biological, 18.1, 22.1
bioregional, 18.1, 18.2
green roofs in, 14.1, 18.1, 18.2
land management in
skyscraper farms in
SPIN model of, 18.1, 18.2
street markets in
feathers, 4.1, 6.1
ferns
Finland, 22.1, nts.1n
Florence
food chain, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2
food webs, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
community selection of
fossil record, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 11.1
cultural explosion in
dating of
Deccan Plateau in
Devonian, 2.1, 2.2
fungal spike in
geological periods defined by
human evolution in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5
late Triassic
Neanderthals in, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6
stromatolites in
founder effect, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1n
Fountains of Paradise, The (Clarke),
1491 (Mann),
Fraser, Evan
fungal infections
gamma-ray bursts, 17.1, 17.2, nts.1n
Garske, Tini
gene pools, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, nts.1n
genetic diversity, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, nts.1n
genetic drift, 6.1, 7.1
genetics, itr.1, 1.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 12.1, 16.1, 16.2, 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, nts.1n
see also bottlenecks, genetic; DNA; population genetics
Genial Gene, The (Roughgarden),
genome, human
haplotypes in, 10.1, nts.1n
modified
Neanderthal DNA in, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6
genomes, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
geoengineering, 19.1, 19.2, 22.1, nts.1n
carbon sequestration in, 19.1, 19.2
moral hazard of
Oxford Principles for
solar management in, 19.1, 20.1
unintended consequences of, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3
geological periods, 2.1, 2.2, nts.1n
geological time, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 6.1, nts.1n–70n
Germany, 6.1, 7.1
green roofs in
Nazi, 9.1, 14.1
Gilman, Ernest
Gilroy, Paul
Ginsberg, Daisy, 22.1, 23.1
Glaeser, Edward
Göbekli Tepe
Goldstein, David
Gondwana supercontinent, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
Google Flu Trends, 16.1, 16.2
Google Lunar X Prize
Göreme, 17.1, 17.2
graptolites, 2.1, 2.2
gray whales, 11.1, 12.1
Arctic summer feeding grounds of, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4
averted extinction of, 12.1, 12.2
eastern and western Pacific groups of
extinct Atlantic group of
feeding habit of, 12.1, 12.2
juvenile
lifespan of
population size of, 12.1, 12.2, nts.1n
relative simplicity of, 12.1, 12.2
reproduction of, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
sounds made by, 12.1, 12.2
stranded, rescue of, 12.1, 12.2
whalers attacked by
gray whales, winter migrations of, 12.1, 12.2
group composition in, 12.1, 12.2
learning route of, 12.1, 12.2
to Mexican lagoons, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4
transmitted knowledge of, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
unihemispheric sleep of, 12.1, nts.1n
Great Dying, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1
food webs and, 3.1, 3.2
see also Permian Period
Great Plague (1665)
Greece, 10.1, 17.1
World War II famine in, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
greenhouse gases, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 3.1, 11.1, 19.1, 19.2
carbon emissions, 5.1, 9.1, 15.1, 19.1, 19.2, 21.1, nts.1n
volcanoes as source of, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2
weathering out of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Greenland
green roofs, 14.1, 18.1, 18.2
Gudmundsson, Agust, 17.1, 17.2
Guns, Germs and Steel (Diamond),
Haase, Mark
Hacking the Earth (Cascio),
Haiti, earthquake in
Hall, Alex
hand axes
haplotypes, 10.1, nts.1n
Harpending, Henry
Harvey, Jim
“Has the Earth’s Sixth Mass Extinction Already Arrived?” (Barnosky)
Hawks, John, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
Hays, Jo
Hertsgaard, Mark
Hionidou, Violetta, 9.1, 9.2
Hirschfeld, Magnus
Hodder, Ian
Homo erectus, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, nts.1n
H. ergaster, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
H. heidelbergensis,
