Rudaki, 1:13
Sacred birds, 2:216–218
Sad Darvazeh, 1:84
Sadeh, 1:104, 130
Saffron, 1:130–133
Sakas. See Scythian nomads
Sakastana, 1:67
Saljuq dynasty, 1:44
Salm, 2:18, 20–21, 32–33, 49–50
Sam, 2:69
Samanid Empire, 1:13–14
Samarqand, 1:45–47, 97
Sanjara, 1:221
Saoshyant, 2:218–219
Saraucae, 1:75
Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, 2:107
Sargon II, 2:119
Sar Mashhad, 1:47
Sarmatians, 2:135
Sasan, 1:224, 232; 2:9
Sasanian Empire
Abarkavan, 1:54
Abar Shahr, 1:53
administration and organization, 2:75, 87–88, 113–114, 129–135
archaeological sites, 1:2–4
army of, 2:88, 131, 315–317
Azerbaijan, 1:71
Bactria, 1:76
Bahram Chobin and, 2:327–329
chronology of, 2:335–336
collapse of, 1:223–224, 256, 271, 284–286
educational practices, 1:110–111
Fars, 1:83–86, 85
History of Tabari, excerpt from, 2:319–324
holy fires (adur), 2:179–182
Hyrcania, 1:90–91
intelligence gathering, 1:259
kings and queens, overview of, 1:219–224 (See also specific ruler names)
Manichaeism and, 2:164–168
Mazdak and, 2:168–170
Naqsh-e Rajab, 1:27–29
Naqsh-e Rostam, 1:29–32
overview of, 2:87–88, 306–310
Persian Gardens, 1:128
Ray, 1:43–45
Rome, battles with, 1:220–221, 235–239, 254–260, 272–273, 280, 282–283
Sar Mashhad, 1:47
Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr, 1:52
Silk Road and, 2:324–327
Sogdiana, 1:99
Taq-e Bostan, 1:48–50
Satrap, role of, 2:74, 80–81, 85, 113
Scythian nomads, 1:293; 2:135–140
Seleucid Empire
Adiabene, 1:55
administration and organization, 2:74–75
Aria, 1:68
Arsacid dynasty and, 1:167–168, 171–172, 175, 183–184
Chorasmia, 1:78
chronology of, 1:li–liii; 2:332
collapse of, 1:290, 294, 301, 303–304, 305
Ecbatana, 1:18
Fars, 1:83–84
Hyrcania, 1:88
kings and queens, overview of, 1:287–290 (See also specific ruler names)
lands ruled by, 1:287, 289
overview of, 2:141–145
Parthia, 1:93–94
Phraates II victory over Antiochus VII, 2:290–291
Sogdiana, 1:98
Treaty of Apamea, 1:168
Seleucus I Nicator, 1:18, 74, 98, 287, 292, 293, 306–308; 2:123, 141–142, 148
Seleucus II Callinicus, 1:89, 93–94, 172, 294, 295, 308–309; 2:107, 139
Seleucus III Soter, 1:295, 309, 1:310
Seleucus IV Philopator, 1:297, 303, 310–311
Sennacherib, 1:214; 2:119, 120
Septimius Severus, 1:58
Seyhun, 1:101
Shahanshah, role of, 2:114
Shahrbanu, 1:6, 44
Shahrbaraz, 1:230–231, 245; 2:132–133
Shahrenaz, 2:15, 19, 32
Shahr-e Qumis, 2:107
Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr, 1:52; 2:73, 145–146
Shahrevar (Shahrivar), 2:210–211
“Shah” use as title, 1:85
Shalmaneser III, 2:118
Shamsi Adad V, 2:118
Shapur I
Abar Sharhr, 1:52
Arachosia, 1:67
Aria, 1:69
Azerbaijan, 1:71
Bactria, 1:76
Bishapur and, 1:6–9
Hyrcania, 1:90
Ka’ba of Zoroaster, 1:21–22
Naqsh-e Rajab, 1:28
Naqsh-e Rostam, 1:3, 1:31
overview of, 1:219, 272–275
Parthia, 1:95
Shapur II, 1:3, 49, 99, 219, 220–221, 275–278; 2:314–319
Shapur III, 1:4, 49, 278–279
Shirin, 1:267
Shiruya (Shiroy), 1:223–224, 230, 255–256; 2:133. See also Kavad II Shiruya (Shiroy)
