According to Strode: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 153.
Gordon Macker: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 153.
Although Strode played: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 154.
Looking back on those days: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 154.
Traveling with the Rams: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 150.
On one trip to Chicago: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 152.
“It was great”: Los Angeles Times, August 8, 1963.
Strode wrote in his memoirs: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 152.
At times white players hit Washington: Hartford Courier, August 8, 1999.
In a game against the Chicago Cardinals: Pittsburgh Courier, October 19, 1946; cited in Levy, Tackling Jim Crow, 94.
Bob Snyder noted: biography.jrank.org/pages/2533/Washington-Kenny.html, accessed August 22, 2014.
Snyder recalled that Washington and Strode: Peterson, Pigskin, 183.
Strode played little that year: http://www.si.com/vault/2009/10/12/105865272/the-nfls-jackie-robinson, accessed January 14, 2016.
Line coach George Trafton: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 154–55.
It wasn’t the first time: Manchel, “The Man Who Made the Stars Shine Brighter,” 39
On the field,: http://www.stlouisrams.com/news-and-events/article-1/The-Legacy-of-Kenny-Washington/d6ba4c71-fa7b-4fd4–8209-fd44b84900b6, accessed January 14, 2016.
But Strode’s and Washington’s mark: New York Times, June 26, 1971.
Washington left football: Los Angeles Times, December 13, 1948.
Strode’s football career: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 161–67.
“I loved football”: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 170.
19. The Negro League Years
“The plate is the same width”: Mann, “Say Jack Robinson, Colliers, March 2, 1946, 66–67.”
Jackie Robinson was fed up: Jackie Robinson with Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 24–25.
The players often slept: Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 124.
On August 24, 1945: Jackie Robinson with Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 30.
“I was thinking”: Kahn, Rickey & Robinson, 103.
Who was this Branch Rickey: Kahn, Rickey & Robinson, 1.
What transpired: Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 126.
Rickey told Robinson: Jackie Robinson with Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 34.
“Mr. Rickey,” Robinson asked: Jackie Robinson with Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 32–33.
“You’ve got to do this job”: Dorinson and Warmund, Jackie Robinson, 110.
Rickey drew on the New Testament: Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 127.
Robinson withheld from Rickey: Kahn, Rickey & Robinson, 105.
He agreed to a contract: Jackie Robinson with Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 34.
Rickey recalled: Denenberg, Stealing Home, 114.
A childhood friend: http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13–2007–03–28-voa71–66542467/554202.html, accessed November 21, 2015.
On October 23, 1945: Jackie Robinson with Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 34–35; Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment, 71.
When Robinson spoke before the reporters: Jackie Robinson with Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 35.
The editor of a black New York weekly: http://m.mlb.com/news/article/28518376/, accessed January 14, 2016.
Future Hall of Fame pitcher Bob Feller: Jackie Robinson with Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 35.
Robinson replied that he wished: Mann, “Say Jack Robinson.”
Sportswriters Dan Parker of the New York Mirror and Red Smith: Jackie Robinson with Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 35–36.
An editorial in the Bible of baseball: http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/bb9e2490, accessed January 14, 2016.
Atlanta Journal sports editor Ed Danforth: https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/civil-rights-movement/essays/before-jackie-how-strikeout-king-satchel-paige-struck-do, accessed January 10, 2016.
Some supporters saw Rickey’s and Robinson’s efforts: Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment, 74–76.
It is interesting that black players were surprised: Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment, 78.
Even so, Paige was uncertain: Eig, Opening Day, 18.
Major League officials: Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment, 79–80.
Rickey traveled to Louisville: Dorinson and Warmund, Jackie Robinson, 17.
Before spring training began: Jackie Robinson with Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 39–41; Rowan with Robinson, Wait Till Next Year, 131.
At Daytona Beach: Jackie Robinson with Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 42.
The Robinsons faced discrimination: Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment, 107.
Robinson’s manager at Montreal: Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment, 103–4.
Rickey had placed Hopper in this difficult situation: Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment, 196.
After Robinson’s talents began to show: Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment, 104.
“They seemed to have little reaction”: Jackie Robinson with Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 43–44.
Although Robinson’s hitting was weak: Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 146.
During spring training: Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 148.
Toward the end: Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment, 118.
His turnaround: Baltimore Afro-American, March 22, 1947.
Along the way, Robinson’s morale was stoked: Jackie Robinson with Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 49.
“He did everything”: Los Angeles Times, February 12, 1990; cited in http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/bb9e2490, accessed January 16, 2016.
Montreal’s early schedule: Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment, 122.
