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India Page 84

by John Keay


  Ghaggar River, 13

  Ghakkars, warrior community in Panjab, 240, 247

  Ghatotkacha Gupta, early Gupta ruler, 134

  Ghazni, Afghanistan, 204, 207, 209, 210, 225–6, 235–6, 239, 256

  Ghenghiz Khan, Mongol leader, 239, 243, 248

  Gheriah see Vijayadurg

  Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq, 14th c Delhi sultan, 261, 262–5

  Ghor, Afghanistan, 225, 284

  Ghose (Ghosh), Aurobindo, nationalist & reformer, 461, 467

  Ghosh, Dr B.K., scholar, 29, 30

  Gilgit, Northern Areas of Pakistan, 115, 463

  Girnar, Gujarat, 84, 88, 129–30, 144, 286–7

  Goa, 169, 283, 306, 348, 355, 533–4

  Gobind, last Sikh Guru, 345, 360–1

  Godavari River, 149, 190, 200

  Godhra, Gujarat, 599–600

  Godse, Nathuram, assassin, 524–5

  Gokhale, Gopal Krishna, teacher & Congress leader, 461, 465–6, 468, 471, 474

  Gol Gumbaz see Bijapur

  Golconda, Andhra Pradesh, 293, 302, 332, 337, 338, 355

  Gomateshwara, Jain saint, 85

  Gondophares, 1st C AD Parthian king, 109–10, 115

  Gopala, 8th c founder of Pala dynasty, 192, 195

  Gosala, Ajivika founder, 64

  Goverment of India Act (1935), 490–1, 502, 526, 539

  Govinda III, 8–9th c Rashtrakuta king 199

  Govinda-Raja, 12th c ruler of Delhi, 235, 237

  Graeco-Roman perceptions of India, 58–9, 76–7, 78, 85

  Great Rebellion (Indian Mutiny) of 1857–8, 436–47

  Greeks, Ancient, 59, 70–77, 78–9, 104, 106–9, 117, see also Graeco-Roman

  ‘Green Revolution’, 544, 561–2, 563

  Gresley, Captain, explorer of Ajanta, 149–50

  Grhpatis, ‘house-holders’, 30, 53

  Guha, Ram, historian, 604

  Guhasena, 6th c Maitraka ruler of Saurashtra, 157

  Gujarat, 36, 42, 84, 88, 129–33, 141–2, 195–6, 209, 231, 234, 256–7, 275, 284–7, 298–9, 306, 316, 352, 368, 405, 574, 599–600

  Gujars, community of herdsmen, 195, 263

  Gujranwala, Panjab, 476

  Gujrat, Panjab, 424

  Gulab Singh, first Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir, 423

  Gulbarga, Karnataka, 279, 283, 284

  Gulf states, 587

  Gungu, brahman minister, 281

  Guptas, 4th – 5th c dynasty, 104, 132, 133, 134–54, 157

  Gurjara-Pratiharas, composite rajput dynasty of 8–10th c Kanauj, 169, 187, 195–9, 202–3, 206, 231, 233

  Gurgaon, Delhi, 578

  Gurkha War of 1814–16, 415, 435

  Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 144, 199, 211, 239, 286, 289, 293, 368, 406, 408, 439, 444

