459 Barr saw his chance: Ibid., pp. 198–99.
460 “I was regaining”: Barr, “Jap Brutality Dazed Badger Flier,” p. 4.
460 “Why don’t I see”: Ibid.
460 “This is a trick”: Ibid.
460 Barr arrived: Glines, Four Came Home, pp. 197–98; Glines, The Doolittle Raid, p. 199.
460 “Show the lieutenant”: Glines, Four Came Home, p. 198.
460 “Take your clothes off”: Ibid.
460 Barr did as told: Ibid., pp. 198–200.
460 “The administrative failure”: S. H. Green medical report, Oct. 17, 1945, ibid., p. 200.
460 “He will require”: Ibid., p. 202.
461 Orphaned at a young age: Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, pp. 459–60.
461 “I knew then”: Barr, “Jap Brutality Dazed Badger Flier,” p. 4.
461 “He tried to tell me”: Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, p. 462.
461 “The last of my”: Ibid.
461 “I unloaded”: Ibid.
461 “I have instructed”: Malcolm C. Grow to James H. Doolittle, Feb. 4, 1946, Box 20, DPLOC.
462 “Yes, sir”: This exchange comes from Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, pp. 462–63.
CHAPTER 27
463 “I don’t want revenge”: Barr, “Jap Brutality Dazed Badger Flier,” p. 4.
463 “Lord, I was nervous”: Hite oral history interview with Hasdorff, Dec. 16–17, 1982.
463 “We have memories”: Hite and DeShazer, “Doolittle Fliers’ Saga of Living Death: Men Want Peace,” p. 3.
463 Despite his own struggles: Hite oral history interview with Hasdorff, Dec. 16–17, 1982.
464 “We never saw”: Robert L. Hite to Mr. and Mrs. Hallmark, Oct. 10, 1945 (envelope date), Box 3, Series II, DTRAP.
464 “Dean was a splendid”: Ibid.
464 “Why are you here”: Hite oral history interview with Hasdorff, Dec. 16–17, 1982.
464 “Those were answers”: Ibid.
464 “I want to extend”: Robert L. Hite to Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Spatz, Oct. 1945, Box 5, Series II, DTRAP.
465 “I know they are”: Ibid.
465 “Bill and Fitz”: Chase Nielsen to May Dieter, Sept. 18, 1945, Box 2, Series II, DTRAP.
465 “In each coffin”: Chase Nielsen to May Dieter, April 30, 1946, ibid.
465 May Dieter had grown: May Dieter to J. H. Doolittle, Sept. 16, 1946, Box 20, DPLOC.
465 “Do you think”: Ibid.
465 Despite Tatsuta’s promise: Sotojiro Tatsuta testimony in the case of United States of America vs. Shigeru Sawada et al.
466 A fellow prisoner: Glines, Four Came Home, pp. 164–65.
466 Captain Jason Bailey: Kuhn, “Tea and Ashes,” pp. 268–77.
466 “These are Captain Meder’s”: This exchange is ibid. pp. 277–79.
466 “None of us”: Ibid., p. 277.
466 “Give the box”: Ibid.
466 “I put out my hands”: Ibid., pp. 277–78.
467 “A book of traveller’s”: Ibid., p. 278.
467 “A personal check book”: Ibid.
467 “There was a picture”: Ibid., p. 279.
467 “Dean is buried”: James Macia Jr. to Mrs. O. D. Hallmark, April 2, 1957.
467 The four defendants: Proceedings of the trial, totaling some 750 pages of testimony and exhibits, can be found in Box 1728, RG 331, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Legal Section, Prosecution Division, NARA.
468 “open and shut”: “Last of Fliers’ Slayers Arrested,” Deseret News, Jan. 18, 1946, p. 7.
468 “I sit here”: J. H. Doolittle to Mrs. G. E. Larkin, March 4, 1946, Box 20, DPLOC. Doolittle quotes Nielsen’s letter in this correspondence.
468 “Crews were repeatedly”: James H. Doolittle testimony in the case of United States of America vs. Shigeru Sawada et al.
469 “It is quite impossible”: Ibid.
469 “In all my life”: Robert Dwyer closing argument, ibid.
469 “We have charged”: Ibid.
469 “Every detail”: Shinji Somiya closing argument, ibid.
469 “I say unto you”: Ibid.
469 “The offenses of each”: Conclusions, ibid.
