by Gus Russo
Sorensen, Theordore C. Kennedy. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.
———. The Kennedy Legacy: A Peaceful Revolution for the Seventies. New York: MacMillan, 1969.
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———. Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1993.
———. Goddess: The Secret Lives of Marilyn Monroe. New York: MacMillan, 1985.
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———. Fidel: A Critical Portrait. New York: Morrow, 1986.
———. and Karl Meyer. The Cuban Invasion: The Chronicle of a Disaster. New York, Ballantine Books, 1962.
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———. The Man To See: Edward Bennett Williams. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.
———. The Very Best Men. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
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———. The Invisible Government. New York: Random House, 1964.
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Government Reports
Senate Interim Report of the Select Committee to Study Government Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975.
FBI Oversight Hearings. Before the Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 94th Congress, 1st and 2nd Sessions, Part 3, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974.
Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: Performance of The Intelligence Agencies, final report, Books I—V, Select Committee to Study Government Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, U.S. Senate, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976.
Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Final Report, and appendix to Hearings Before the Select Committee on Assassinations of the US House of Representatives, 95th Congress, Vols. I -XII, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979.
The President’s Commission on Obscenity and Pornography. New York: Bantam Books, 1970.
Public Papers of the Presidents. John F. Kennedy, 1963. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964.
Report of the President’s Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy [Warren Commission Report], and accompanying 26 volumes of hearings and exhibits. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964.
ABBREVIATIONS
CCIR—Church Committee Interim Report (Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, Interim Report of the Select Committee to Study Government Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, U.S. Senate, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975).
CCR—Church Committee Report final report and supporting volumes (especially Book V: Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: Performance of the Intelligence Agencies; Select Committee to Study Government Operat
ions with Respect to Intelligence Activities, 94th Congress, 2nd session, U.S. Senate, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976).
FL—Frontline In 1992-1993, the author, with W. Scott Malone, served as a reporter on the three-hour PBS Frontline special “Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald?” (Broadcast Nov. 16, 1993). In preparing the special, more than 500 interviews were conducted, generating many thousands of pages of transcripts, most of which could not be included on the program that aired. Interviews were conducted as well by the other members of the Frontline team, including: Ben Loeterman, Miri Navasky, Joe Rosenbloom, Michael Sullivan, and Robbyn and Anthony Summers. The author wishes to thank series producer Mike Sullivan for granting permission to use this vast amount of raw data.
FRUS—Foreign Relations of the United States Issued by the State Department. Especially 1961-1963, The Kennedy Years.
HSCA—House Select Committee on Assassinations (Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Final Report, and appendix to Hearings Before the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives, 95th Congress, Vols. I-XII, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979).
WC—Warren Commission (Report of the President’s Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy [Warren Commission Report], and accompanying 26 volumes of testimony and exhibits. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964).
CD—Commission Document (Warren Commission.)
CIA and FBI documents—Unless otherwise noted, these can be found in the JFK Collection at the National Archives, College Park, MD.
ENDNOTES
Chapter One (The Story Begins)
1 Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 91.
2 Hinckle and Turner, 105.
3 Manolo Reboso, interview by author, 10 February 1994.
4 Oppenheimer, 211.
5 Oleksak and Oleksak, 45; also see Kerrane, Dollar Sign on the Muscle: The World of Baseball Scouting, 278; Fitzgerald, “Uncle Joe—Senators’ Cuban Connection,” The Sporting News, June 21, 1980, 17; and Truby, “Now Pitching for the Giants. . . Fidel Castro,” Sports History II, March 1989, 12.
6 Paterson, Contesting Castro, 50-51.
7 Hinckle and Turner, 82.
8 Paterson, Contesting Castro, 38.
9 John Lantigua, “Bay of Pigs Secrets,” Miami Herald, 17 April 1997.
10 Ross Crozier, interview by author, 19 September 1997.
11 Hinckle and Turner, 60.
12 For a thorough discussion of Coca-Cola’s losses, see The Coca-Cola Wars.
13 See esp. Ray Kerrison, “Face of Evil Meets Face of Goodness,” New York Post, January 1998.
14 Szulc, Fidel, 326.
15 Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 97.