  Habib, Irfan, historian, 245, 320

  Haidar Ali Khan, 18th c sultan of Mysore, 394–7

  Hakim, half-brother of Akbar, 318

  Halebid, Karnataka, 251–2, 258

  Hampi, Karnataka, 282

  Harappa, Panjab, 9, 13, 15, 23, 24

  Harappan Civilisation, 5–18, 19, 22–4

  Hardinge, Lord, Viceroy, 468

  Hari Singh, Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir, 512

  Harihara I, 14th c founder of Vijayanagar kingdom, 281

  Harihara II, 14th c king of Vijayanagar, 282

  ‘Harijans’, ‘children of God’, ‘untouchables’, ‘Dalits’, 482, 492, 604

  Harisena, Gupta minister & panegyrist, 151

  Harsha-vardhana, 7th c emperor, 159, 160–7, 168, 169–70, 182

  Haryana, 233, 577

  Hasina Wajed, Bangladeshi prime minister, 565, 590

  Hastinapura, Uttar Pradesh, 4, 40, 42, 44

  Hastings, Warren, Governor-General, 383, 392–3, 396, 404–6, 426

  Hawkins, Captain William, East India Company emissary, 370

  Hedges, William, East India Company director, 371

  Heliocles, Bactrian Greek king, 107

  Heliodorus, Bactrian Greek ambassador, 108

  Hemu, ‘raja Vikramaditya’, 16th c adventurer, 309–10

  Herodotus, historian, 58, 59, 60, 78

  Himachal Pradesh, 208, 415, 577

  Himalayas, xxii, 27, 113–7, 182, 244, 267–8, 421, 535

  Hinayana School of Buddhism, 115–7, 182

  Hindal, Mughal prince, brother of Humayun, 298

  Hindi Language 44, 132, 457, 527–30 ‘Hindu’, ‘Hindustan’, 57–8

  Hindu Kush, 113–7

  Hinduism, 133, 147–8, 189, 304

  Hindutwa (Hindu-ness), 600

  Hindustani, language, 527

  Hisb-ul-Mujahidin, 594

  History & Culture of the Indian People, 3, 155

  Ho Chi Minh, 485

  ‘Hostage Theory’, 521–2

  Horses, 25, 29, 32, 70, 109, 158, 181, 211, 276–7, 306, 398

  Hoysalas, 10–13th c dynasty in Karnataka, 251–2, 258

  Hsuan Tsang, 7th c Chinese visitor, 158, 161, 162, 164–7, 168, 170, 182, 195, 203

  Hughli, river & town in Bengal, 371, 372, 390

  Hulagu, Mongol leader, 248

  Humayun, Mughal emperor, 293, 294, 296–9, 308–9, 316, 332

  Hume, Allan, Congress leader, 457–8

  Hund (Ohind), Panjab, 203

  Huns, 110, 117, 143–4, 158–9, 167

  Hunza, Pakistan’s Northern Areas, 114, 115

  Husain Ali Khan see Saiyid

  Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 276, 338, 355–6, 357, 369–70, 377, 379, 381, 393–4, 395, 400–1, 488, 496, 512–3

  Hyderabad, Sind, 184, 567

  Hydrography, xxiii–xxv

  I’Tsing (I’Ching) 7th c Chinese visitor, 177

  Ibn Asir, 11th c scholar, 235

  Ibn Batuta, 14th c traveller, 265, 266–7, 270, 275–6

  Ibrahim Adil Shah, 16–17th c sultan of Bijapur, 337

  Ibrahim Lodi, 16th c sultan of Delhi, 292–3

  Ilbert Bill (1883), 456

  Iltumish, Shams-ud-Din, 13th c sultan of Delhi, 240–1, 243–4

  Independence, (of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh), 483, 497, 502–3, 509, 526

  ‘India’, etymology of, 56–9

  India Councils Acts of 1892 & 1909, 459, 469

  India Office, 455

  India, Republic of, 7, 56–7, 89, 112, 510ff passim

  ‘Indian Mutiny’ see Great Rebellion

  ‘Indian National Army’, (INA) 495, 505

  Indian National Congress see Congress

  Indigo, 350, 372, 391, 448, 471

  Indo-Aryans, xxvi–xxvii, 19–36, 42, see also arya & Aryanisation

  Indo-European languages, 21

  Indonesia, 20, 176, 177–8, 415, 515

  Indo-Pakistan Wars and relations, 515–6, 536, 545. 546–8, 556–60

  Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 368

  Indra III, 10th c Rashtrakuta king, 199

  Indra, Vedic deity, 21, 23, 25, 26

  Indraprastra, Delhi, 41–2, 301

  Indus River, xxiv, 4–5, 56–60, 71, 75–6, 107, 114–7, 143, 180–7, 417–8

  Indus Valley Civilisation – see Harappan Civilisation

  Indus Waters Agreement (1960), 544–5

  Industry see Crafts & Industry

  Inscriptions, xx–xxi, 84, 87–9, 91–6, 101–2, 111, 114–7, 129–30, 136–7, 144–5, 169, 216–8, 222–3, 305

  Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), 594–6

  Iqta, a military fief, 244, see also Jagir Iron, 41, 142, 154, 466

  Irrigation, xxiv-vi, 118, 130, 144, 272, 288, 450, 463, 518, 544

  Irwin, Lord, Viceroy, 486, 487–8

  Isami, historian, 245, 247

  Islam Shah Sur, son & successor of Sher Shah, 309

  Islamabad, Pakistan, 523, 545, 583, 594

  Islamicisation 518–9, 569, 588–93

  Itimad-ud-Daula, Jahangir’s minister, 332–4

  Jagat Singh, 17th c Rana of Mewar, 330

  Jagir, a revenue right over specified lands as granted by a Mughal ruler to one of his amirs for
the maintenance of troops, 321–6, 345, 346, 359, 362, 364, 387, 390

  Jagirdar, the holder of a jagir (q.v.)