H. neanderthalensis, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1
appearance of, 7.1, 7.2, nts.1n
brain size of
burial goods of
cave dwellings of, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
culture lacked by, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
DNA of, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7
in fossil record, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6
hardships of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
injuries of, 7.1, 7.2
interbreeding of, 7.1, 7.2
meat-heavy diets of, 7.1, 7.2
population size of, 7.1, 7.2
regional groups of
symbolic communication of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
tools of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5
H. neanderthalensis, extinction of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5
African replacement theory (recent African origins theory) of, 7.1, 7.2
assimilation in, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, nts.1n
extermination in, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
multiregional theory of
H. sapiens, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 19.1
actual vs. effective population size of, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1n
H. sapiens (continued)
brain wiring of, 7.1
cultural explosion of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
future humans’ view of
lineage of
out-of-Africa migration of, itr.1, itr.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 23.1
racial groups of
sexual predilections attributed to, 7.1, 7.2
symbolic communication of, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2
see also evolution, human
H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic (2009), 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4
House Un-American Activities Committee
Huff, Chad
Human Career, The (Klein),
humanitarian aid, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
humpback whales, 12.1, 12.2
hydrogen fuel, 11.1, 11.2
hypernovae
IBM
ice ages, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 7.1
Older Dryas
of Snowball Earth, itr.1, 1.1
ice caps, polar, 5.1, 12.1
icehouse states
Ordovician
Permian, 3.1, 4.1
ILINet
Incan empire, 8.1, 8.2, nts.1n
India, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 11.1, 19.1
indirect extinctions
Indonesia
influenza pandemics, 8.1, 16.1
mutant strains in
1918–19, 8.1, 16.1
origin of, 16.1, 16.2
SARS, 16.1, 16.2
stages of, 16.1, 16.2
2009 H1N1 (swine flu), 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4
influenza pandemics, containment of
antiviral medications in, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3
decentralized treatment in
“hedging” strategy in
quarantining in
social distancing in, 16.1, 16.2
vaccination in, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3
“intelligence explosion” (“Singularity”), 22.1, 23.1
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
International Center for Advanced Renewable Energy and Sustainability (I-CARES)
International Space Station, 21.1, 21.2
International Whaling Commission, 12.1, nts.1n
invasive species, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 19.1
Iraq, 14.1, 14.2
iridium anomaly
Irish Potato Famine (Black ’47), 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
ISEC (International Space Elevator Consortium), nts.1n–90n
Israel, northern kingdom of, 10.1, 10.2, nts.1n
Israelites, 10.1, 10.2
Iverson, Richard, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3
Jacobs, Jane
Jacob’s Legacy (Goldstein),
Jakubowski, Marcin, nts.1n
Japan, 15.1, 15.2, 17.1
Jemison, Mae, 23.1, 23.2
Jenkins, Dennis
Jerusalem, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4
Jewish HapMap Project
Jews, 10.1, 21.1
ancient Roman, 10.1, 10.2, 17.1, 17.2
Babylonian exile of, 10.1, 10.2
God of
matriliny of
Passover story of, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3
persecution of, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5
population genetics of, 10.1, nts.1n
Portuguese
proselytizing by, 10.1, 10.2
underground cities created by, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3
Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis
Jones, David S.
