by Mark Zuehlke
6. J. Mackay Hitsman, The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 11.
7. Fryer and Dracott, 169–70.
8. Sugden, 87–90.
9. Fryer and Dracott, 174.
10. Sugden, 90.
11. Ibid., 91–92.
12. Ibid., 106–7.
13. Michael Kraus, The United States to 1865 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1959), 301.
14. Paul Johnson, A History of the American People (London: Phoenix Giant, 1998), 257.
FIVE: BRITISH INTRIGUE
1. James F. Hopkins, ed., The Papers of Henry Clay: Volume 1—The Rising Statesman, 1797–1814 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1959), 450.
2. Ibid., 452.
3. John Sugden, Tecumseh: A Life (New York: Henry Holt, 1997), 193.
4. Ibid., 113–21.
5. Ibid., 167–68.
6. R. David Edmunds, Tecumseh and the Quest for Indian Leadership (Toronto: Little, Brown, 1984), 118.
7. Ibid., 122.
8. Ibid., 125.
9. Julius W. Pratt, Expansionists of 1812 (New York: Macmillan, 1925), 43.
10. Ibid., 42–44.
11. Ibid., 45–46.
12. Ibid., 46.
13. Pierre Berton, The Invasion of Canada: 1812–1813 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980), 68–69.
14. Sugden, 229–36.
15. Berton, 76.
16. Pratt, 48.
17. Ibid., 55.
18. Ibid., 51.
19. D. B. Read, Life and Times of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock (Toronto: William Briggs, 1884), 70–71.
20. Pratt, 53.
SIX: WAR HAWKS
1. Bernard Mayo, Henry Clay: Spokesman of the New West (Boston: Archon Books, 1966), 402–3.
2. Irving Brant, James Madison: The President, 1809–1812 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1956), 358–59.
3. Mayo, 408.
4. Brant, 248.
5. Mayo, 409.
6. Brant, 381.
7. James F. Hopkins, ed., The Papers of Henry Clay: Volume 1—The Rising Statesman, 1797–1814 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1959), 604.
8. Ibid., 604–5.
9. Ibid., 605–9.
10. Ibid., 611.
11. Louis M. Hacker,“The Desire for Canadian Land,” in The Causes of the War of 1812: National Honor or National Interest? ed. Bradford Perkins (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962), 49.
12. Samuel Flagg Bemis, The American Secretaries of State and their Diplomacy, vol. 3 (New York: Pageant Book Company, 1958), 246.
13. Paul Johnson, A History of the American People (London: Phoenix Giant, 1998), 379.
14. W. T. Easterbrook and Hugh G. J. Aitken, Canadian Economic History (Toronto: Macmillan Company of Canada, 1958), 154.
15. Pierre Berton, The Invasion of Canada: 1812–1813 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980), 25.
16. Norman K. Risjord, “1812: Conservatives, War Hawks, and the Nation’s Honor,” in National Unity on Trial, 1781–1816, ed. E. James Ferguson (New York: Random House, 1970), 235.
17. Hacker, 49–50.
18. Brant, 361–64.
19. Ibid., 402–3.
20. Elizabeth Donnan, ed., “Papers of James A. Bayard, 1796–1815,” Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1913, 1915:190.
21. Raymond Walters, Jr., Albert Gallatin: Jeffersonian Financier and Diplomat (New York: Macmillan, 1957), 248.
22. Ibid., 247–48.
23. Ibid., 248.
24. Brant, 404–5.
25. Robert Allen Rutland, The Presidency of James Madison (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1990), 87–88.
26. Alexander Balinky, Albert Gallatin: Fiscal Theories and Policies (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1958), 186–89.
27. Hopkins, 637.
28. Brant, 427.
29. Rutland, 92.
30. J. C. A. Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783–1830 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 108.
31. Rutland, 91.
32. Stagg, 109.
33. Annals of Congress, 12th Cong., 1st sess., June 1812, 288–96.
34. Irving Brant, James Madison: Commander in Chief, 1812–1836 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 22.
35. Hopkins, 675–76.
SEVEN: WHILE DISUNION PREVAILS
1. Samuel Flagg Bemis, The American Secretaries of State and their Diplomacy, vol. 3 (New York: Pageant Book Company, 1958), 250–51.