16 Paterson, Contesting Castro, 120.
17 Weisberger, 204.
18 Quoted in Davison, 217-218.
19 Thomas, The Very Best Men, 119.
20 For details of the Eisenhower covert dealings, see: Cook, The Declassified Eisenhower; Prados, Presidents’ Secret Wars; Thomas, The Very Best Men; Rubin, Secrets of State; Ambrose, Eisenhower; Beschloss, Vol. 2; Roosevelt, Countercoup; Broadwater, Eisenhower and the Anti-Communist Crusade; Ambrose, Ike’s Spies; and Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only.
21 Richard Nixon, Reader’s Digest, November 1964.
22 Quoted in Rappleye and Becker, 176.
23 Rappleye and Becker, 179.
Although unconfirmed by this author, Nixon is reputed to have appeared on Jack Parr’s late-night talk show four days prior to the 1960 election, and, in an effort to advance his candidacy, bragged that he had spearheaded the anti-Castro effort in the White House.
24 Colonel Philip Corso, interview by author, 6 February 1996.
25 Wyden, The Bay of Pigs, 29.
26 Andrew Goodpaster, interview by author, 6 February 1996.
27 Nixon to Henry Kissinger, Memorandum, in Stephen Ambrose, Eisenhower, Vol. II: The President, 639.
28 Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 99.
29 Kennedy, The Strategy of Peace, 132-133.
30 Ibid, 101.
31 Darrell Garwood, 158.
32 Mitchell; see also Chris Matthews, Kennedy and Nixon.
In point of fact, Kennedy and Nixon were not only friends (they had been since their freshman Senate year of 1950), but shared many more policy views than one might suspect. Nixon’s hard-line anti-Communism was so in tune with the Kennedys’ that, to Nixon’s 1950 Senate campaign, it was recently learned, Joe Kennedy donated $1,000.
33 Weisberger, 209.
34 Richard Goodwin, 125.
35 Ibid, 124-125.
36 Richard Goodwin, interview by author, 20 January 1994.
37 Richard Goodwin, interview by author, 20 January 1994.
38 Richard Goodwin, 125.
39 Seymour Hersh, 175-178.
40 Barney Hidalgo, interview by author, 7 April 1998.
41 Wofford, 205.
42 White House Cuba Special Assistant Richard Goodwin, “Relations with the Revolutionary Council,” Memorandum, 9 September 1961.
43 HSCA, vol. 10, 57-60.
44 Nino Diaz, interview by author, 4 January 1998.
45 Wyden, 164.
46 Higgins, 89; see also Smathers Oral History, interview #1, JFK Library, 6, 7-8. This suggestion was not intended to be made public and Smathers was incensed when he learned that the library accidentally released it.
47 Turner and Hinckle, 85.
48 James Wilcott, HSCA interview, 26 March 1978; James Wilcott, interview by Hinckle and Turner, February 1979, in Hinkle and Turner.
49 The provocation idea would be floated by Bobby sixteen months later, during his stepped-up campaign against the Cuban leader. In addition, according to anti-Castro operative Gerry Hemming, U.S. Marines were to be murdered during the landing not far from Guantanamo (Gerry Hemming, interview by author, 16 November 1997). Jorge Mas-Canosa (the future Miami millionaire exile leader) and Bernie de Torres led the assassins, according to Hemming. Diaz recently confirmed Mas’ presence on the Santa Ana, but says he knew nothing of a murder plot.
Interestingly, in 1997, four exiles were arrested off the coast of Puerto Rico with sniper rifles. One of the arrestees admitted that the weapons were to be used to murder Fidel Castro. Their boat was registered to a director of the Cuban American National Foundation, lead and founded by Mas-Canosa (Miami Herald, 1 November 1997).
