“A meeting was held at 4 o’clock in which I was present”: http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv5n2/Georgia.htm.
62 they were currently reading the manuscript of a young writer named Boris Pasternak: Taubman, Khrushchev, p. 385.
64 nine protesters were officially pronounced dead: Sergei Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev, p. 164.
65 Khrushchev… could easily “be beguiled”: Taubman, Khrushchev, p. 131.
Glushko was elegant and regal: V. F. Rakhmanin, ed., Odnazhy I Navsegda: Dokumenty I Lyudi o sozdatelye raketnykh dvigateley Valentnye Petrovichye Glushko (Moscow: Mashinostroyenye, 1998), p. 341.
Korolev, on the other hand, never wore a tie unless he had to: A. V Ishlinskiy, ed., Akademik S. P. Korolev: Uchonie, Inzhenier, Chelovek (Moscow: Nauka, 1986), p. 107.
66 “He ate very quickly”: Arkady Ostashov, Yuri Mozhorin, ed., Nachalo Kosmichiskoy Eri: Vospominaniya Veteranov Raketno-Kosmicheskoy Tekniki, vol. 2 (Moscow: RNITSKD, 1994), p. 44.
the rasp of the needle on the gramophone: Deborah Cadbury, Space Race: The Epic Battle Between America and the Soviet Union for the Dominion of Space (New York: HarperCollins, 2006), p. 78.
“Glushko gave testimonies about my alleged membership of anti-Soviet organizations”: Ibid., p. 85.
67 “For the sake of my sole son”: Harford, Korolev, p. 50.
Glushko had also been in the camps: Rakhmanin, ed., Odnazhy I Navsegda, pp. 424-33.
Korolev had engaged in a long-running affair with Glushko’s sister-in-law: Cadbury, Space Race, p. 89.
68 “Sergei Pavlovich, your Horche is beautiful, but it’s not a fighter plane”: Chertok, Rockets and People, pp. 350-51.
“I’m not afraid of anyone in the whole wide world”: Ibid.
69 The solution was the RD-107: Valentin Glushko, Raketnie Dvigateli GDL-0KB (Moscow: Izdatelstvo Agentsva Pechatiy Novosti, 1975), pp. 328-29.
69 But if the central R-7 engine block was designed to operate longer, the four peripheral boosters could be jettisoned: Novosti Kosmonavtiki, vol. 15, no. 7 (August 2005), pp. 67-69.
70 Korolev favored using small gimbaled thrusters: Ibid., vol. 15, no. 8 (July 2005), pp. 56-59.
But Glushko was violently opposed to the idea: Yuri Semenov, ed., Raketno Kosmicheskaya Korporatsiya Energiya Imeni S. P. Koroleva (Korolev: RKK Energiya, 1996), p. 75.
could withstand the heat that would be generated during the 24,000-feet-per-second atmospheric reentry: Ivan Prudnikov, Aviatsiya I Kosmonavtika, vol. 1, no. 2 (1994), p. 39.
postimpulse boost: Timofei Varfolomeyev, Space Flight Magazine (UK), August 1995, p. 262.
71 “I’ve been sent the protocol of the latest tests”: Cadbury, Space Race, p. 124. how many pounds of thrust were produced per each pound of propellant consumed per second: Wernher von Braun et al., Space Travel: A History (New York: Harper and Row, 1975), p. 136.
But Glushko’s engines had come up short, at 239 and 303.1 respectively: Georgiy Vetrov, ed., S. P. Korolev I Evo Dela: Svet I Teni v Istorii Kosmonavtiki (Moscow: Nauka, 1998), pp. 220-21.
72 “At present time, we are completing static testing of the rocket”: Ibid., p. 369.
WE WANT BREAD, FREEDOM, AND TRUTH: Filip Lesniak, Biuletyn Instituty Pamiecy Narodowek, at http://www.ipn.gov.pl/biuletyn5_12.htm.
73 thirteen-year-old Romek Strzalkowski fell dead: Polish Academic Information Center, University of Buffalo, at http://www.info-poland.buffalo.edu/exhib/Poznan/june1956.html.
“The Poles were vilifying the Soviet Union”: Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 1st edition, p. 198.74 “From the airport we went to”: Ibid., p. 200.
“To all those suffering under communist slavery”: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/hungary_1956.htm.
eighty were killed: http://www.info-poland.buffalo.edu/exhib/Poznan/june1956.html.
75 “The Soviet government is prepared to enter into the appropriate negotiations”: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc6.pdf.
“This utterance is one of the most significant to come out”: Grose, Gentleman Spy, p. 348.
defiantly summoned the Soviet ambassador, Yuri Andropov: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc7.pdf.