470 “The Commission by awarding”: “Review of the Record of Trial by a Military Commission of Sawada, Shigeru, Lieutenant General, Imperial Japanese Army, et al,” Aug. 1946, Box 1659, RG 331, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Legal Section, Prosecution Division, USA Versus Japanese War Criminals, Case File, 1945–59, NARA.
470 Reporters who covered: “4 Get Jail Terms in Doolittle Case,” New York Times, April 16, 1946, p. 3; “Japs Sentenced for Executions,” Miami Daily News, April 15, 1946, p. 2-A.
470 “On behalf”: Sentence in the case of United States of America vs. Shigeru Sawada et al.
470 “Have you any”: D. R. McCollugh to parents of Lieut. Dean Hallmark, April 16, 1946.
470 “In my estimation”: Raleigh Hallmark, undated comments.
471 “I thought if I went”: C. Jay Nielsen to Mrs. Hallmark, April 19, 1946.
471 “I am sorry justice”: Chase Nielsen to May Dieter, April 30, 1946, Box 2, Series II, DTRAP.
471 “heart day and night”: Shigeru Sawada to Major Lacey, May 5, 1949, Box 1194, RG 331, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Legal Section, Prosecution Division, POW 201 File, NARA.
471 “Since this was”: Ibid.
471 Sawada, Okada, and Tatsuta: “Japanese General Free after Serving Sentence,” Stars & Stripes, Jan. 11, 1950, p. 2.
471 Yusei Wako was found: General Headquarters, Far East Command, July 9, 1950, Document No. 2-b, Box 23, RG 84, Records of the Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State, Japanese War Crime Cases, NARA; General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, July 9, 1950, ibid.; Yusei Wako, “Application for Clemency,” Aug. 1952, ibid; Yutaka Tsuchida, “A Decision on Recommendation Re Reduction of Sentence,” Oct. 9, 1953, ibid.
471 Even then he would: Matsusuke Shirane, “Decision on Recommendation for Parole,” Feb. 6, 1956, ibid.
471 Wako’s prison record: Takeshi Kumon, “Opinion of the Governor of Prison on Clemency,” undated, ibid.
471 “I intend”: Yusei Wako, “Application for Parole,” Sept. 22, 1955, ibid.
472 War crime investigators: C. A. Willoughby memorandum for the Chief of Staff, Feb. 18, 1947, Box 719, RG 319, Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, G-2, NARA.
472 In December 1945: Ibid.; C. A. Willoughby to the Chief of Staff, “Disposition of Shimomura, Sadamu, Interned at Sugamo Prison as Suspected War Criminal,” Feb. 18, 1947, ibid.
472 “It is common knowledge”: Ralph Teatsorth, “McCloy Visits General Mac in Jap Capital,” Bend Bulletin, Oct. 23, 1945, p. 1.
472 “It is believed”: John H. Hendren Jr. to Col. Abe McGregor Goff, International Prosecution Section, Jan. 3, 1946, Box 719, RG 319, Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, G-2, NARA.
472 War crimes investigators filed: C. A. Willoughby memorandum for the Chief of Staff, Feb. 18, 1947, ibid.
472 “international standpoint”: Ibid.
472 Rather than hand: Ibid.; this document includes fifteen supporting attachments, ranging from statements to a copy of the Imperial Hotel register.
473 “As the final decision”: C. A. Willoughby to the Chief of Staff, “Disposition of Shimomura, Sadamu, Interned at Sugamo Prison as Suspected War Criminal,” Feb. 18, 1947, ibid.
473 “The War Crimes mission”: Ralph E. Hinner to General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, APO 500, Sept. 27, 1946, ibid.
473 Willoughby personally oversaw: Bratton to Willoughby, “Release of Shimomura Sadamu,” March 17, March 13, and March 6, 1947, ibid.
473 “to a quiet place”: Memo to Colonel Davis, March 12, 1947, ibid.
473 “It is directed”: John B. Cooley to Commanding General, Eighth Army, APO 343, “Release of Shimomura Sadamu from Internment,” Feb. 12,
1947, ibid.
EPILOGUE
474 “Immortality will always”: Los Angeles Office of Information Services, Public Information Division Office, Secretary of the Air Force, Press Release, April 21, 1955, Iris #1010174, AFHRA.
474 “When we get to Chungking”: Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, p. 273.
474 “Now seems to be”: J. H. Doolittle to William M. Bower, Nov. 27, 1945, Box 21, DPLOC.
475 “I will be there”: David M. Jones to James H. Doolittle, Nov. 26, 1945, ibid.
475 “General, I want”: J. E. Manch to James H. Doolittle, Nov. 30, 1945, ibid.
