For leaping cats and excommunication, see Lawson, Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion, 396–99, 410; and Bunson, The Vampire Encyclopedia, 88.
For the witch and vampire, see Perkowski, Vampire Lore, 195–211. For the papal bull against witchcraft, see Hughes, Witchcraft, 178.
On werewolves and Peter Stubbe, see Hill and Williams, The Supernatural, 185–94.
For “disenchantment by decapitation,” see Kittredge, A Study of Gawain and the Green Knight, 200–17.
For King Charles I’s tomb, see Halford, An Account of What Appeared on Opening the Coffin of King Charles the First, 1–15.
For the burial of the damned, see Ariès, The Hour of Our Death, 42–45.
For Cromwell’s head, see Wilkinson, “A Narrative of the Circumstances Concerning the Head of Oliver Cromwell,” and Howarth, “The Head of Oliver Cromwell.” The head seems to have blown to the ground anywhere from 1672 to the turn of the 18th century; I followed Mould, Mould’s Medical Anecdotes, 16–17.
For Joan of Arc’s purported remains, see Butler, “Joan of Arc’s Relics Exposed as Forgery.”
For the mummy trade, see Roach, Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers, 221–26. For the Dutch apothecary’s quote, see Van der Sanden, Through Nature to Eternity, 43.
The standard English translation of William of Newburgh’s Historia Rerum Anglicarum still remains Stevenson’s of The Church Historians of England, from which I have drawn. For William’s intellectual context, see Watkins, History and the Supernatural in Medieval England, 33–35.
CHAPTER SEVEN: THE WANDERERS
For Cernunnos, see “Cernunnos, the God with the Horns of a Stag,” in Mythologies, ed. Yves Bonnefoy, 268–70, and R. Lowe Thompson, The History of the Devil: Or the Horned God of the West, 63–64. See also “Cernwn” on the site Nemeton: The Sacred Grove (http://www.celtnet.org.uk/gods_c/cernwn.html).
On the witch cult as old religion, see Thompson, The History of the Devil, and Hughes, Witchcraft, 16–18. See also Stephen Hayes, “Christian Responses to Witchcraft and Sorcery” (http://hayesfam.bravehost.com/WITCH1.HTM).
For The Story of How the Pagans Honored the Idols, see “Slavic Myths, Rites, and Gods” in Bonnefoy’s Mythologies, 295–302. See also, however, McClelland, Slayers and their Vampires, 39–42—origin of the translation I have used—and his further note on page 203.
For the Slavs, see Roman Jakobson, “Slavic Mythology,” in Leach, Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend, 1025–28. For the enigma of the Indo-European heartland, see Mallory, In Search of the Indo-Europeans, and Renfrew, Archaeology and Language, both of which are devoted to examining it.
For Simon Grunau and the Baltic gods, see Puhvel, Comparative Mythology, 224–26 and Harris, The Cult of the Heavenly Twins, 47–50.
On eretiks in Russia, see Oinas’s “Heretics as Vampires and Demons in Russia.”
For the etymology of vampir, see Katharina M. Wilson, “The History of the Word Vampire,” in Dundes, The Vampire: A Casebook, 3–11. See also Peter Mario Kreuter, “The Name of the Vampire: Some Reflections on Current Linguistic Theories on the Etymology of the Word Vampir,” in Day, Vampires: Myths and Metaphors of Enduring Evil, 57–63.
For the idea that vampir might have originally been applied to pagans and not reanimated corpses, see McClelland, Slayers and Their Vampires, 31–48.
For the legally dead status of certain outlaws, see Lincoln, “The Living Dead: Of Outlaws and Others.” For warg, see Alby Stone, “Hellhounds, Werewolves and the Germanic Underworld” (http://www.primitivism.com/hellhounds.htm). For Helmold’s quote, see his Chronicle of the Slavs, 159.
For the Bogomils and quotations, see Perkowski, Vampire Lore, 339–44.
For the capitulary of Charlemagne, see “On Vampirism,” 140–49. For the Lex Salica, see Bunson, The Vampire Encyclopedia, 231. On Anglo-Saxon cemeteries and the quote from Frazer, see Bell, Food for the Dead, 168–70.
For Tozer’s recollections, see Perkowski, Vampire Lore, 354.
For the derivation of vrykolakas, see Perkowski, 351–68.
For de Tournefort, see the Reverend Christmas’s translation in Calmet, The Phantom World, 113–19.
For much of what follows, see Lawson, Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion, 361–484.
For the story of Philinnion, see Lawson, 412–15.
For the “misery of the unburied dead,” see Lawson, 475.