  Jahandah Shah, 18th c Mughal emperor, 364

  Jahangir, Mughal emperor, 136–7, 315, 319, 326, 328, 332–3, 334, 345, 370

  Jai Singh, Kacchwaha rajput of Amber, 9, 336, 339, 353, 360

  Jains, 47, 64, 76, 85–6, 99, 120, 129, 219, 285, 316

  Jaipur, Rajasthan, 9, 313

  Jalal, Ayesha, historian, 578

  Jalalabad, Afghanistan, 203

  Jalal-ud-Din (Jadusen), 15th c sultan of Bengal, 287

  Jalal-ud-Din Feroz see Feroz Shah I Khalji

  Jallianwala Bagh, site of 1919 Amritsar massacre, 475–7

  Jamal-ud-Din Yakut, African companion of Raziya, 245

  Jamaat-i-Islami, 589–91, 594

  Jammu & Kashmir, 423, 463, 488, 511–6, 536, 546–8, 559, 562, 572, 585, 597, 600–2

  Jamshedpur, Bihar, 466

  Jamuna River, xxv, 26, 136, 164, 263

  Jan Sangh, Hindu nationalist party, 454, 530, 550, 575, 576, 598

  Janapada, a post-Vedic clan (jana) territory, 35, 43, 44, 48, 50, 58, 143

  Janata Party, ‘People’s’ party & front, 575–6

  Jati, family & profession-based caste (cp. varna) 54, 55, 98, 145, 189

  Jats, caste of cultivators in Panjab, Rajasthan, UP, 344, 410, 415

  Jauhar, the ritualised abandonment of a fortress or palace, 256, 296, 315

  Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, 272–4, 279, 287, 292, 294, 298, 318

  Java, Indonesia, 28, 47, 120, 133, 152, 177–9, 194, 415, 449

  Jaxartes River, 71

  Jayapala (Jaipal), 10–11th c Shahi king, 204–6, 207

  Jayappa Scindia, 18th c Maratha leader, 403

  Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, 433, 443–4

  Jhelum River, 72, 75

  Jinji, Tamil Nadu, 337, 354, 356

  Jinnah, Mohammed Ali, Quaid-i-Azam of Pakistan, 56–7, 453, 469, 481, 482, 483, 487, 494, 495–6, 501–3, 506, 514, 518–22, 528

  Jizya, a tax imposed by Muslim rulers on non-Muslims, 185, 242, 274, 282, 343, 356

