3. Ascham, Whole Works, I:ii, 443-8.
4. Ibid.
5. Frederick Chamberlin, The Private Character of Queen Elizabeth (New York, 1922), p. 22.
6. Ascham, Whole Works, I:ii, 447.
7. Ven. Cal. VI:i, 417-18.
8. Ibid.
9. Erickson, Bloody Mary, pp. 436-7.
10. Ven. Cal. VI:i, 479-80.
11. Ibid. VLii, 484; on the Pope forgeries see Herbert E. D. Blakiston, "Thomas Warton and Machyn's Diary," EHR (April 1896), 282-300.
12. Ven. Cal. VI:i, 559.
13. Sp Cal. XIII, 238.
14. Ibid., 90.
15. Ven. Cal. VLii, 1079 and note, 1081 note.
16. Ibid., 1080.
17. Ibid. French agents in England were reporting that her jaundice and shortness of breath were likely to be fatal.
18. Ven. Cal. VLiii, 1538.
19. Sp. Cal. XIII, 293.
20. Cited in J. E. Neale, "The Accession of Queen Elizabeth I," History Today, III, No. 5 (May 1953), 2 95-
414
Ven. Cal. VI:ii, 1058.
Sp. Cal. XIII, xvi.
Ibid., 379.
Neale, "Accession," pp. 295-6.
Ven. Cal. VLiii, 1563.
Relations politiques, I, 280-1. On this document see Conyers Read, Mr. Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth (New York, 1961), p. 479 notes 2-3. 27. Ven. Cal. VI:iii, 1549.
PART THREE
"La Plus Fine Femme du Monde"
CHAPTER 15
1. John Hayward, Annals of the First Four Years of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, ed. John Bruce. Camden Society, Old series, VII (London, 1840), 6.
2. State Papers, Foreign, Elizabeth, I, 21, 28, 101.
3. Neville Williams, "The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth I," Quarterly Review, CCXCI, No. 597 (July 1953), 398-401.
4. State Papers, Foreign, Elizabeth, I, 7. In 1585 or so the number of Elizabeth's personal guard was reported to be about two hundred.
5. Ibid., I, 6.
6. Read, Mr. Secretary Cecil, p. 124.
7. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 12, 10.
8. Ibid., I, 12, 10, 8, 7.
9. Ibid., I, 7, 17-18.
10. Ibid., I, 13.
11. Salisbury MSS, I, 158.
12. R. B. Wernham, Before the Armada: The Emergence of the English Nation, 1485-1588 (New York, 1966), p. 237.
13. State Papers, Foreign, Elizabeth, I, 209. In his letter Knox ruefully admitted that his "First Blast had blown from him all his friends in England."
14. Nichols, Progresses, I, 38. This account of Elizabeth's coronation is drawn primarily from the most reliable contemporary English account, printed in Nichols, I, 38ff and from Ven. Cal. VII, i2ff.
CHAPTER 16
1. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 57-8.
2 3 4 5 6
7
Ven. Cal. VII, 105; Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 112.
Victor von Klarwill, ed., Queen Elizabeth and Some Foreigners (New York, 1928), p. 157. Ibid.
Ibid., 113-15.
Sp Cal. Elizabethan, I, 68, 57-8. Ibid., I, 57, 75.
Ven. Cal. VII, 27, 80-1, 84; Philip Hughes, The Reformation in England, 3 vols. (New York, 1951-4), III, 28-9 and notes.
9. State Papers, Foreign, Elizabeth, I, 152-3.
10. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 51.
11. Ven. Cal. VII, 91.
12. Nichols, Progresses, I, 69-73.
13. Klarwill, pp. 120-1.
14. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 67.
15. Ibid., I, 74.
16. Ibid., I, 95ft, 107.
17. Ibid., I, 119, 110, 101-2. Burghley Papers, I, 212.
18. Klarwill, pp. 98, 99, 157.
19. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 141.
CHAPTER 17
Read, Mr. Secretary Cecil, p. 199. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 175. Ibid., I, 175, 113. Ibid., I, 175. Burghley Papers, I, 364.
/bid., 362. One wonders whether any significance ought to be attached to the fact that, thin days of writing his letter, Francis Knollys received a large gift of lands from the queen. State Papers, Domestic, I, 159.
7. Burghley Papers, I, 361-2.
8. Ibid., I, 368. Cecil's minute is undated, but is placed among the documents from fall 1560.
9. Read, Mr. Secretary Cecil, p. 202.
10. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 181-2. Frances Brandon, daughter of Henry VIII's sister Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon, had married her steward. Brandon's fourth wife, Catherine, had in her widowhood married a gentleman of her household. Both women were duchesses, and Frances Brandon was in line for the throne.
