Mary Hallett and her family: A. Otis, Genealogical Notes of Barnstable Families, Barnstable, MA: F. B & F. P Goss, 1888; Robert Charles Anderson, The Great Migration, Vol. 3, Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2003; Author's Interview, Kenneth J. Kinkor, Provincetown, MA: 15 June 2005.
[>] Great Island Tavern: Kinkor (2003), p. 312; Fact Sheet, Great Island, Cape Cod National Seashore, National Park Service: online resource at www.nps.gov/caco/places/index.thml, viewed 13 May 2006.
95 Hallett will: "Last Will & Testament of Mary Hallett," Yarmouth, MA: April 19, 1734 from Barnstable County Public Records, Vol. 8, as appears in Kinkor (2003), pp. 295–296.
[>] Paulsgrave Williams background: George Andrews Moriatry, "John Williams of Newport, Merchant, and His Family," The Genealogical Magazine, Nos. 1–3 (1915), pp. 4–12; Genealogies of Rhode Island Families, Volume II: Smith—Yates, Baltimore: Clearfield, 2000, pp. 401–406.
[>] Guthrie, New Shoreham, Malcolm Sands Wilson, Descendants of James Sands of Block Island, Privately printed: p. 194; George R. Burgess & Jane Fletcher Fiske, "New Shoreham Town Book No. I," manuscript transcription, 1924, p. 17.
[>] Williams's family ties to organized crime: Author Interview, Kenneth J. Kinkor, 15 June 2005; Zacks, pp. 232–233, 240–241; Barry Clifford, The Lost Fleet, New York: Harper-Collins, 2002, pp. 108–118, 262–264.
[>] Johnathan Darvell background: Jameson, pp. 141–142.
[>] Hornigold et al.'s activities from Eleutheria (1714): CO5/1265, No. 171: A List of the men's names that sailed from Iletheria and Committed Piracies Upon the Spaniards on the Coast of Cuba since the Proclamation of Peace, Nassau: 14 March 1715; CO5/1265, No. 17iv: John Chace's Receipt for Carrying Daniel Stilwell, Nassau: 2 January 1715, p. 32. Note that these accounts are more accurate than the year-old recollections of John Vickers, which muddle some of the dates and details: Deposition of John Vickers, Williamsburg, VA; 1716 in CSPCS 1716–1717, No. 2401, pp. 140–141.
The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down Page 37