  Jodha, Raja, Rathor rajput ruler of Marwar, 287

  Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 287, 300, 345, 360

  Jogiakarta, Java, 47, 177, 415

  Jones, Sir William, scholar & judge, 20–21, 79, 86, 151, 383, 385, 426

  Joshi, J.P., archaeologist, 9

  Junagadh, Gujarat, 84, 129–30, 131, 144, 145, 512

  Junaid ibn Abdur Rahman al-Marri, 8th c governor of Sind, 186, 187

  Junejo, M.K. Pakistani prime minister, 583, 592

  Junnar, Maharashtra, 131

  Jurz, probably Gujarat, 195–6 see Gurjara-Pratiharas

  Jute, 451, 485, 518, 522, 538

  Kabir, 15th c poet & reformer, 316, 344

  Kabul, Afghanistan, 71, 158, 181, 203–4, 205, 256, 290–1, 308, 318, 418–9

  Kacchwahas, rajput clan of Amber/Jaipur, 199, 313, 318, 336, 360

  Kadamba kings of Mysore 168, 169

  Kadaram (Kedah), Malaya, 222, 223

  Kafur, Malik, 14th c general, 257–9, 260

  Kakatiyas, 12–14th c dynasty in Andhra Pradesh, 252, 257–8

  Kakshivant, Vedic brahman, 30, 32, 35

  Kalachuris, 10–13th c dynasty in Madhya Pradesh, 227, 252

  Kalhana, historian, 203, 211, 212

  Kali Yug, (‘the Dark Era’) 2, 46, 48, 102

  Kalibangan, Harappan site, 13

  Kalidasa, poet & playwright, xx, 103–4, 151–2, 153, 169, 170

  Kalinga (Orissa), 50, 84, 91–2, 94, 106, 108, 109, 220

  Kalinjar, Madhya Pradesh, 206, 211, 213, 239, 298, 300

  Kalyan, Karnataka, 126, 130

  Kalyana, Maharashtra, 216, 252

  Kamarapura see Assam

  Kamasutra, 81, 103

  Kambujas/Kamboja, ancient lineage & territory, 50, 176–7

  Kamran, Prince, brother of Humayun, 298

  Kanauj, Uttar Pradesh, xx, 159, 162, 164, 181, 192–201, 206, 208, 234, 239, 299

  Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, xx, 110, 137, 156, 170, 172, 173–4, 199, 215

  Kandahar, Afghanistan, 96, 256, 308, 319, 330–1

  Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 208, 330

  Kanheri, Maharashtra, 150

  Kanhoji Angria, Maratha naval commander, 364, 372, 381

  Kanishka, Kushana emperor, 103, 111–2, 114, 115, 203

  Kannada language, xxvii, 118

  Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 413, 428, 439, 440–2

  Kanva Dynasty of Magadha, 105–6, 125

  Kapilavastu, Nepal, Buddha’s birthplace, 64, 146

  Kara, Uttar Pradesh, 254, 255

  Karachi, Sind, 183, 420, 502, 508, 518, 521–2, 523, 542, 567, 586, 592

  Karakoram Highway, 113–7, 134, 145, 158, 463, 517

  Kargil ‘war’ (1999) 515, 601–2

  Karli, cave site, Maharashtra, 125, 150

  Karma, ‘deed’, ‘fate’, the causal effect of conduct in one life on status in the next, 189

  Karnal, Haryana, 385

  Karnataka, xxvii, 85–6, 105, 118, 168, 191, 251–2, 302–8, 474, 517

  Kashmir, 97, 107, 111, 144, 158, 166, 182, 202–3, 211–12, 288, 318, 330, 334, 341, 385, 420, 423, 493, see also Jammu & Kashmir

  Kaundinya, brahman adventurer, 124, 177

  Kauravas, descendents of Kuru (q.v.)

  Kaushambi, Uttar Pradesh, 51, 69, 136

  Kautilya, supposed author of the Arthasastra, xx, 60, 63, 80–3, 92, 103, 119, 170–1

  Kaveri River, xix, 118, 122, 214–5

  Kelat, Baluchistan, 545

  Kerala, 28, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 170, 277, 396, 398, 448, 481, 530–1, 550

  Khadi, homespun cotton textiles, 481

  Khafi Khan, Muslim chronicler, 350–1, 352, 364, 366, 533

  Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, 151, 213–4

  Khaleda Zia, Bangladeshi prime minister, 590

  ‘Khalistan’, 578, 579

  Khaljis (Khiljis), Afghan lineage & Delhi dynasty, 243–5, 249, 253–61

  Khalsa, (1) land revenues reserved to the king, 321, 387

  (2) the Sikh brotherhood of ‘the pure’, 361

  Khan, General Ayub, President of Pakistan, 540–8, 553, 554

  Khan, General Yahya, President of Pakistan, 553–60

  Khan, Liaqat Ali, prime minister of Pakistan, 501, 519–20, 540

  Khan, Sir Sayyid Ahmad, Muslim reformer & educationalist, 458, 459

  Khan, Wali, Pathan leader, 566–7

  Khanua, battle of (1526), 295–6

  Kharavela, King of Kalinga, 106, 108, 119

  Khilafat Movement in support of Ottoman caliphate, 477–9, 482

  Khilnani, Sunil, political scientist, 563

  Khizrabad, Haryana, 136

  Khmers, Cambodian dynasty & people, 124, 176, 223

  Khunjerab Pass, between Pakistan & China on Karakoram Highway, 113, 115

  Khurram, Prince, see Shah Jahan

  Khusrau, Prince, son of Jahangir, 328, 345

  Khyber Pass, between Pakistan & Afghanistan, 71, 181, 206

  Kingship, 32–3, 39, 47, 48–9, 70, 111, 131, 139, 140, 159, 170–2, 220, 248, 350, 354

