by Kim So-Un
THE STORYTELLER:
Kim So-un's literary leanings go back to his school days, when he specialized in poetry and folklore. Later he polished his style by working for a major news-paper in Seoul and as chief editor of the Korean Children's Educational Institute. Writing with equal facility in Korean or Japanese, Mr. Kim has twenty-three published works to his credit, including collections of poetry, folk tales, folklore, folk songs, and critical essays. In 1952 he was invited by UNESCO to represent Korean literature at the International Artists' Convention held at Venice, Italy.
THE TRANSLATOR:
Setsu Higashi was born, reared, and educated in Vancouver, Canada of Japanese parents, and came to Japan in 1940. Her husband, Mr. Shinobu Peter Higashi, is with the Associated Press in Tokyo. Although by "profession" a housewife, with this her first major literary effort, Mrs. Higashi reveals herself to have a fine storytelling style, perhaps because she has a young son who is an avid listener to her stories.
The title and author's name are presented on the cover in Japanese characters.
THE STORY BAG
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Published by the Charlee E. Tuttle Company, Inc.
of Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, Japan
with editorial offices at Osaki Shinagawa-ku,
Tokyo 141-0032
Copyright in Japan, 1955, by, Charles E.
Tuttle Co., Inc.
All rights reserved
The stories in this collection originally
appeared in NEGI O UETA HITO,
published in Japanese, 1953, by, Iwanam
Shoten, Tokyo
First edition, January 1955
Thirteenth printing, 1986
ISBN: 978-1-4629-0784-7 (ebook)
Printed in Japan
Author's Foreword
I am not yet of an age to be called an old man. But when I compare the world of today with that of my youth, the changes are so great that I can hardly believe they have actually taken place.
When Art Smith, an American, brought the first airplane to Korea, I went, as did other small Korean children, to see the wonderful machine that flew through the skies. With the others, I paid my fifteen sen for admission to the filled-in plot of land in Pusan. There, Art Smith, with his mother in the spare cockpit, put his small one-winged plane into the air, flew daring loops, and wrote his name in smoke across the sky.
Since then only thirty-odd years have passed. Today no Korean child, unless he lives in the most remote mountain fastness, is astonished at airplanes.
In fact, any young schoolboy of the cities can tell the type of plane in flight just by listening, from inside his house, to the sound of the engine. Today, with no trouble at all, one can fly in two or three days to either Europe or the United States. Just last year I myself flew on a 54-passenger SAS passenger air liner to Europe.
Just think—only thirty years ago I watched with beating heart and bated breath a small two-seater doing simple tricks in the air. How the world has changed!
It is not only airplanes that have changed. The way people think and the way they live have also changed. If people who lived even fifty or a hundred years ago were to come back to life, how amazed they would be!
Too frequently our lives undergo change. The world is ever progressing, with neither rest nor pause. Like river rapids, the life of mankind flows forward, day and night, at a dizzying speed, onward and ever onward. This is the ever-changing current of history. But this does not mean that all things change. The beauty of the stars that twinkle in the night sky, the illusive scent of the wild chrysanthemum, the sorrow of parting, the joy of a lovers' reunion, and the nostalgic recollection of a distant journey—these things will remain unchanged forever.
No matter how man's knowledge and wisdom may progress, his inner heart will remain as it was hundreds of years ago. Even if the day should come when man can journey to the moon, as long as man remains man, he will not lose that soul which has been his heritage from time immemorial.
I have chosen and retold here a number of Korean folk tales that have been handed down by word of mouth from one generation to the next. There are stories that have been told by grandparents to their grandchildren, huddled on the heated floors of Korean homes in the dead of winter, with the cold snowladen winds raging outside. There are stories repeated in the yards of Korean homes to children seated on straw mats in the cool of a summer evening, smoke from mosquito smudges whirling about their faces. These are short tales recounted in great mirth by farmer folk, as they rest from their work in the fields in the shade of a nearby tree. These are stories which the Korean children of countless generations have wept and laughed over in untiring repetition. In these stories tigers smoke tobacco, a tree fathers a child, fleas and lice drink rice-wine, and the spirits of old tales turn themselves into the wild berries of the fields or into a bubbling roadside spring. They reflect the serenity of the men and women nurtured by the ancient land of Korea.
Here may be found stories which echo those told in many other countries throughout the world. Here are also stories that are peculiar to Korea. But you will find here neither homily nor dialectic. I am certain that the reader will feel a kindred spirit with the hearts of the people of ancient Korea. I am certain that a responsive chord will sound in his own heart to their dreams, their laughter, their fantasies.