For the vegetarian dead, see Lawson, 368.
For more on Afanasiev, see “Poetic Views of the Slavs Regarding Nature” in Perkowski, Vampire Lore, 195–211.
For weeping grass and dream grass, see Yoffe and Krafczik, Perun, the God of Thunder, 43–48.
For Toporov and Ivanov, see Alex Fantalov, “Mythological Images of the Balts” (http://greekgods.tripod.com/Baltic.htm) and “Veles” (http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Veles/).
On the protovampire, see “Slavic Myths, Rites, and Gods” in Bonnefoy’s Mythologies, 295–302.
On the Thracian Hero, see Hoddinott, The Thracians, 169–75. On St. George as a vegetation god, see Varner, The Mythic Forest, the Green Man and the Spirit of Nature, 124–28.
On the Gundestrup Cauldron, see Green, Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend, 100–108, and especially Taylor, “The Gundestrup Cauldron,” 84–89.
CHAPTER EIGHT: TALES OF WORLDWIDE DEVILRY
For dawn on the Ganges, see Scidmore, Winter India, 152.
For Hindu mortuary customs, see “Deathbed Rites” and “Antyeshti Samskara” in Lochtefeld, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, 44 and 180. See also “Popular Hinduism” in Bonnefoy, Mythologies, 842–49.
For bhutas, pretas, vetalas, pisachas, and the rest of the Hindu bloodsuckers, see relevant entries in Lochtefeld’s Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Dallapiccola’s Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend, Stutley and Stutley’s Harper’s Dictionary of Hinduism, and Bunson’s The Vampire Encyclopedia.
For rakshasas as “confounders of the sacrifice,” see Stutley and Stutley, Harper’s Dictionary of Hinduism, 245.
For gypsies and vampires, see Melton, The Vampire Book, 310–15; Fraser, The Gypsies, 243–45; and Clébert, The Gypsies, 150–51; Perkowski, Vampire Lore, 230–59; and McDowell, Gypsies: Wanderers of the World.
For Assyrian and Babylonian demons, and the early vampire representations and quotes, see Summers, The Vampire: His Kith and Kin, 217–28.
For the Hooke quote, see Stutley and Stutley, Harper’s Dictionary of Hinduism, 233. For Lilith, see “Lilith” in Leach, Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend, 622–23. For the Queen of Sheba’s hairy legs, see Graves and Patai, Hebrew Myths, 68.
For the Mytilene vampire, see Hector Williams, “The Vampire of Lesbos,” 22. For the questioning Imam, see Garnett, Balkan Home-Life, 281. For Egyptian mortuary practices, see “Death in Egyptian Religion,” in Bonnefoy, Mythologies, 111–15.
For the Budge quote, see Varner, Creatures in the Mist, 93. For various Malaysian vampires, see Melton, The Vampire Book, 441–44; Summers, The Vampire: His Kith and Kin, 251–56; and Bunson, The Vampire Encyclopedia, 167.
For Philippine vampires, see Melton, The Vampire Book, 520–22.
For the orang minyak, or “oily men,” see Martin and Walls, In Malaysia, 59.
For Chinese customs, see “Chinese Demons,” in Bonnefoy, Mythologies, 1028–31. For the ch’ing shih, see Summers, The Vampire: His Kith and Kin, 237–49; Melton, The Vampire Book, 114–15; and Bunson, The Vampire Encyclopedia, 46.
For Lords of Death and Time, see Bunson, The Vampire Encyclopedia, 177, 188. For a transmission between east and west, see Perkowski, Vampire Lore, 348–50. For Alexandra David-Neel, see Hill and Williams, The Supernatural, 205. For “The Vampire Cat of Nabeshima,” see Freeman-Mitford (Lord Redesdale), Tales of Old Japan, 245–52.
For Jomon burials and Japanese ghosts, see “The Vital Spirit and the Soul in Japan” and “Japanese Conceptions of the
Afterlife,” both in Bonnefoy, Mythologies, 1041–47.
For more on the Bon, see Hearn, In Ghostly Japan, 230–33.
For the New Caledonia sleepers and the Malekula ceremony, see “Religions and Mythologies of Oceania” in Bonnefoy, Mythologies, 1214–15.
For the Cook quote and the Polynesians, see Stetson, “The Animistic Vampire in New England,” 2. For the Ojibwa, see Bunson, The Vampire Encyclopedia, 186. For the Stith Thompson, Stetson, and the Cherokee and Abenaki tales, see Bell, Food for the Dead, 237–40.