Although his manager tolerated Robinson: Jackie Robinson with Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 48.
A Montreal sportswriter: Montreal Gazette, June 4, 1946; cited in Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 152.
The season was not without incidents: Montreal Gazette, June 4, 1946; cited in Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 154.
Robinson was consistently the target: Los Angeles Times, February 12, 1990.
The Royals won: Jackie Robinson with Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 50.
The Royals lost two: Jackie Robinson with Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 51.
Robinson and his teammates: Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 157.
After he showered: Jackie Robinson with Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 51–52.
Robinson finished the season: Kahn, Rickey & Robinson, 108.
20. End of the Line at LAPD
“The only thing that will stop you”: http://www.worldofquotes.com/author/Tom+Bradley/1/index.html, accessed January 14, 2016.
If Tom Bradley encountered racial discrimination: http://www.lausd.k12.ca.us/Tom_Bradley_EL/TBradBio.html, accessed February 18, 2015.
When the Bradleys and their two children moved in: Los Angeles Times, October 21, 1982.
He refused to let such setbacks wear him down: Los Angeles Times, July 27, 1974.
On another occasion he remarked: Los Angeles Times, October 21, 1982.
When he was appointed as a lieutenant: Bradley, “The Impossible Dream,” 71.
Until then blacks had been assigned to street duties: Bradley, “The Impossible Dream,” 68.
After Bradley retired: Bradley, “The Impossible Dream,” 69.
Off duty Bradley suffered the humiliation of discrimination: Los Angeles Times, October 21, 1982.
The rank of lieutenant: Los Angeles Times, April 24, 2008.
In 1974 Bradley revealed: Los Angeles Times, June 3, 1974.
Knowing that he could not move up any higher: Bradley, “The Impossible Dream,” 69, 72.
While still on the force: Los Angeles Times, October 21, 1982.
He was hired: Bradley, “The Impossible Dream,” 84.
Bradley joined the liberal California Democratic Council: Payne and Ratzan, Tom Bradley, 57.
Bradley agreed to seek the appointment: Bradley, “The Impossible Dream,” 74.
I
t was a slap in the face: Payne and Ratzan, Tom Bradley, 59.
Two years into practicing law: Payne and Ratzan, Tom Bradley, 61.
Prejudice, however, followed him: Payne and Ratzan, Tom Bradley, 66.
This time the voters spoke: Payne and Ratzan, Tom Bradley, 67.
After Bradley won the election: Bradley, “The Impossible Dream,” 74.
Bradley had said during the campaign: http://www.tombradleylegacy.org/personal-biography.html, accessed May 20, 2015.
Much of Bradley’s term: Payne and Ratzan, Tom Bradley, 73.
At the same time Bradley tended to hide: http://www.tombradleylegacy.org/personal-biography.html, accessed May 20, 2015.
Bradley lacked charisma: Los Angeles Times, September 30, 1998.
Slowly but surely Bradley was making his mark: Payne and Ratzan, Tom Bradley, 84.
In 1969 Bradley decided: Payne and Ratzan, Tom Bradley, 89–90.
As election results came in: Payne and Ratzan, Tom Bradley, 90.
Weiner was right: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician), accessed January 15, 2016.
Bradley refused to lower himself: Bradley, “The Impossible Dream,” 159.
“The voters have approved”: Payne and Ratzan, Tom Bradley, 108.
No sooner was the race over: Payne and Ratzan, Tom Bradley, 111.
He was relentless: Payne and Ratzan, Tom Bradley, 114.
In formally announcing his intention: Payne and Ratzan, Tom Bradley, 118.
Bradley again finished on top: Payne and Ratzan, Tom Bradley, 124.
Little changed in Yorty’s campaign: Payne and Ratzan, Tom Bradley, 128–29.
When Bradley moved into the mayor’s office: Payne and Ratzan, Tom Bradley, 136.
Now it was time: http://lanetwork.facinghistory.org/a-local-civil-rights-leader-mayor-tom-bradley/, accessed January 15, 2016.
21. Leaving Athletics
“It would be a shame”: Sun Reporter (San Francisco), January 25, 1996.
In 1950, when Kenny Washington was thirty-one years old: Los Angeles Times, February 27, 1950.
Washington said that if his batting was as good: Chicago Defender, February 18, 1950.
Giants manager Leo Durocher: Los Angeles Times, March 24, 1950.
The chance came too late: Los Angeles Times, March 19, 1950.
Five days later Durocher dropped the news: Los Angeles Times, March 24, 1950.
Washington did play: http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=washin002ken, accessed February 10, 2015.