As seen in the title piece, stories do not like to be hoarded, but want to be told and told again, passing always from lip to lip. These stories were first heard in my childhood in Korean, then written down by me in Japanese, and finally translated into English by Mrs. Higashi. But I have reason to hope that, out of gratitude for the wider audience they can now find, they will use their magic powers to rise above all language barriers and speak directly to the hearts of people in other lands.
Kim So-un
Tokyo, Japan
November, 1954
Contents
Author's Preface
1 The Story Bag
2 The Man Who Planted Onions
3 Mountains and Rivers
4 The Pheasant, the Dove, and the Magpie
5 A Dog Named Fireball
6 The Deer, the Rabbit, and the Toad
7 Mr. Bedbug's Feast
8 Why We Have Earthquakes
9 The Stupid Noblewoman
10 The Bridegroom's Shopping
11 The Bad Tiger
12 The Three Foolish Brides
13 The Tiger and the Rabbit
14 The Great Flood
15 The Three Little Girls
16 The Blind Mouse
17 The Deer and the Woodcutter
18 The Magic Gem
19 The Snake and the Toad
20 The Pheasant's Bell
21 The Green Leaf
22 The Grateful Tiger
23 The Pumpkin Seeds
24 The Three Princesses
25 The Disowned Student
26 The Signal Flag
27 The Magic Hood
28 The Father's Legacy
29 The Tiger of Kumgang Mountains
30 The Silver Spoon
THE STORY BAG
1 The Story Bag
THERE once lived a very rich family. They had only one child, a boy, who loved to have stories told to him. Whenever he met a new person, he would say: "Tell me another different story."
And, each time, he would store away the story he heard in a small bag he carried at his belt. So many stories did he hear that soon the bag
was packed tight and he had to push hard to get each new story in. Then, to make sure that none of the stories escaped, he kept the bag tied tightly at the mouth.
The boy eventually grew into a handsome young man. The time came for him to take a wife. A bride was chosen for him, and the whole house was preparing to greet the young master's new wife. Everything was in an uproar.
Now, there happened to be in this rich home a faithful old servant who had been with the family ever since the time when the story-loving boy was still very young. As the household made ready for the young master's wedding, this servant was tending a fire on the kitchen hearth. Suddenly his ears caught faint whispering sounds coming from some where. He listened carefully and soon discovered that the voices were coming from a bag hanging on the wall. It was the bag of stories which the young master had kept in his childhood. Now it hung forgotten on an old nail on the kitchen wall. The old servant listened carefully.
"Listen, everyone," said a voice, "the boy's wedding is to take place tomorrow. He has kept us this long while stuffed in this bag, packed so closely and uncomfortably together. We have suffered for a long time. We must make him pay for this some way or another."
"Yes," said another voice, "I have been thinking the same thing. Tomorrow the young man will leave by horse to bring home his bride. I shall change into bright red berries, ripening by the roadside. There I shall wait for him. I shall be poisonous but shall look so beautiful that he will want to eat me. If he does, I shall kill him."
"And, if he doesn't die after eating the berries," piped up a third voice, "I shall become a clear, bubbling spring by the roadside. I shall have a beautiful gourd dipper floating in me. When he sees me he will feel thirsty and will drink me. When I get inside of him, I shall make him suffer terribly."
A fourth voice then broke in: "If you fail, then I shall become an iron skewer, heated red-hot, and I shall hide in the bag of chaff that will be placed by his horse for him to dismount on when he reaches his bride's home. And when he steps on me, I shall burn his feet badly." Because, you see, according to the custom of the land in those days, a bag of chaff was always placed by the bridegroom's horse so that he would not have to step directly on the ground.
Then a fifth voice whispered: "If that fails too, I shall become those poisonous string-snakes, thin as threads. Then I shall hide in the bridal chamber. When the bride and the bridegroom have gone to sleep, I shall come out and bite them."
The servant was filled with alarm by what he heard. "This is terrible," he told himself. "I must not let any harm come to the young master. When he leaves the house tomorrow, I must take the bridle and lead the horse myself."
Early next morning, the final preparations were completed, and the wedding procession was ready to set forth. The groom, dressed in his best, came out of the house and mounted his horse. Suddenly the faithful servant came running out and grabbed the horse's bridle. He then asked to be allowed to lead the horse.
The old master of the house said: "You have other work to do. You had better stay behind."
"But I must lead the horse today," the servant said. "I don't care what happens, but I insist that I take the bridle."
He refused to listen to anyone and, finally, the master, surprised at the old man's obstinacy, allowed him to lead the horse to the bride's home.
As the procession wound along its way, the bridegroom came to an open field. There by the roadside many bright berries were growing. They looked temptingly delicious.
"Wait!" the bridegroom called out. "Stop the horse and pick me some of those berries."
However, the servant would not stop. In fact, he purposely made the horse hurry on and said: "Oh, those berries. You can find them anywhere. Just be a little patient. I shall pick some for you later." And he gave the horse a good crack of the whip.