“We have no choice”: Minutes of October 31, 1956, Presidium meeting, at http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc6.pdf.
76 “Bombs, by God!”: Grose, Gentleman Spy, p. 349.
“The Soviet Air Force has bombed the Hungarian capital”: See online transcript at http://news.bbc.co.Uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/4/newsid_2739000/2739039.stm.
77 “Khrushchev’s days are numbered”: Grose, Gentleman Spy, p. 337.
4: Tomorrowland
78 As the incumbent, Ike was able to rise above the political fray: Dunar, America in the Fifties, p. 123.
79 “In regard to the Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles”: Erik Bergaust, Wernher von Braun (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1976), p. 245.
“it will be better for the country”: Ibid.80 “If we let down our standards to speed production”: Harris, A New Command, p. 134.
“The lack of a sound, experienced, military-technical organization”: Medaris, Countdown for Decision, p. 57.81 “In all honesty, I do not think”: Ibid., p. 60.
“Can you picture a war”: Ambrose, Eisenhower, p. 410.
“somewhat distorted and exaggerated picture”: Worden, Rise of the Fighter Generals, p. 82.
“satisfactory state of reliability”: Ibid.
“I don’t know how to show… teeth with a missile”: Ibid., p. 84.82 “We see too few examples of really creative”: Ibid., p. 80.
“The aircraft industry, and particularly the Douglas Aircraft Co.”: Bergaust, Wernher von Braun, pp. 252-53.
83 “It was not a big decision”: Ernst Stuhlinger, December 8, 1997, interview with Michelle Kelly for the Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, NASA Oral History Transcript at http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/participants.htm.
“Screen them for being Nazis?”: Dennis Piszkiewicz, Wernher von Braun: The Man Who Sold the Moon (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1998), p. 41.
84 impregnable blackness: Stuhlinger and Ordway, Wernher von Braun, p. 70.
“To my continental eyes”: Piszkiewicz, Wernher von Braun, p. 8.
Fort Bliss, an old cavalry outpost built around the rough adobe walls: http//www.bliss, army.mil/museum/fortblisstexas.htm.
85 “A line of waiters in black suits, white shirts, and bow-ties: Chertok, Rockets and People, p. 241.
“German Scientist Says American Cooking Tasteless”: El Paso Times, December 4, 1946.
“We hold these individuals to be potentially dangerous”: James McGovern, Crossbow and Overcast (New York: William Morrow, 1964), p. 247.
“I never thought we were so poor mentally”: Paul Dickson, Sputnik: The Shock of the Century (New York: Berkley, 2001), p. 61.
86 As wards of the army: Huzel, Peenemünde to Canaveral, p. 215.
“Daily life was quite regulated”: Stuhlinger and Ordway, Wernher von Braun, p. 77.
“SPECIAL WAR DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE. In the event that this card is presented off a military reservation”: Huzel, Peenemünde to Canaveral, p. 223.
they catch a screening of Zorro at the Palace Theatre, go shopping at the Popular Dry Goods Company: http://www.elpasotexas.gov/walkingtours.
87 playing cello in a string quartet of rocket scientists: Stuhlinger and Ordway, Wernher von Braun, p. 11.
“Prisoners of peace”: Ordway and Sharpe, The Rocket Team, p. 237.
87 “Frankly we were disappointed”: Daniel Lang, “A Romantic Urge,” New Yorker, November 7, 1951, p. 89.
88 “We’ll put you on ice”: Stuhlinger, NASA 1997 Oral History.
“control of German individuals who might contribute”: http://www.milnet.com/cia/nazi-gold/art04.html.
“threat to world security”: Lieutenant David Akens, Army Ballistic Missile Agency Historical Monograph (Huntsville, Ala.: Redstone Arsenal, 1958), p. 25, at http://ww
w.redstone.army.mil/history.
“We were distrusted aliens”: Bob Ward, Dr. Space: The Life of Wernher von Braun (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2005), p. 67.
89 when three hundred thousand sorties were flown: http://www.usafe.af.mil/berlin/quickfax.htm.
“when we might have completely destroyed Russia and not even skinned our elbows”: David Halberstam, The Fifties (New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1993), p. 25.
“greatest act of stupidity of the McCarthyist period”: Dickson, Sputnik, p. 138.
The historic hamlet was home to fifteen thousand genteel southerners: http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/cron2a.html.
90 “We had some concerns here”: Ward, Dr. Space, p. 77.
The fledgling ABC network was backing the venture with $4.5 million in loan guarantees: Piszkiewicz, Wernher von Braun, p. 84.
91 whose hourly pay in 1954 had just been increased from seventy cents to a dollar: Ambrose, Eisenhower, p. 386.