Shuanna, 1:152
Sibyrtius, 1:66–67
Silk Road
Aria, 1:68–69
Arsacid Empire and, 2:103, 105
Bactria, 1:73–74, 76
diplomacy and, 2:324–327
establishment of, 1:169, 185–186
Kangavar, 1:23–24
Kushan Empire and, 1:170; 2:116
Manicheans on, 2:166, 167
Panjkand, 1:37
Ray, 1:43–45
saffron, 1:132
Sogdiana, 1:99–100
Simorgh, 2:13, 28–29, 57, 58, 59–62, 69
Sinatruces, 1:200
Sin-sharr-ishkun, 1:214; 2:84, 121
Sistan, 1:67
Siyamak, 2:23, 30, 31
Siyavakhsh. See Siyavash
Siyavarshana. See Siyavash
Siyavash, 1:44; 2:3, 14, 16, 41, 42, 44, 62–64, 63
Skunkha, 2:138
Smbat Bagratuni, 1:266
Social organization, overview of, 2:112–115
Sogdiana (Sogd), 1:37, 45–47, 51, 97–100
Sogdianos, 1:158, 162, 166
Sohrab, 2:57
Sorush, 2:23, 25, 31, 52
Soshandokht, 1:237
Spendarmad, 2:6
Spenta Armaiti, 2:184, 219–220
Spitaman (Spitamanes), 1:45, 78, 98, 292, 301, 306; 2:95, 138, 141, 146–148
Sports, 1:133–136
Stratonice, 1:307–308
Sudabeh, 2:3, 41, 42, 45, 62
Suez Canal, 1:1, 138; 2:259–260
Sughdha. See Sogdiana (Sogd)
Suguda. See Sogdiana (Sogd)
Sumer, 1:152
Suren (Surena), 1:226; 2:87, 100, 103, 112, 113, 2:114, 134, 297–304
Surkh Kotal, 2:116
Susa, 1:19, 152; 2:261
Syr Darya, 1:35, 101
Tacitus, 2:304–306
Tahmineh, 2:57
Tahmures, 2:53, 64–65
Tajikistan, 1:51
Takhma Urupa, 2:64–65
Takhmorup Spitur, 2:64
Takhos, 1:144
Takht-e Jamshid, 1:40–43; 2:2, 36
Takht-e Soleyman, 2:180
Tang dynasty, 1:46, 99–100
Tang-e Butan, 2:107
Tang-e Sarvak, 2:107
Taq-e Bostan, 1:3–4, 48–50, 276, 278; 2:215
Taq-e Kasra, 1:261–262
Tarbisu, 1:213
Tarim Basin, 1:75
Taxiles, 2:95
Teispes, 1:138, 139, 162–163
Temple of Anahita (Anahid), 1:23–24
Tepe Nush-i Jan, 2:124
Terentius Maximus, 1:179
Themistocles, 2:275
Theodosius, Emperor, 1:59, 265
Theodosius II, 1:280
Theodotus I, 1:309
Theodotus II, 2:107
Theophylact Simocatta, 2:327–329
Thraetaona, 2:16, 17–18
Throne of Jamshid, 1:40–43
Tiberius, 1:178
Tiberius Constantine, 1:249
Tiglath-pileser III, 2:118–119
Tigranes II, 1:169, 186
Tigrenes, 1:185
Tigris, 1:152
Timarchus, 1:298, 303
Tintir, 1:152
Tiragan (Tirgan), 2:6–7, 50–51, 220–221
Tiridates, 1:198, 201, 221, 269, 277
Tiridates I, 1:173, 175
Tiridates III, 1:82
Tishtrya, 2:220–221
Tissaphernes, 1:158, 159
Titus, Emperor, 1:179
Tochari, 1:75, 79
, 98–99
Tokharestan, 1:76, 99
Tombs
Bibi Shahrbanu, 1:6
Ka’ba of Zoroaster, 1:20–23
Naqsh-e Rostam, 1:29–32, 165
overview of, 1:1–2
Parsargadae, Cyrus the Great, 1:38–39
Persepolis, 1:41–43
Xerxes I, 1:165
Trade routes, overview of, 1:1. See also Silk Road
Trajan, 1:15, 58, 82; 2:103
Transoxiana, 1:46, 100–101
Treaty of Apamea, 1:81, 168, 175, 289, 297; 2:143
Tribes, defined, 2:112
Tripylon, 1:2
Tryphon, 1:289, 300, 305; 2:144
Tuj (Tur), 2:18, 20–21, 32–33, 49–50
Turan, 1:63, 101
Turk Empire, 1:99, 260–261; 2:324–327
Turkmenistan, 1:51
Uighurs, 2:166, 167
Urartu, 1:214; 2:84, 122
Urūd I, 1:188–189
Urūd II, 1:189–191
Usadhan, 2:41
Uyghurs, 2:166, 167
Uzava, 2:47, 66
Uzbekistan, 1:51
Vadagauna, 1:155
Vahman, 1:107
Vahyazdata, 1:11–12