After a while, they came to a bubbling spring. Its clear waters seemed cool and tempting. There was even a small gourd dipper floating on the water, as if to invite the passerby to have a drink.
"Bring me some of that water," the bridegroom said to the servant. "I have been thirsty for some time."
But, again, the servant prodded the horse and hurried by. "Once we get into the shade of those trees, your thirst will soon disappear," he said, and he gave the horse another crack of the whip, a blow much harder than the first.
The bridegroom grumbled and mumbled from atop his horse. He was in a bad. mood, but the servant took no notice. He only made the horse hurry the faster.
Soon they reached the bride's home. There, already gathered in the yard, was a large crowd of people. The servant led the horse into the compound and stopped it beside the waiting bag of chaff. As the bridegroom put down his foot to dismount, the servant pretended to stumble and shoved the bridegroom to keep him from stepping on the bag.
The bridegroom fell to the straw mats laid out on the ground. He blushed in shame at his clumsy fall. However, he could not scold the servant in front of all the people. So he kept silent and entered the bride's home.
There, the wedding ceremony was held without untoward incident, and the newly-married couple returned to the groom's home.
Soon night fell, and the bride and bridegroom retired to their room. The faithful servant armed himself with a sword and hid himself under the veranda outside the bridal chamber.
As soon as the bride and bridegroom turned out the lights and went to bed, the servant opened the door of the room and leapt inside.
The newly-wed couple were startled beyond description. "Who's there?" they both shouted, jumping out of bed.
"Young master," the servant said, "I shall explain later. Right now, just hurry and get out of the way."
The servant kicked the bedding aside and lifted the mattress. A terrible sight greeted their eyes. There hundreds of string-snakes coiled and writhed in a single ball. The servant slashed at the snakes with the sword in his hand. As he cut some into pieces, they opened their red mouths and darted their black forked tongues at him. Other snakes slithered here and there, trying to escape the servant's flashing sword. The servant whirled here and there like a madman and finally killed every one of the snakes in the room.
Then he let out a great sigh of relief and began: "Young master, this is the story..." And the old servant recounted the whispers that he had heard coming from the old bag on the kitchen wall.
That is why when stories are heard they must never be stored away to become mean and spiteful, but must always be shared with other people. In this way, they are passed from one person to another so that as many people as possible can enjoy them.
2 The Man Who Planted Onions
THIS story happened in an age before man ever ate onions. In those days people used to eat people. That was because everybody saw everybody else as cows, not as people at all. If you weren't careful, you'd mistake your own father and mother or your brothers and sisters for cows and eat them up. Surely there can be no sadder plight than this—for people not to be able to tell the difference between people and cows.
Once there was a man who made just such a mistake. He ate up his own brother! After a while he realized what he had done, but by then it was too late. There was nothing he could do to make amends.
"Oh, this is terrible, terrible!" he cried. "I hate living in this place!"
So saying, the man left his home and started on a long journey in search of a place where people saw people as people and not as cows.
"Surely, in this wide, wide world there must be a country when men are men and cows are cows. I don't care how long it takes—I must find such a country."
And so he wandered over the world. He travelled deep into the mountains. He journeyed over the sea. But, no matter where he went, he still found that people ate each other. However, the man refused to give up hope and continued his quest.
He saw many an autumn and many a winter.
The man was young when he started out on his travels. Now he was no longer young. He was an old man. He continued his searc
h, growing older and older. At long last, he came to a country which he had never seen nor heard of before.
Although he didn't yet realize it, this was the country he had been looking for all these long, long years. The inhabitans were all living happily together. Cows were cows, and people were people. They were clearly distinguished.
The aged traveller met up with an old man of this country, who greeted him: "Hello! From where are you? And where are you going?"
"I have no definite place in mind," answered the traveller. "I am only searching for a country where people do not eat each other. Do you think there is such a place in this wide world? I have been searching for such a country for many, many years."
"Oh my, you must have had a hard time," said the aged inhabitant. "We used to be like that here too. People used to look like cows to each other and very often brothers ate brothers and sons ate their parents. But that was all before we began eating onions."
"Onions?" The old traveller was greatly surprised. "What is that again? Onions? What are onions?"
"Come over here and see for yourself. Those green shoots growing out of the ground there are what we call onions."
The old inhabitant kindly led the aged traveller to a field of onions to show him the sprouting shoots. Not only did the inhabitant show the traveller what onions were, but he also taught the aged visitor in detail how onions were grown and how they were prepared for eating.
The old traveller was greatly pleased. He was given some onion seeds, and then he started on his return trip home.
"By just eating some onions, a person will be able to see his neighbors as human beings and not as cows," he kept telling himself over and over again.