“In our modern world”: March 9, 1955, “Tomorrowland” telecast, Walt Disney Treasures, Buena Vista Home Entertainment, Burbank, Calif., 2004, stock no. 31749.
The show attracted 42 million viewers: J. P. Telotte, “Disney in Science Fiction Land,” Journal of Popular Film and Television, Spring 2005, http://www.finarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0412/is_l_33/ai_nl3717415.
92 to launch a satellite using a modified Redstone missile for less than $100,000: McDougall, The Heavens and the Earth, p. 119.
“The atmosphere of the earth acts as a huge shield”: http://www.history.nasa.gov/sputnik/chapter2.html.
93 “I am impressed by the costly consequences”: Ibid.
94 “It must be restated”: Haines and Leggett, eds., CIA’s Analysis of the Soviet Union, 1947-1990, p. 59.
“I wouldn’t care if they did”: Bille and Lishock, The First Space Race, p. 51.
5: Desert Fires
95 wads of rubles that Korolev kept in an office safe: Harford, Korolev, p. 4.
96 building nine tracking stations deep in the Kazakh desert over the first 500 miles: Siddiqi, Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge, pp. 156-57.
A gigantic vise with collapsible jaws, pivots, and counterweights: Semenov, ed., Raketno Kosmicheskaya Korporatsiya Energiya, pp. 76-77.
a combination of silica and asbestum with textalyte: Prudniko, Aviatsiya I Kosmonavtika, p. 39.
97 The pace of construction at Tyura-Tam had been so frenetic: Baikonur Cosmodrome Foundation: http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_foundation.html.
a fire alarm was inadvertently triggered, setting off sprinklers: Siddiqi, Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge, p. 157.
98 “What the hell are you doing?”: Boris Chertok, Rakety I Lyudi, vol. 2 (Moscow: Mashinostroyeniye, 1996), pp. 185-86.
“Get him out of here”: Yuri Mozzhorin, ed., Dorogi v Kosmos, vol. 1 (Moscow: MAI, 1992), p. 114.
“That was Korolev”: Sergei Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev, p. 221.
99 “Give me a crane, some cash”: Mozzhorin, ed., Nachalo Kosmichiskoy Eri, p. 67.
“Take it away”: Chertok, Rakety I Lyudi, vol. 2, p. 177.
Korolev developed strep throat and had to take frequent penicillin shots: Siddiqi, Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge, p. 159.
“We are working under a great strain”: Cadbury, Space Race, p. 159.
100 “We are criminals”: Vladimir Parashkov and Konstantin Gerchik, eds., Niezabivayemi Bajkanur (Moscow: Rosijskoye Kosmichiskoye Agenstvo, 1998), p. 107.
“What can they do to us?”: Chertok, Rakety I Lyudi, vol. 2, p. 183.
101 “He was a brilliant scientist”: Author telephone interview with Sergei Khrushchev, February 15, 2006.
They were “worthless”: Cadbury, Space Race, p. 159.
One general had famously groused: Author interview with Peter Gorin, Williamsburg, Virginia, March 6, 2006.
“You can’t count on Malinovsky”: Chertok, Rakety I Lyudi, vol. 2, p. 184.
102 Korolev was fixated on the notion: Harford, Korolev, p. 3.
“And you and your rocket”: The following exchange is quoted in Yaroslav Galovanov, Korolev: Fakti I Mythi (Moscow: Nauka, 1994), pp. 502-8.
103 “When things are going badly”: Siddiqi, Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge, p. 159.
“Sergei was about three”: Ishlinskiy, ed., Akademik S. P. Korolev, p. 29.
104 As a side business, the family had a small but highly successful brine operation: Natalia Koroleva, Otets, vol. 1 (Moscow: Nauka, 2001), p. 27.
“He didn’t have any friends of his own age”: Harford, Korolev, p. 19.
that his estranged father, whom he was not permitted to see, would try to kidnap him: Koroleva, Otets, vol. 1, p. 65.
“I felt I needed to keep him at home”: Ishlinskiy, ed., Akademik S. P. Korolev, p. 30.
Korolev built giant dollhouses and cried frequently: Koroleva, Otets, vol. 1, p. 62.
“A poster appeared”: Ishlinskiy, ed., Akademik S. P. Korolev, p. 29.
No one in Nezhin had ever seen an airplane before: Koroleva, Otets, vol. 1, p. 68.
105 “Mother, can you give me two new bed-sheets”: Ishlinskiy, ed., Akademik S. P. Korolev, p. 30.
“Hunger, chaos”: Ibid.
106 “hang onto the barbed wire”: Ibid.
“He was not interested in small talk”: Koroleva, Otets, vol. 1, p. 116.
1922 daily planner: Ibid., p. 134.
“Oh Mother, if you could only see”: Ibid., p. 121.