Jones, Matt
Judah, kingdom of, 10.1, 10.2
Jurassic Period, 4.1, 4.2
Kaliampakos, Dmitris
Keith, David
Keller, Gerta
Kelton, Paul
Kent, Susan
kinetic impactor
Kirschvink, Joe, 1.1, 1.2
Klein, Richard, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5
Kleinboehl, Armin, 23.1, nts.1n
Koerth-Baker, Maggie
Kolbert, Elizabeth
Kostof, Spiro, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1
Krakatoa eruption, 19.1, 19.2
Kruger, Tim
Kurzweil, Ray
Lahn, Bruce
landslides, 15.1, 15.2
LaserMotive
Laubscher, Bryan
Layzer, Judith, 18.1, 18.2
Leakey, Richard, itr.1, nts.1n
Leiber, Fritz, 14.1, nts.1n
Lilith’s Brood (Butler), 13.1, 13.2
Lo, Cynthia, 11.1, 11.2
Lofstrom, Keith
Lystrosaurus, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4.1
McAuley, Paul
McElwain, Jennifer
MacKay, David
McKibben, Bill, 1.1, 19.1
McNally, Amy
magnesium silicate
Mainzer, Amy
Malthus, Thomas
Mann, Charles, 8.1, nts.1n
Mao Zedong, 9.1, 9.2
Marcu, Oana
Mars, 13.1, 20.1, 21.1, 22.1, 22.2, 23.1, 23.2
Marshall, Charles, 1.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1
Martian Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), 23.1, nts.1n
Maryland, Health and Hygiene Department of
mass extinctions:
causes of, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1
defining, 1.1, 2.1
periodicity of
potential responses to
rate of
sixth, itr.1, 5.1, nts.1n
Mating Mind, The (Miller),
Matrajt, Laura
Max Planck Institute, 6.1, 7.1
Medea Hypothesis, The (Ward),
megafauna extinctions, itr.1, 5.1
megavolcanoes, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 2.1, 3.1, 17.1, 19.1, nts.1n
CAMP
in India
Permian, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1
Toba, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Melott, Adrian
Mesopotamia
meteorite impacts, 4.1, 17.1
see also asteroid impacts
methane clathrates
methane ecosystem
Mexico, 8.1, 14.1
gray whale migrations to, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4
Middle Ages, 8.1, 8.2, 14.1, nts.1n
Milky Way galaxy, 2.1, 22.1
Miller, Geoffrey
Miocene Epoch
mitochondria
mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial Eve, 7.1, 7.2
Montréal, “RÉSO” in, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3
Moon, 1.1, 13.1, 19.1, 21.1, 21.2, 23.1, 23.2
Moon Express, 21.1, 21.2
Moses
Moss, Robert
Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML)
mud slides, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3
multiregionalism
Musk, Elon, 21.1, 21.2
nanotubes, 21.1, 21.2
NASA, itr.1, 21.1, 23.1, nts.1n–91n
Deep Impact mission of
space elevator and, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 21.4
Spaceguard program of, 20.1, 20.2
Space Shuttle of, 21.1, 21.2
WISE satellite of, 20.1, 20.2
Native Americans, 5.1, 8.1
Nature, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2
Neanderthals, see H. neanderthalensis
Nebuchadnezzar II, King of Babylon
Neilan, Brett
NEOCam space telescope, 20.1, 20.2
Neolithic Revolution
NEOs (near-Earth objects), 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, nts.1n
New York City, 14.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
nitrogen fixation
noise pollution, 12.1, nts.1n–81n
NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command), 17.1, 17.2, nts.1n
nuclear radiation, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 20.1, nts.1n
nuclear winter, 17.1, 20.1, nts.1n
O, The Oprah Magazine,
Occupy movement
ocean acidification, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3
ocean anoxic dead zones, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 20.1
ocean fertilization
ocean subduction
Ó Gráda, Cormac
Older Dryas ice age
100 Year Starship project, 23.1, 23.2
Ordovician Period, itr.1, 2.1, 3.1, 17.1, 19.1
extinction of
icehouse state of
Oregon, 5.1, 15.1, 15.2
Oregon State University, itr.1, 15.1, 15.2, nts.1n
organelles, 1.1, 11.1
Ostrer, Harry, 10.1, 10.2, nts.1n
Oxford Martin School
Future of Humanity Institute of
oxygen, 2.1, 11.1, 19.1
depletion of, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 20.1
Oxygen Apocalypse, itr.1, 1.1
Pääbo, Svante, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2