Between 1941 and 1950: http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0913486/, accessed January 15, 2015.
Washington became active: Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Washington_(American_football), accessed January 15, 2016.
In 1956 UCLA retired Washington’s No. 13 jersey: http://www.biography.com/people/kenny-washington-40244#early-years, accessed January 15, 2016.
In December 1970 Washington was honored: Los Angeles Times, May 7, 1970.
When Woody Strode heard: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 242–43.
Bob Waterfield: Los Angeles Times, June 25, 1971.
When Robinson heard: Sun Reporter (San Francisco), January 25, 1996.
Strode wrote years later: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 243.
A. S. “Doc” Young: Chicago Defender, June 30, 1971.
Many former teammates: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 243.
After the war, Bartlett returned to Pasadena: http://www.pasadena.edu/about/history/alumni/bartlett/bartlett1.cfm, accessed February 13, 2015.
At the age of forty-seven: Pasadena City College Courier, July 16, 2008.
In 1999 Bartlett represented Jackie Robinson: Pasadena Star-News, June 25, 2008.
Bartlett was a past president: http://file.lacounty.gov/bos/supdocs/32221.pdf, accessed May 31, 2015.
In 1987 Pasadena City College honored him: http://collection.pasadenadigitalhistory.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p16237coll6/id/12830/rec/6, accessed January 15, 2016.
Said his son Bob: Los Angeles Times, June 28, 2008.
22. Movie Star in the Making
“I was strictly a mechanic”: http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0834754/bio, accessed January 15, 2016.
When Woody Strode returned from Canada: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 171.
Professional wrestling: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 173.
When wrestling in Dallas, Texas, Strode remembered: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 176–79.
On May 20, 1950: Chicago Defender, May 5, 1950.
Strode’s fortunes soon changed again: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 179–83.
Next came an offer: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 185–89.
Another change was in the works: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 188–89.
Strode’s next big role: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 196–98.
Peter Ustinov: http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0834754/bio, accessed January 15, 2016.
“For the first five or six years”: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 254.
When Strode returned home: Manchel, The Man Who Made the Stars Shine Brighter, 42.
In the film, set in the 1860s: http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Creator/JohnFord, accessed November 19, 2015; Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 199–207.
But it was a disappointment: Boston Globe, December 20, 1981.
Ford told Strode: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 231.
Ebony, a magazine predominantly for black readers: Cited in Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 191.
Sergeant Rutledge was the start: Boston Globe, December 20, 1981.
Ford’s biographer: McBride, Searching for John Ford, 652.
It turned out Strode wasn’t through with wrestling: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 213.
In a movie with Charlton Heston: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 221.
Strode said that after Peckinpah called him a mongrel: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 222–23.
As Strode was obtaining better and better roles: Chicago Defender, June 19, 1965.
Strode decided in 1966: Boston Globe, December 20, 1981.
The recreated Tenth Cavalry unit: Los Angeles Times, June 13, 1966.
One of Strode’s most popular movies: Chicago Defender, June 4, 1966, and January 18, 1995.
Once on the movie set: http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0834754/bio, accessed November 11, 2015.
Frank O’Rourke: http://moviemorlocks.com/2010/08/06/ill-find-ya-woody-strode-in-the-professionals/, accessed January 15, 2016.
Strode was feeling the heat: Manchel, The Man Who Made the Stars Shine Brighter, 39.
“Most of my life”: Pittsburgh Press, December 8, 1971.
Frank Manchel in his book: Manchel, Every Step a Struggle, 359.
Strode’s disenchantment: Boston Globe, December 20, 1981.
Said his nephew Tollie Strode Jr.: http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/news/local/news-columns-blogs/article29329366.html, accessed January 15, 2016.
From 1969 to 1971: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 241.
“Race is not a factor”: Boston Globe, December 20, 1981.
It was in Europe: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 240
Strode next starred: Manchel, Every Step a Struggle, 357.
The New York Times wrote: New York Times, August 26, 1971.
Strode made one more Hollywood film: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 247.
Strode returned to Italy: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 249.
In 1980 Strode’s wife Luana died: Boston Globe, December 20, 1981.
Age was catching up: Strode and Young, Goal Dust, 254–55.
In all Strode acted in fifty-seven movies: San Francisco Chronicle, January 6, 1995.
“You know what they saw in me”: Manchel, The Man Who Made the Stars Shine Brighter, 46.
23. A Promotion Earned
[Robinson] was the only player: Denenberg, Stealing Home, 104.
The Black Bruins Page 31