2. Irving Brant, James Madison: Commander in Chief, 1812–1836 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 33–34.
3. J. Mackay Hitsman, The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 45–46.
4. Robert Allen Rutland, The Presidency of James Madison (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1990), 107.
5. Brant, 39.
6. Ibid., 39–40.
7. Henry Adams, ed., The Writings of Albert Gallatin (New York: Antiquarian Press, 1960), 521.
8. Brant, 37.
9. Hitsman, 45–46.
10. Brant, 46.
11. Hitsman, 46–47.
12. Rutland, 110.
13. Ibid., 44.
14. Ibid., 286.
15. Francis Gore, “Memorandum: Warlike Tribes of Indians in THE CANADAS,” Lord Bathurst Papers, MG 24 A 8, Library and Archives Canada, 50–54.
16. Hitsman, 25–26.
17. Ibid., 286.
18. Isaac Tupper, ed., The Life and Correspondence of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K.B. (London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1847), 258.
19. Pierre Berton, The Invasion of Canada: 1812–1813 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980), 133.
20. Tupper, 72.
21. Ibid., 200–201.
22. Ibid.
23. Hitsman, 61.
24. Reginald Horsman, The War of 1812 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969), 34–35.
25. William Wood, ed., Select British Documents of the Canadian War of 1812, vol. 1 (New York: Greenwood Press, 1968), 364–65.
26. George F. G. Stanley, The War of 1812: Land Operations (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1983), 91.
27. Ibid., 6.
28. Woodford, Frank B. Lewis Cass: The Last Jeffersonian (New York: Octagon Books, 1973), 59.
29. Berton, 126–27.
30. Hitsman, 70.
31. Stanley, 129–30.
32. Ibid., 131.
33. Berton, 135–41.
EIGHT: FAILURES OF COMMUNICATION
1. J. Mackay Hitsman, The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 71–72.
2. Bradford Perkins, Castlereagh and Adams: England and the United States, 1812–1823 (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1964), 10.
3. William R. Manning, ed., Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States: Canadian Relations, 1784–1860 (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1940), 611–12.
4. J. A. R. Marriott, Castlereagh: The Political Life of Robert, Second Marquess of Londonderry (London: Methuen, 1936), 181–82.
5. Perkins, 11.
6. Wendy Hinde, Castlereagh (London: William Collins Sons, 1981), 180
7. Norman Gash, “The Earl of Liverpool,” in The Prime Ministers, Volume the First: Sir Robert Walpole to Sir Robert Peel, ed. Herbert Van Thal (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1974), 285.
8. Charles Clive Bigham, The Prime Ministers of Britain, 1721–1921 (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1924), 184.
9. Ibid., 187.
10. Hinde, 166.
11. Ione Leigh, Castlereagh (London: Collins, 1951), 212.
12. Ibid., 213–14.
13. Bigham, 189–90.
14. Gash, 287.
15. Leigh, 244.
16. Hinde, 179.
17. Gash, 290.
18. Frank A. Updyke, The Diplomacy of the War of 1812 (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1965), 140.
20. Ibid., 57.
21. Ibid.
22. Charles Wibley, Political Portraits: Second Series (London: Macmillan, 1923), 72.
23. Sir Herbert Maxwell, ed., The Creevey Papers: A Selection from the Correspondence & Diaries of the Late Thomas Creevey, M.P., vol. 2. (London: J. Murray, 1903), 42.
24. Francis Bamford and the Duke of Wellington, eds., The Journal of Mrs. Arbuthnot, 1820–1832 (London: Macmillan, 1950), 181–82.
NINE: THE DEMONS OF WAR UNCHAINED
1. Wendy Hinde, Castlereagh (London: William Collins Sons, 1981), 173.
2. William R. Manning, ed., Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States: Canadian Relations, 1784–1860 (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1940), 615–16.