Paisley Caves
Pakrasi, Himadri, 11.1, 11.2
pandemics, itr.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1, 22.1
American colonial, 8.1, 13.1
death tolls of, 8.1, 8.2, 16.1, 16.2
quarantining in, 8.1, 8.2, 16.1, 16.2
smallpox, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
social effects of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
stages of
see also Black Death; epidemic modeling; influenza pandemics; plagues
Pangaea supercontinent, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1
Parable of the Talents (Butler),
Paradise Built in Hell, A (Solnit),
Passover story, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3
Payne, Jonathan, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
peasants, 8.1, 9.1, 14.1
Peasants’ Revolt, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 9.1
Pepys, Samuel, 8.1, 8.2
perchlorates, 21.1, nts.1n
periurban agriculture
Permian Period, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1
ecosystems of
icehouse state of, 3.1, 4.1
survivors of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1
Perryman, Wayne
Peru, 14.1, 14.2
Incan empire of, 8.1, 8.2, nts.1n
PHOs (potentially hazardous objects), 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, nts.1n
photosynthesis, 1.1, 4.1, 11.1
&
nbsp; as future energy source
global algae economy based on
Photosynthetic Antenna Project, 11.1, 18.1
Pinderhughes, Raquel
Pizarro, Francisco
placoderms
plagues, 7.1, 8.1, 16.1
biblical
bubonic, see Black Death
see also pandemics
plant cells, 11.1, nts.1n–79n
polypropylene
Pompeii
population genetics, 6.1, 7.1
Jewish, 10.1, nts.1n
see also bottlenecks, genetic; evolution, human
population size
actual vs. effective, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1n
of gray whales, 12.1, 12.2, nts.1n
inbreeding and
of Ireland
Neanderthal, 7.1, 7.2
reduction of, 14.1, nts.1n–82n
Poverty and Famines (Sen),
Prehistoric Art (White),
Proterozoic Eon
proto-cells
quarantining, 8.1, 8.2, 16.1, 16.2
Quaternary Period
Quiet War, The (McAuley),
quipu, 8.1, nts.1n
radiation bombardments, 17.1, 17.2, 22.1, 23.1, nts.1n
cosmic, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, itr.4, 2.1, 17.1
highly ionizing particles in
nuclear, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 20.1, nts.1n
in space, 22.1, 22.2
Rainier, Mount
Redmount, Carol
Renne, Paul, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Rhodes, Richard, 23.1, nts.1n
Rice University
Richards, Bob
right whales
Rio de Janeiro
Robinson, Kim Stanley, 22.1, nts.1n
Robock, Alan, 17.1, 19.1, 20.1
robotic climbers, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 21.4
robots, 15.1, 20.1, 21.1, 21.2, 22.1, 23.1, 23.2, 23.3
Roman Catholic Church, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 14.1
Spanish Inquisition of, 10.1, 10.2
Roman empire, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 17.1, 17.2
Rome
Roopnarine, Peter, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1
Roughgarden, Joan
Safran, William
Sandberg, Anders
San Francisco, 14.1, 15.1, 17.1, nts.1n
earthquakes in, 15.1, 15.2
SARS, 16.1, 16.2
Scammon, Charles Melville, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
Schabas, Richard
science fiction, 13.1, 20.1, 21.1, 22.1, 22.2, nts.1n, nts.2n
sea levels, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
secondary extinctions
self-healing concrete, 18.1, 22.1, 22.2
Sen, Amartya, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
serial-founder theory, 6.1, 6.2
SETICon conference, 21.1, 23.1
SETI Institute
sexual selection, 6.1, 6.2, 22.1, nts.1n
Sheehan, Peter
Siberian Traps
Silk Road
Sinai Peninsula, 6.1, 6.2
sixth extinction theory, itr.1, 5.1, nts.1n
skyscraper farms
slavery, 10.1, 13.1
of Jews
of Native Americans
in Passover story
Slime World
smallpox, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Smarter Cities program
Smit, Jan, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Smith, Monica L.
Snow, John, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3
Snowball Earth, itr.1, 1.1
Scatter, Adapt, and Remember: How Humans Will Survive a Mass Extinction Page 32