50 Jack Hawkins, interview by author, 7 April 1998.
51 Lyman Lemnitzer to Robert McNamara, “Military Evaluation of Cuban Plan,” Memorandum, 3 February 1961, Taylor Report, Annex 9, 1-3, 10, 26-27, 31-32, 6.
52 Bissell, 167.
53 Bissell, 155-156.
54 Thomas, The Very Best Men, 298.
55 Kirkpatrick, 188.
56 Bonsai, 135.
57 Raphael Quintero, interview by author, 6 November 1997.
58 Albert C. “Buck” Persons, interview by author, 18 May 1994.
59 Kirkpatrick, 197.
60 Rafael Nuñez, interview by author, 12 April 1995.
61 New Orleans Times-Picayune, 1, 3 April 1961; HSCA, vol. 10, 57.
62 Foreign Broadcast Information Service Report, 10 April 1961, National Archives.
63 Jack Hawkins, interview by author, 7 April 1998.
64 Grose, 560.
65 Grose, 527.
66 Richard Goodwin, 177.
67 Wofford, 345.
68 Parmet, 159.
69 Bissell, 190.
70 Constantine “Gus” Kangles, interview by author, 12 August 1996.
71 George Smathers, interview by Ralph Martin, in Seeds of Destruction, 327.
72 Seymour Hersh, 200-201.
73 Bissell, 185.
74 Jack Hawkins, “Classified Disaster,” National Review, 31 December 1997.
75 Wofford, 350.
76 Jack Hawkins, interview by author, 7 April 1998.
77 Capt. Eduardo Ferrer, interview by author, 14 May 1994.
78 Jake Esterline, interview by author, 28
March 1998.
79 Jack Hawkins, “Classified Disaster,” National Review, 31 December 1997.
80 O’Donnell and Powers, 274.
81 Wofford, 363.
82 Nestor Carbonell, 190.
83 Hinckle and Turner, 105.
84 Richard Goodwin, 185.
85 Wofford, 355.
86 Richard Goodwin, 171.
87 Manolo Reboso, interview by author, 28 February 1994.
88 Jan Weininger, interview by author, 14 January 1994.
89 Allen Dulles Papers, Boxes 138, 244, Princeton University.
90 McCone to Bissell, letter, 19 August 1985; see also Bissell, 194.
91 McCone to Bissell, letter, 1986; see also Bissell, 196.
92 Kennedy’s fury was also in evidence. According to Hinckle and Turner (104), he unleashed a savage indictment “in Navy blue language” of his advisors—the CIA, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and members of his own staff—saying, “I was assured by every son of a bitch I checked with—all the military experts and the CIA—that the plan would be a success.”
93 Nixon, 234-235.
94 Wofford, 352.
95 David and David, 157.
96 RFK to JFK, Memorandum, April 19, 1961, Presidents Office Files, Cuba, General, JFK Library.
97 RFK, Memorandum, 1 June 1961. Cited in Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times, 508.
98 Richard Goodwin, 130.
99 Wofford, 354.
100 Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 143-145.
101 Arthur Schlesinger to John F. Kennedy, Memo for the President, “Cuba: Political, Diplomatic, and Economic Problems,” 10 April 1961.
102 Arthur Schlesinger to John F. Kennedy, Memo for the President, “Protection of the President,” 10 April 1961.
103 Allen Dulles Papers, Boxes 138, 244, Princeton University.
104 Mosely, 473.
105 Thomas Powers, 115.
106 Hunt, Give Us This Day, 215.
107 Tom Wicker, et al., “CIA, Maker of Policy, or Tool?” New York Times, 25 April 1966.
108 Grose, 530.
109 Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 288-289.
110 Grose, 530.
111 Ibid, 276.
112 Wofford, 347.
113 Wofford, 354.
114 Hinckle and Turner, 107-108.
115 David and David, 158.