3. Patrick C. T. White, A Nation on Trial: America and the War of 1812 (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1965), 132–33.
4. Ibid., 133–34.
5. Frank A. Updyke, The Diplomacy of the War of 1812 (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1965), 137.
6. Ibid., 139.
7. George F. G. Stanley, The War of 1812: Land Operations (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1983), 101–2.
8. Pierre Berton, The Invasion of Canada: 1812–1813 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980), 159–60.
9. J. Mackay Hitsman, The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 79–80.
10. Ibid., 78.
11. White, 132.
12. Samuel Flagg Bemis, The American Secretaries of State and their Diplomacy, vol. 3 (New York: Pageant Book Company, 1958), 255.
13. Berton, 152.
14. Ibid., 152–53.
15. Ibid., 156–57.
16. Irving Brant, James Madison: Commander in Chief, 1812–1836 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 67.
17. Ibid., 75.
18. Robert Allen Rutland, The Presidency of James Madison (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1990), 112.
19. Ibid.
20. Berton, 204.
21. J. C. A. Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783–1830 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 246–47.
22. Ibid., 247–48.
23. Ibid., 249.
TEN: THE VALIANT HAVE BLED
1. Pierre Berton, The Incredible of Canada: 1812–1813 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980), 217–19.
2. Reginald Horsman, The War of 1812 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969), 44–45.
3. George F. G. Stanley, The War of 1812: Land Operations (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1983), 121.
4. Berton, 233–35.
5. Stanley, 124.
6. Ibid., 126–27.
7. Ibid., 127.
8. Berton, 240–41.
9. J. Mackay Hitsman, The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 96–98.
10. Stanley, 129–30.
11. Hitsman, 99.
12. Berton, 252.
13. Ibid., 252–53.
14. Hitsman, 100.
15. Stanley, 131–32.
16. Irving Brant, James Madison: Commander in Chief, 1812–1836 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 92–93.
17. Stanley, 132–33.
18. Ibid., 134.
19. Ibid., 135.
ELEVEN: OPPORTUNITIES FOR USEFULNESS
1. D. M. Young, The Colonial Office in the Early Nineteenth Century (London: Longman’s, 1961), 124–25.
2. Ibid., 21.
3. Ibid., 1.
4. Ibid.
5. Francis Bamford and the Duke of Wellington, eds., The Journal of Mrs. Arbuthnot, 1820–1832 (London: Macmillan, 1950), 158–59.
6. Brian Jenkins, Henry Goulburn, 1784–1856: A Political Biography (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1996), 6–18.
7. Ibid., 21.
8. Ibid., 56–57.
9. Ibid., 64.
10. Young, 276.
11. Jenkins, 19.
12. Ibid., 69.
13. Ibid., 70.
14. Ibid., 77.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., 78.
17. Reginald Horsman, The War of 1812 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969), 62.
18. Ibid., 61–63.
TWELVE: FAILURES OF COMMAND
1. Robert Allen Rutland, The Presidency of James Madison (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1990), 117–18.
2. J. C. A. Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783–1830 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 273.
3. J. Mackay Hitsman, The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 102.
4. George F. G. Stanley, The War of 1812: Land Operations (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1983), 88–89.
5. Hitsman, 110–12.
6. Brock to Liverpool, 29 August 1812, British Colonial Office Papers, class 42, vol. 352, 105.
7. William Wood, ed., Select British Documents of the Canadian War of 1812, vol. 1 (New York: Greenwood Press, 1968), 596.
8. Stanley, 115.
9. James F. Hopkins, ed., The Papers of Henry Clay: Volume 1—The Rising Statesman, 1797–1814 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1959), 715.
10. Ibid., 720.
11. Stanley, 115.
12. John Sugden, Tecumseh: A Life (New York: Henry Holt, 1997), 312–19.
13. Stagg, 275–77.
14. Irving Brant, James Madison: Commander in Chief, 1812–1836 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 112.