For the Hearn quotes, see Hearn, Two Years in the French West Indies, 188, 369. For Southey’s quote, see Ellis, The History of Gothic Fiction, 212.
For the etymology of the word zombie, see those given in the Oxford English Dictionary, the Oxford American Dictionary, the New Shorter Oxford Dictionary, Webster’s Ninth Collegiate Dictionary, and the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. For Seabrook’s cannibalism, see Cummins, Cannibals, 267.
For Seabrook in Haiti, see Hill and Williams, The Supernatural, 204, and for Haitian and Gabonese sorcerers, 203–05.
CHAPTER NINE: THE LARVAE
See Kevin Tuite, “The Choppa ritual in the traditional religions of the Caucasus” (http://www.mapageweb.umontreal.ca/tuitekj/caucasus/Choppa.htm). See also the articles “The Religions and Myths of the Georgians of the Mountains” and “The Religions and Myths of the Ossets” in Bonnefoy, Mythologies, 308–19.
For Frazer’s quote, see The Fear of the Dead in Primitive Religion, 167. See also Baring-Gould, Curiosities of Olden Times, 8–14.
For the corpse being feared, see Metcalf and Huntingdon, Celebrations of Death, 81. For the Amazonian practices, see “Indians of the South American Forest,” Bonnefoy, Mythologies, 1194–99.
See Baring-Gould, 8–14.
For Calmet’s quote, see The Phantom World, 107.
For Herodotus, see David Grene, Herodotus: The History, 228. For the death of chimpanzees and hominids, see Taylor, The Buried Soul, 29–31.
For Çatal Hüyük paintings and the harpies, see Barber, Vampires, Burial, and Death, 172–74. For the Vaccaei, see Green, Dying for the Gods, 46.
For the Ives quotation, see Kaul, Travellers’ India: An Anthology, 87–88. For Sir Jivanji’s comments, see Modi, “The Funeral Ceremonies of the Parsees.”
For “Sky Burial,” see Seth Faison, “Tibetans and Vultures Keep Ancient Burial Rite.” For the Australian practices and the Goulburn Island quote, see Berndt and Berndt, The World of the First Australians, 396–99, 410.
For early traces of cannibalism, from Gran Dolina onward, see Taylor, The Buried Soul, 77–85; and Green, Dying for the Gods, 56–61. Dorman’s examples are from The Origin of Primitive Superstitions, 150–52.
For drinking powdered ash, see Frazer, The Golden Bough, 519.
For infant cannibalism, see Berndt and Berndt, The World of the First Australians, 403.
For the Mungo Lake cremation, see “New Age for Mungo Man.”
For Bronze Age cremations, see Beresford, From Demons to Dracula, 33. For Australian smoke-drying, see Berndt and Berndt, The World of the First Australians, 392–93.
For Paleolithic and Neolithic burials, see Taylor, The Buried Soul, especially 1–38 and 223–50.
For human sacrifice and burial alive, see Green, Dying for the Gods, 111–35.
See MacCulloch’s article, “Vampire,” in Hastings, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Volume 12, 589–91. For the Frazer quote, see Bell, Food for the Dead, 222.
For “vexing the ghost” and the bog bodies, see Taylor, The Buried Soul, 144–69
For Greek sacrifice and the quotes from Clement and Nietzsche, see Hersey, The Lost Meaning of Classical Architecture, especially 11–46.
For blood rituals, see Bell, Food for the Dead, 211–13; Berndt and Berndt, The World of the First Australians, 394–95; and Green, Dying for the Gods, 79–91.
For the Greek rites, see Frazer, The Golden Bough, 63. For the Harriot quote and Eskimo story, see Dorman, The Origin of Primitive Superstitions, 197–99.
For the Karens, see Bunson, The Vampire Encyclopedia, 141.
On the Banks Island and Batak shamans, see Bunson, The Vampire Encyclopedia, 17, 251. For the kresnik, see McClelland, Slayers and Their Vampires, 120–25. See also Liam Rogers, “Exhuming the Vampire.”
See Freud, Totem and Taboo, 51–63.
For the Jenner quote, see Clendening, Source Book of Medical History, 294. See also McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, especially 4–25.
For early shamans, see La Barre, The Ghost Dance, 161. For the old hag, nightmare, incubus, and so on, see relevant entries in Leach, Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend.
On the Larvae, see Fowler, The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic, 106–11. See also Steuding, Harrington, and Tolman, Greek and Roman Mythology, 165–66. On the mam, see Berndt and Berndt, The World of the First Australians, 415. On the Toradja, see Metcalf and Huntington, Celebrations of Death, 100.
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