11. Ibid., 188-9.
CHAPTER 18
1. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 45; Thomas Wright, ed., Queen Elizabeth and Her Times, 2 vols. (London, 1838), I, 7-8. The envoys representing the archduke Charles at Elizabeth's court, while pressing for the queen's own consent to marry their candidate, kept Catherine Grey in the background as an alternative should the roval marriage project fail.
2. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 214; Chamberlin, Private Character of Queen Elizabeth, pp. 50-51.
3. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 213. On Amy Robsart's death see Ian Aird, "The Death of Amy Robsart," EHR, LXXI, No. 278 (January 1956), 69-79 and Elizabeth D'Oyley, "The Death of Amye Robsart," History Today, VI, No. 4 (April 1956), 252-60.
4. F. E. Halliday, "Queen Elizabeth I and Doctor Burcot," History Today, V, No. 8 (August 1955), 542-4 draws from the seventeenth-century memoirs of Richard Carew an account of Queen Elizabeth's encounter with one Dr. Burcot, a German mining engineer and medical wonder-worker. According to this account, it was Dr. Burcot who cured the queen of smallpox in 1562. But Halliday's inexact chronology mars the plausibility of his argument somewhat, and there are major discrepancies between the course of the queen's illness as described in the later account and the dispatches written by Ambassador De Quadra at the time. Burcot may indeed have treated Elizabeth, but Carew's story cannot be taken as an accurate narrative of that treatment.
In this reconstruction of the events—whose chronology is somewhat muddled in De Quadra's dispatches—I have relied on Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 262ft and in particular the more complete transcriptions in Relations politiques, III, 162ft.
5. Chamberlin, Private Character of Queen Elizabeth, p. 51.
6. On all the candidates for the throne see Mortimer Levine, The Early Elizabethan Succession Question, 1558-1568 (Palo Alto, 1966).
7. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 263.
CHAPTER 19
1. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 126.
2. Klarwill, pp. 194, 59.
3. Ibid., 194; Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 49.
4. Memoirs of Sir James Melville, ed. A. Francis Stewart (New York, 1930), p. 91. Melville's stay at Elizabeth's court in 1564 is well documented in these memoirs, pp. 88ff.
5. Melville, Memoirs, p. 92. A formal description of Dudley's elevation is in Nichols, Progresses, I, 190-1.
6. Ibid., 82.
7. Cited in Strickland, III, 154.
CHAPTER 20
1. Cited in A. L. Rowse, The Elizabethan Renaissance, Part 1: The Life of the Society (London, 1971), p. 134.
2. Allegra Woodworth, "Purveyance for the Royal Household in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New series, XXXV, Pt. 1 (1945), 3-89
Ibid., 12.
Ibid., 13.
Dunlop, p. 100.
E. K. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage, 4 vols. (Oxford, 1923), I, 15-16 and note.
Klarwill, pp. 160, 58.
Ascham, Scholemaster, p. 207.
Klarwill, p. 195.
10. Ibid., 145, 337.
PART FOUR
'A Very Strange Sort of Woman
CHAPTER 21
1. Wright, I, 331-8. This account of the rebellion comes from Wright, I, 33iff and notes, and Hughes, III, 269-70 and passim.
2. State Papers, Foreign, Elizabeth, IX, 159, 147; Hughes, III, 269-70.
3. Hughes, III, 247.
4. Wright, I, 331.
5
. On Elizabeth's government in the 1560s see Wallace MacCaffrey, The Shaping of the Elizabethan Regime (Princeton, 1968).
6. State Papers, Domestic, VII, 100.
7. Ibid., VII, 139, 104.
8. Ibid., VII, 114.
CHAPTER 22
1. Hunsdon, Da Silva wrote in 1567, was "not thought much of as a soldier." Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 676.
2. Salisbury MSS, I, 50.
3. Historians aver that, despite the gossip over Elizabeth's inability to bear children, she was perfectly healthy and able to reproduce. Conyers Read, Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth (New York, i960), pp. 210-11; Neale, Elizabeth I, pp. 220, 239-40, 244-5; Wernham, p. 259. However, contemporary opinion varied, and rumors were predictably inconsistent. "If my spies do not lie," Feria wrote in 1559, "which I believe they do not, for a certain reason which they have recently given me I understand she will not bear children." In 1561, De Quadra recorded that "the common opinion, confirmed by certain physicians, is that this woman is unhealthy, and it is believed certain that she will not have children, although there is no lack of people who say she has already had some." Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 63, 180.