15. Stagg, 277–78.
16. Hopkins, 750–51.
17. Raymond Walters, Jr., Albert Gallatin: Jeffersonian Financier and Diplomat (New York: Macmillan, 1957), 2.55–56.
18. Brant, 133–34.
19. Ibid., 144.
20. Stagg, 278–83.
21. Julius W. Pratt, Expansionists of 1812 (New York: Macmillan, 1925), 227–29.
22. Ibid., 235.
23. Ibid., 236.
24. Stagg, 280–81.
25. Rutland, 120.
26. Stagg, 282–84.
27. Ibid., 286.
28. Stanley, 143–44.
29. Hitsman, 126–27.
30. Brant, 143.
31. Stagg, 289–92.
32. Rutland, 125.
THIRTEEN: A PEACE SINCERELY DESIRED
1. Charles Francis Adams, ed., Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, vol. 2 (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1969), 403–5.
2. Ibid., 400.
3. Ibid., 401.
4. Fred L. Engelman, The Peace of Christmas Eve (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1962), 26.
5. Pierre Berton, Flames Across the Border: 1813–1814 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1981), 272.
6. Engelman, 26.
7. Adams, 409.
8. Ibid., 417.
9. Ibid., 438–39.
10. Irving Brant, James Madison: Commander in Chief, 1812–1836 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 155.
11. Henry Adams, ed., The Writings of Albert Gallatin (New York: Antiquarian Press, 1960), 532–33.
12. Brant, 156–58.
13. Count Gallatin, ed., The Diary of James Gallatin: Secretary to Albert Gallatin—A Great Peace Maker, 1813–1827 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1920), 1.
14. J. C. A. Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783–1830 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 299–300.
15. Gallatin, 2.
16. Brant, 158.
17. Ibid., 159.
18. Elizabeth Donnan, ed., “Papers of James A. Bayard, 1796–1815,” Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1913, 1915: 204.
19. Ibid., 206.
20. Frank A. Updyke, The Diplomacy of the War of 1812 (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1965), 149.
21. Donnan, 205.
22. Henry Adams, 539.
23. Ibid., 540.
24. Ibid., 543–44.
&nbs
p; 25. Ibid., 544–45.
26. Brant, 161–62.
27. Ibid., 161.
28. Donnan, 385–86.
FOURTEEN: AN EXPANDED WAR
1. J. Mackay Hitsman, The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 117.
2. Irving Brant, James Madison: Commander in Chief, 1812–1836 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961), 112.
3. Ibid., 117.
4. Hitsman, 117.
5. Reginald Horsman, The War of 1812 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969), 69.
6. Ibid., 70–71.
7. Ibid., 70–72.
8. James Barnes, Naval Actions of the War of 1812 (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1896), 113–35.
9. Horsman, 77–80.
10. Brant, 164–65.
11. Horsman, 86.
12. A. T. Mahan, Sea Power in its Relation to the War of 1812, vol. 2 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1905), 30–31.
13. Hitsman, 143–44.
14. Ibid., 132–33.
15. Mahan, 35.
16. Hitsman, 137.
17. George F. G. Stanley, The War of 1812: Land Operations (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1983), 169.
18. Pierre Berton, Flames Across the Border: 1813–1814 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1981), 40–41.
19. Stanley, 170.
20. Ibid., 172–73.
21. Horsman, 92.
22. Ibid., 93–94.
23. Stanley, 179.
FIFTEEN: A SUCCESSION OF DEFEATS
1. Mary Agnes Fitzgibbon, A Veteran of 1812: The Life of James Fitzgibbon (Toronto: Prospero Books, 2000), 67.
2. Pierre Berton, The Invasion of Canada: 1812–1813 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980), 282–83.
3. J. Mackay Hitsman, The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 141.
4. Ibid., 141–42.
5. John Sugden, Tecumseh: A Life (New York: Henry Holt, 1997), 333–38.
6. Reginald Horsman, The War of 1812 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969), 101.
7. George F. G. Stanley, The War of 1812: Land Operations (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1983), 182–85.
8. Hitsman, 148–49.
9. Ibid., 185–86.
10. Pierre Berton, Flames Across the Border: 1813–1814 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1981), 77–78.