  Kipling, Rudyard, 336

  Kistna River, 200, 283

  Kitchener, Lord, Commander-in-chief of Indian army 468

  Koh-i-Nur Diamond, 293, 299, 308, 386, 418, 424–5

  Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 368, 413

  Kolkota, xxviii, see Calcutta

  Konarak, Orissa, 213, 275

  Kosambi, D.D., historian, xvii, 38–9, 86, 132, 133, 134, 154, 159

  Koshala, ancient kingdom in Uttar Pradesh, 44, 50, 66, 67–70

  Krishna I, 8th c Rashtrakuta king, 191, 200

  Krishna, III, 10th c Rashtrakuta king, 215

  Krishna, deity, 42, 46, 73, 147, 208

  Krishan-Deva-Raya, I, 16th c king of Vijayanagar, 294, 303–5

  Krishna-Deva-Raya III, 18th c Maharaja of Mysore, 425

  Ksatriya, the warrior & ruling caste, 52, 70, 120
, 131, 197, 231, 345

  Kshtrapas, ‘satraps’, subordinate rulers, see esp. Western Satraps

  Kujula Kadphises, Kushana king, 111, 115

  Kumaradevi, 4th c queen, consort of Chandra-Gupta I, 135

  Kumara-Gupta, 5th c Gupta emperor, 142, 143–4

  Kumbalgarh, Rajasthan, 287

  Kumbha, 15th c Rana of Mewar, 287

  Kuru, Vedic clan, 41, 42, 46, 50

  Kurukshetra, battle of (c950BC), 46

  Kushanas, 1–2nd C AD dynasty, 110–12, 113–4, 115–6, 117, 130, 137

  Kutch, Rana of, 557

  Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, 288, 341–2, 420, 513, 515, 534–5

  Lahore, Panjab, 73, 203, 225, 226, 233, 247, 292, 318, 334, 403, 411, 422, 476, 483, 508, 523, 548, 602

  Lake, Gerard, British general, 410

  Lakhnauti, Bengal, 244

  Lakshmana, hero, xxvii, 39

  Lakshmanasena, 12–13th c Sena king of Bengal, 244

  Lakshmi Bai, 19th c Rani of Jhansi, 443–4

  Lal Kunwar, 18th c mistress of Jahandah Shah, 364

  Lal, B.B., historian, 9

  Lalliya, 9th c king of Kabul, 203

  Lamghan (Lughman), Afghanistan, 203, 205

  Lashkar-i-Taiba, 594

  Language issues, 527–30, 577

  Laswari, battle of (1803), 410

  Lawrence, John, Governor-General, 424

  Licchavis, tribe & republic, 48, 49–50, 52, 67–70, 135–6

  Lingam, the phallic icon of Shiva, 209, 216, 343

  Linlithgow, Lord, Viceroy, 498, 504

  Literature, 103, 119–20, 151–2, 161, 229

  Lodi, Afghan tribe & Delhi dynasty, 274, 288, 289–90, 298

  Lohara, 11th c Kashmiri dynasty, 212

  Lokayats, sect, 64

  Lop Nor, China, 114

  Lothal, Harappan site, 10, 13

  Louis XVI, French king, 397–8

  Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 428, 435, 440–3

  Lucknow Pact (1916), 470, 474

  Lytton, Lord, Viceroy, 447, 454, 455

  Macaulay, Thomas, author, stateman & legal adviser in India, 171, 431, 503

  Machchlipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 357

  Mackay, Ernest, archaeologist, 9

  Mackenzie, Colin, surveyor & antiquarian, 426

  McMahon Line, Sino-Indian frontier 535, 536

  Madhava Rao, Maratha Peshwa, 404

  Madho Singh, Raja of Jaipur, 404

  Madhya Pradesh, 130, 227, 584

  Madras, 121, 122, 156, 332, 370, 373, 376, 377–9, 393–4, 396, 472, 529

  Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 119, 120, 172, 215, 252, 258, 308, 337

  Magadha, Bihar, 50, 61–70, 73, 79, 82–3, 90–100, 105, 106, 111, 134, 135, 147, 165

 

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