475 “You may count”: C. Ross Greening to J. H. Doolittle, Nov. 26, 1945, ibid.
475 “When I realize”: Chase J. Nielsen to J. H. Doolittle, Dec. 1, 1945, ibid.
475 Of the eighty: J. H. Doolittle to William M. Bower, Nov. 27, 1945, ibid.
475 “The softening point”: J. H. Doolittle to Mrs. Paul J. Leonard, Jan. 10, 1943, Box 4, Series II, DTRAP.
475 “the saddest letter”: Colin D. Heaton, “Jimmy Doolittle and the Emergence of American Air Power,” World War II, May 2003, p. 49.
475 “If he had to go”: J. H. Doolittle to Mrs. Paul J. Leonard, Jan. 10, 1943.
475 “I found what was left”: Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, p. 335.
476 “hand of Heaven”: George Kennedy, “Connecticut Pilot in Doolittle’s Party Says ‘We Couldn’t Miss,’” Daily Boston Globe, April 22, 1943, p. 5.
476 “The carrier action”: USSBS (Pacific), Naval Analysis Division, The Campaigns of the Pacific War (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1946), p. 60.
476 “My bitterness”: Chennault, Way of a Fighter, p. 168.
476 “The invaders made”: “Madness as a War Weapon,” editorial, New York Times, Sept. 16, 1942, p. 22.
476 Nielsen asked Doolittle: Chase J. Nielsen to J. H. Doolittle, May 9, 1946, Box 20, DPLOC.
476 “The Doolittle boys”: Tom Willemstyn to Mr. Freeman, April 19, 1947, Iris #1010167, AFHRA.
476 They had such a great time: Bob Morrison, “The Last Hurrah?,” Sarasota Herald-Tribune, April 14, 1998, p. 1E.
477 “Bill is here”: “Fliers Remember Lt. W. G. Farrow at Reunion,” State, Jan. 23, 1946, in William G. Farrow Papers, Darlington Historical Commission, Darlington, S.C.
477 “When this is done”: US Military Mission Moscow, Russia to War Department, Oct. 12, 1944, Iris #2053795, AFHRA.
477 Jacob DeShazer followed: Bob Dotson and Al Roker, “Jake DeShazer Describes Being Held Prisoner in World War II and Returning to Japan as a Preacher,” NBC News transcript, April 18, 2002; Donald M. Goldstein and Carol Aiko DeShazer Dixon, The Return of the Raider (Lake Mary, Fla.: Creation House, 2010), pp. 123–31; Jacob DeShazer to Robert G. Emmens, June 23, 1949, Iris #1010169, AFHRA.
478 “I was very lost”: Dotson and Roker, “Jake DeShazer Describes Being Held Prisoner in World War II and Returning to Japan as a Preacher.”
478 “He appears to have”: Eleanor Towns to James Doolittle, Feb. 13, 1946, Box 1, Series II, DTRAP.
478 “The nightmares”: Barr, “Jap Brutality Dazed Badger Flier,” p. 4.
478 A heart attack: “George Barr, 50; in Raid on Tokyo,” New York Times, July 13, 1967, p. 37.
478 “I do not believe”: J. H. Doolittle to Marcine Barr, Jan. 19, 1968, Box 3, Series IX, DPUT.
478 “He would awake”: Mrs. Robert Lowell Hite, Statement in Support of Claim, Aug. 28, 1971, Box 21, ibid.
478 “It’s not that I love”: Los Angeles Office of Information Services, Public Information Division Office, Secretary of the Air Force, Press Release, April 21, 1955, Iris #1010174, AFHRA.
479 “Young guys like us”: Jeff Wilkinson, “Buffeted by the Sea—and Waves of Fear—Raiders Flew into History,” State, April 18, 2002, p. A11.
479 “It wasn’t only”: Sidney Shalett, “Only Military Targets Hit, Tokyo Raid Fliers Declare,” New York Times, April 23, 1943, p. 1.
479 “I flew 40 missions”: Elizabeth Mullener, “Robert Bourgeois, 84, Doolittle Raider,” Times Picayune, Nov. 15, 2001, p. A-22.
479 “I think we’re all”: Douglas V. Radney to Ross Greening, Individual Histories questionnaire, undated (ca. 1950).
479 At the raiders’ seventeenth: Carroll Glines, Speech at the Final Toast, Nov. 9, 2013.
480 “Gentleman, I propose”: Richard Cole, Final Toast, Nov. 9, 2013.
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