4. Chamberlin, Private Character of Queen Elizabeth, pp. 56-7. In February of 1567 the Spanish ambassador Da Silva wrote with tantalizing inexactness that Elizabeth was "apparently well, only she treats her stomach badly." Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 615.
5. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 679.
6. Wright, I, 140-1. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 591-2. Burghley Papers, I, 444. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 599.
CHAPTER 23
1. The dark side of life in the queen's privy chamber is abundantly illustrated in a letter attributed to Mary Stuart, in Lettres, Instructions et Memoires de Marie Stuart, Reine d'E-cosse, ed. Alexandre Labanoff, 7 vols. (London, 1844), VI, 50-57.
2. Lettres . . . de Marie Stuart, VI, 51. It is worth noting a later reference in the same letter to Elizabeth's "having recently ceased menstruating"—a fragment of evidence about her reproductive health. The letter is variously dated 1584 or 1586, though much of its contents are retrospective.
3. Ibid., 54.
4. The Letters of Queen Elizabeth, ed. G.B. Harrison (London, 1935, reprinted New York, 1968), p. 52.
5. Nicholas Harris Nicolas, Memoirs of the Life and Times of Sir Christopher Hatton (London, 1847), pp. 13-14.
6. Cited in Hughes, III, 261 note.
7. Strickland, III, 207; Nichols, Progresses, II, 619 note 1.
8. Conyers Read, "A Letter from Robert, Earl of Leicester, to a Lady," Huntington Library Bulletin, No. 9 (April 1936), 17.
9. Lettres . . . de Marie Stuart, VI, 52-3.
10. Ibid., 52.
11. Nicolas, Hatton, pp. 13-14.
12. Wright, I, 440-1.
CHAPTER 24
1. Roy Strong, "The Popular Celebration of the Accession Day of Queen Elizabeth I," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, XXI, Nos. 1-2 (January-June 1958), 91 and passim; J. E. Neale, "November 17," in Essays in Elizabethan History (London, 1958), 9-20.
2. Nichols, Progresses, I, 533-52.
3. Ibid., 485-523. Robert Laneham's account of Elizabeth's sojourn at Kenilworth is in Nichols, I, 426-84.
4. Ibid., I, 601.
CHAPTER 25
1. Much material on the progresses of the Elizabethan court is in Nichols, Progresses, Vols. I—III, Chambers, Elizabethan Stage, Vol. I, Allegra Woodworth, "Purveyance," Dunlop, Palaces and Progresses, and John Buxton, Elizabethan Taste (London, 1963).
2. Nichols, Progresses, I, 526.
3. Woodworth, "Purveyance," p. 25.
CHAPTER 26
1. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, II, 631.
2. Ibid., II, 627.
3. Ibid., II, 636.
4. On the Anglo-French negotiations, and the issue of Elizabeth's marriageability, see Wallace T. MacCaffrey, "The Anjou Match and the Making of Elizabethan Foreign Policy," in The English Commonwealth, 1547-1640, ed. Peter Clark et al. (Leicester, 1979).
5. MacCaffrey, "Anjou Match," p. 60.
6. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, II, 675. Ibid., 11,638,641, 581. Ibid., II, 498. Ibid., 11,641.
CHAPTER 27
1. Nicholas Tyacke, "Popular Puritan Mentality in Late Elizabethan England," in The English Commonwealth, ed. Peter Clark et al, p. 78.
2. Hughes, III, 178-9.
3. J. E. Neale, "The Elizabethan Age," in Essays in Elizabethan History (London, 1958), p. 26.
4. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, I, 682.
5. Ibid., II, 704.
6. Michael Barraclough Pulman, The Elizabethan Privy Council in the Fifteen-Seventies (Berkeley, 1971), p. 48.
8. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, II, 664 and note.
PART FIVE
"That Guilty Woman of England
chapter 28
French, John Dee, p. 189.
Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, III, 91, 80.
Ibid., Ill, 93.
Ibid., Ill, 158-9.
Ibid., Ill, 206.
Ibid., Ill, 243.
Wright, II, 151.
CHAPTER 29
1. Adrian Morey, The Catholic Subjects of Elizabeth I (London, 1978), pp. 133-5 anc ^ passim.
2. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, III, 153.
3. Carol Z. Wiener, "The Beleaguered Isle: A Study of Elizabethan and Early Jacobean Anti-Catholicism," Past and Present, LI (May 1971), 48.