107 “That was the definitive moment”: Ishlinskiy, ed., Akademik S. P. Korolev, p. 32.
Polytechnical Institute of Kiev, which produced such graduates as Igor Sikorsky: Harford, Korolev, p. 26.
“To my dear friend Piotr Frolov”: Koroleva, Otets, vol. 1, p. 325.
when he met two rocket enthusiasts, Friedrich Tsander and Mikhail Tikhonravov: Georgy Vetrov, Korolev I Kosmonavtika: Pervye Shagi (Moscow: Nauka, 1994), p. 33.
108 “the air of a man who had already sampled the mysteries”: Cadbury, Space Race, p. 124.
Tikhonravov would coin the term cosmonaut: V. Davydova, “100-letie So Dnya Rozhdeniya M. K. Tikhonravovna,” Novosti Kosmonavtiki, October 2000, p. 61.
Korolev hit upon the idea of grafting it to a tailless, trapezoidal glider: Vetrov, ed., S. P. Korolev I Evo Delo, p. 33.
109 “But Father, how could your plane land”: Natalia Koroleva televised interview for the documentary film The Secret Designer, Ryan Productions., Toronto, 1994.
“Nikita, come to the Kremlin”: Sergei Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev, pp. 233-34.
“We will bury you”: Medvedev and Medvedev, Khrushchev, p. 75.
110 The attack on Nikita Khrushchev began: The account of the attempted coup against Khrushchev is drawn from several interviews with Sergei Khrushchev in early 2006, his memoir of his father, Nikita Khrushchev’s own multivolume memoirs, and William Taubman’s Khrushchev.
111 a cow “knocking about the whole country”: Taubman, Khrushchev, p. 318.
“Leonid Ilyich barely had time to utter the first words”: Sergei Khrushchev, Khrushchev, p. 237.
“You’ve become the expert on everything”: Author telephone interview with Sergei Khrushchev, February 10, 2006.
“They couldn’t, as long as Father retained the loyalty of two key people”: Ibid.
112 signed 38,679 execution orders: Taubman, Khrushchev, p. 320.
“roared like an African lion”: Ibid., p. 323.
113 “Okay, Boris, you continue playing sick”: Chertok, Rakety I Lyudi, vol. 2, p. 190.
6: Pictures in Black and White
115 On the morning of August 28, 1957: A list of all U-2 Soviet overflights can be found at http://www.spyflight.co.uk/u2.htm and at http://www.blackbirds.net/u2/u2-timeline/u2tl160.html.
The black, single-engine craft bore little resemblance: A physical description of the U-2 is available at http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/u2/ and at http://www.area51specialprojects.com/genesis_u2.html.
11
6 filling the tanks from portable fifty-five-gallon oil drums: Richard Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 118.
a 12,000-foot-long spool of high-resolution Kodak film: Michael Beschloss, Mayday: Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair (New York: Harper and Row, 1986), p. 92.
At 4:00 AM a doctor measured his temperature, pulse, and blood pressure: Lieutenant Colonel Charles Wilson, USAF, “Flying the U-2,” http://www.blackbirds.net/u2/u-2mission.html.
117 Richard Bissell sat in his downtown office on H Street, across from the Metropolitan Club: Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior, p. 98.
“We must find ways”: James R. Killian, Sputnik, Scientists, and Eisenhower: A Memoir of the First Special Assistant to the President for Science and Technology (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1977), p. 79.
Jewish grandparents had emigrated from the same part of Odessa: Philip Taubman, Secret Empire: Eisenhower, the CIA, and the Hidden Story of American’s Space Espionage (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003), p. 93.
118 Mark Twain House: Ibid., p. 115.
Allen Dulles was a significant shareholder: Grose, Gentleman Spy, pp. 371-73.
119 but Secretary Quarles had opted to go with a rival design by Bell Labs: Chris Pocock, “From the Shadows—Early History of the U-2,” Code One Airpower Magazine, January 2002, http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archive/2002/articles/jan_02/shadows/index.html. See also Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior, p. 93.
The contract was shrouded in such secrecy: The classified nature of the program is described by Garfield Thomas, vice president of ISR programs at Lockheed Martin Skunk Works, at http://www.area51specialprojects.com/genesis_u2.html.
Even within the White House staff, only two people: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Waging Peace: The White House Years, 1956-61 (New York: Doubleday, 1965), p. 544.
120 “The ampoule should be crushed between the teeth”: Taubman, Secret Empire, p. 178.
“We told Eisenhower”: Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior, p. 121.
Only three bolts… connected: Beschloss, Mayday, p. 92.
“Holy smokes”: Taubman, Secret Empire, p. 131.
Red Moon Rising Page 36