Valakhsh I, 1:201, 243–244
Valerian, 1:3, 6–8, 28, 30, 31, 273
Vardanes, 1:57
Varkana. See Hyrcania
Vaumisa, 2:123
Vayu, 2:221
Vehafrid, 1:232
Vendidad, 1:51; 2:221–223, 229–231
Vendidad (Vīdēvdāt), 2:200
Verethragna, 2:137, 202–204
Vidarna, 2:123
Vishtaspa, 1:139, 155, 163; 2:25–29, 179
Visperad, 2:200
Vivanghvant, 2:1
Vohu Manah, 1:106–107; 2:184, 223–224
Vologeses I, 1:57, 71, 178, 201
Vologeses II, 1:202
Vologeses III, 1:202–203
Vologeses IV, 1:203–204; 2:103
Vologeses V, 1:58, 179–180, 204–205, 225; 2:104
Vologeses VI, 1:180, 205–206, 225–226
Vonones I, 1:178–179, 192, 201, 206–207
Voronezh, 2:135
Wahnam, 1:268–269
Wahram (Wahran, Waraharan), 2:137, 202–204
Wastrioshān-sālār, 2:134
Wastriosh- bad, 2:134
Western Turk Empire, 1:46
White Huns. See Hephthalites
Wrestling, 1:135–136
Xenophon, 2:156–157, 170–171, 254–259, 276–277
Xerxes I
Aria, 1:68
Bactria, 1:74
Chorasmia, 1:78
death of, 1:87
Ganj Nameh and, 1:19
Naqsh-e Rostam, 1:29–32
overview of, 1:138, 164–166
Parthia, 1:92
Persepolis, 1:2, 41, 296; 2:261–263
tomb of, 1:2
Xerxes II, 1:166
Yashts, 2:200
Yasna, 2:200
Yazatas, 2:224–225
Yazdegerd I, 1:237, 245, 279–281
Yazdegerd II, 1:221–222, 239, 281–283; 2:111
Yazdegerd III, 1:6, 44, 219, 284–286
Yemen, 1:260
Yima. See Jamshid
Yüeh-chih (Yuezhi), 1:75, 79, 98–99. See also Kushan Empire
Zab/Zav, 2:3, 47, 56, 65–66
Zahhak, 1:61–62; 2:15, 18–19, 32, 36–37, 39–40, 54, 66–68
Zal, 1:62, 63; 2:3, 8, 9, 12, 13, 47, 56, 57, 68–71, 69
Zamasp (Jamasp), 1:251–252, 254; 2:11, 12, 26, 27–28
Zamban, 1:152
Zarathustra (Zoroaster), 1:73; 2:10, 27, 28, 171–175, 177–178, 227–229, 232–234
Zardosht. See Zarathustra (Zoroaster)
Zarir, 2:26–27, 38
Zavareh, 2:9
Zendan-e Soleyman, 1:39
Zoroaster. See Zarathustra (Zoroaster)
Zoroastrian calendar, 1:103, 105, 107, 118–124; 2:223
Zoroastrianism
Aban Yasht, 1:104–105
administration and organization, 2:113–114
Aeshma, 2:182–183
Ahriman, 2:183–186
Ahura Mazda, 2:186–188
Airyanem Vaejah, 2:188–190
Ameretat, 2:190–191
Amesha Spentas, 2:191–192
Anahita (Anahid), 2:192–196, 231–232
Ardashir and, 1:28
Asha and Asha Vahista, 2:196–198
Ashi Vanguhi, 2:198–199
Astvihad, 2:199
Avesta, 2:199–202
Bahmanagan, 1:106–107
Bahram, 2:202–204
birds, sacred, 2:216–218
Bushyasta, 2:204–205
fire and, 1:108, 130
fravashis, 2:205–207
Gathas, 2:207–208, 227–229
Gayomard (Gayomart), 2:22–24
Ghagha-shahr and, 1:25–26
Goshtasp and, 2:10–12, 25–29
Haoma, 2:208–209
Haurvatat, 2:209–210
Kartir (Karder) and, 1:28–29; 2:163–164
Khshathra Vairya, 2:210–211
Khvarnah, 2:211–212
Mazdak and, 1:253–254; 2:168–170
Mithra, 2:214, 232
overview of, 2:177–178
saffron and other plants, 1:132–133
in Sasanian dynasty, 1:220, 222, 226, 234, 249–250, 257–259, 280–281, 282; 2:130
Sogdiana, 1:45
Spenta Armaiti, 2:219–220
Tishtrya, 2:220–221
Vayu, 2:221
Vendidad, 2:221–223, 229–231
Vohu Manah, 2:223–224
Yazatas, 2:224–225
Zurvan, 2:225–226
Zurvanism, 2:185, 225–226
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