4. Hughes, III, 311.
5. St. George Kieran Hyland, A Century of Persecution under Tudor and Stuart Sovereigns from Contemporary Records (London, 1920), p. 292. This account of the executions of December, 1581 is taken from Hyland, pp. 288ff, and Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, III, 231-2.
6. State Papers, Domestic, II, 48.
7. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, III, 186-^0.
CHAPTER 30
1. On Leicester's expedition see Roy Strong and J. A. Van Dorsten, Leicester's Triumph (Leiden and London, 1964) and Charles Henry Wilson, Queen Elizabeth and the Revolt of the Netherlands (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1970).
2. State Papers, Domestic, II, 265.
3. Correspondence of Robert Dudley, Camden Society, Old series, XXVII (London, 1844), 21.
4. State Papers, Domestic, II, 291.
5. Ibid., I, 648.
6. Klarwill, pp. 338-9.
7. Correspondence of Robert Dudley, p. 112.
CHAPTER 31
1. John Hungerford Pollen, The English Catholics in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth (London, 1920), p. 340.
2. Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Belief in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England (London, 1971), p. 422; State Papers, Domestic, II, 38.
3. Thomas, pp. 419-21.
4. Alan Haynes, "The English Earthquake of 1580," History Today, XXIX (August 1979), 542-4.
5. Klarwill, p. 340.
6. Ibid.
7. Sp. Cal. Elizabethan, II, 581.
8. Thomas, p. 407.
9. Read, Burghley, pp. 367-8.
10. State Papers, Domestic, II, 380.
419
CHAPTER 32
1. State Papers, Domestic, II, 461.
2. Ibid., II, 480, 497.
3. /bid., II, 468, 470, 483.
4. Martin A. S. Hume, Philip II of Spain (London, 1897, reprinted New York, 1969). p. 267.
5. State Papers, Domestic, II, 507; Miller Christv, "Queen Elizabeth's Visit to Tilbury in 1588," EHR, XXXIV (January 1919), 46.
6. State Papers, Domestic, II, 391.
7. Ibid., II, 515.
8. On the authenticity of Elizabeth's Tilbury speech, see Neale, Essays in Elizabethan History, pp. 104-6.
9. State Papers, Domestic, II, 534, 536, 527, 529.
PART SIX
"A Lady Whom Time Had Surprised"
CHAPTER 33
1. A Journal of All That Was Accomplished by Monsieur de Maisse . . . , trans, and ed. G. B. Harrison and R. A. Jones (Bloomsbury. 1931).
2. Chamberlin, Private Character of Elizabeth, p. 70.
3. De Maisse, Journal, p. 7.
&nbs
p; 4. Alan Kendall. Robert Dudley-. Earl of Leicester (London, 1980), p. 231.
5. De Maisse, Journal, p. 115.
6. Ibid., pp. 11-12.
7. Ibid., p. 83.
CHAPTER 34
1. John Harington, Xugae Antiquae. ed. Rev. Henry Harington (London, 1804, reprinted New York, 1966), I, 318.
2. Ibid., I, 312-16.
3
4
5
6
Chamberlin, Private Character of Queen Elizabeth, p. 73.
State Papers, Domestic, V, 252.
De Maisse, Journal, p. 58.
Elizabeth's translation of Seneca is in Xugae Antiquae. I, 109-14.
CHAPTER 35
1. Stare Papers. Domestic. VI,
2 3 4
Ibid.. V, 543 Sugae Antiquae. I, 32off. State Papers, Domestic. VI, 260. Ibid., VI, 298-301. /bid.
/bid., VI, 303. Neale sorts legend from authentic incident concerning Elizabeth's last days in "The Sayings of Queen Elizabeth," History, New series, X, No. 39 (October 1925), 212-33.
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The Whole Works of Roger Ascham, ed. J. A. Giles. 3 vols, in 4. London: John
Russell Smith, 1864-65, reprinted New York: AMS Press, 1965. Bullen, A. H., ed. Lyrics from the Song-books of the Elizabethan Age. London: Lawrence and
Bullen, 1897. Biilow, Gottfried von and Walter Powell, eds. "Diary of the Journey of Philip Julius, duke
of Stettin-Pomerania, through England in the Year 1602." Transactions of the Royal
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Archives of Simancas, ed. Martin A. S. Hume. 4 vols. London: H. M. Stationery Office,
1892-99. Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers, relating to the Negotiations between England and Spain, preserved in the Archives at Vienna, Simancas, Besangon and Brussels,
ed. G. A. Bergenroth et alii. 13 vols, in 17. London: Longman, etc., 1862-1954. Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts, relating to English Affairs, existing in the Archives
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