12. AT,V.576-7.
13. Buckley, p. 201.
14. Ibid., p. 189.
15. Almost all the following account is taken from Gaukroger, who acknowledges G. A Lindeboom, Descartes and Medicine, for the details. See Gaukroger, p. 417.
16. Ibid., quoting E. Weil, "The skull of Descartes," in the Journal of the History of Medicine II (1956) pp. 220-21.
Select Bibliography
Descartes' Works
Adam, Charles and Tannery, Paul (eds), Oeuvres de Descartes, 2nd edn (Paris: Vrin, 1974-86). (This is abbreviated AT in the endnotes.)
Adam, Charles and Milhaud, Gerard (eds), Correspondance, 8 vols (Paris, 1963)
Aliquie, F. (ed.), Oeuvres philosophiques de Descartes, 3 vols (Paris: Classiques Gamier, 1963-73)
Cottingham, John, Stoothoff, Robert and Murdoch, Dugald, The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, 3 vols (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984-91). (This is abbreviated CSM in the endnotes, and most of the quotations from Descartes' writings are taken from the excellent translations in these volumes.)
Biographies and General Works
Adam, Charles, Vie et Oeuvres de Descartes (Paris, 1910)
Akerman, Susanna, Queen Christina of Sweden and her Circle (Leiden: Brill, 1991)
Ariew, R., Descartes and the Last Scholastics (New York: Cornell University Press, 1999)
Ariew, R., and Grene, M., Descartes and his Contemporaries: Meditations, Objections and Replies (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995)
Artigas, M. and Shea, W R., Galileo in Rome (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)
Ayers, Michael and Garber, Daniel, The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy, 2 vols (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997)
Baillet, Adrien, La Vie de Monsieur Descartes, 2 vols (Paris: Daniel Horthemels, 1691) (facsimile reprint, Geneva: 1970; New York: Garner, 1987)
Beeckman, Isaac, Journal, ed. Cornells de Waard, 4 vols (La Haye, 1953)
Baker, Gordon and Morris, Katherine J., Descartes' Dualism (London: Routledge, 1996)
Betts, C. J., Early Deism in France (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1984)
Bouwsma, William J., The Waning of the Renaissance (Yale: Yale University Press, 2002)
Boyer, Carl B., revised by Merzbach, Uta C, A History of Mathematics, 2nd edn (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1991)
Brockliss, L., French Higher Education in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: A Cultural History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)
Buckley, Veronica, Christina Queen of Sweden (London: HarperCollins, 2004)
Chappell, Vere and Doney, Willis, Twenty-Five Years of Descartes Scholarship (New York: Garland, 1987)
Clark. G. N, The Seventeenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947)
Clark, G. N, War and Society in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957)
Cole, John R., The Olympian Dreams and Youthful Rebellion in Rene Descartes (Illinios: University of Illinois Press, 1992)
Cottingham, John, Descartes (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986)
Cottingham, John, The Cambridge Companion to Descartes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991)
Cottingham, John, A Descartes Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993)
Dainevillle, F. de, Les Jesuites et Veducation de la societe Francaise, la naissance de I'humanisme moderne (Paris: Beauchesne, 1940)
Dear, Peter, Mersenne and the Darning of the Schools (New York: Cornell University Press, 1988)
Dicker, Georges, Descartes: An Analytical and Historical Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993)
Garber, Daniel, Descartes' Metaphysical Physics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992)
Gaukroger, Stephen, Descartes: An Intellectual Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995)
Geyl, Pieter, History of the Dutch-Speaking Peoples 1555-1648 (London: Phoenix Press, 1961)
Gilson, Etienne, La Liberte chez Descartes et la theologie (Paris: Libraire Felix Alcan, 1913)
Greengrass, M., France in the Age of Henri IV (London: Longman, 1984)
Grene, M., Descartes Among the Scholastics (Wisconsin: Marquette University Press, 1991)
Haldane, Elizabeth, Descartes: His Life and Times (London: John Murray, 1905)
Hausman, David and Alan, Descartes' Legacy: Minds and Meaning in Early Modern Philosophy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997)
Huppert, G, Public Schools in Renaissance France (Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1984)
Koyre, A., From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1957)
Langford, J. J., Galileo, Science and the Church (Indianapolis: St. Augustine's Press, 1998)
Lenoble, Robert, Mersenne et la nassance du mecanisme (Paris: Vrin, 1943)
Lindeboom. G, Descartes and Medicine (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1978)
Machamer,R, The Cambridge Companion to Galileo (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)
Maland, David, Europe at War 1600-1650 (London: Macmillan, 1980)
Mancosu, Paolo, Philosophy of Mathematics and Mathematical Practice in the Seventeenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996)
Mersenne, Marin, Correspondance (eds) Cornells de Waard, Pintard, R., Rochot, B., and Baeliue, A., 17 vols (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1932-88)
Neel, Marguerite, Descartes et la Princesse Elisabeth (Paris: Elzevir, 1946)
Nye, Andrea, The Princess and the Philosopher: Dtters of Elisabeth of the Palatine to Rene Descartes (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999)
Orcibal, Jean, Le Cardinal and de Berulle (Paris: Cerf, 1965)
Parker, G, and Smith, L. M. (eds), The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (London: Routledge, 1978)
Pennington, D. H, Europe in the Seventeenth Century, 2nd edn (London: Longman, 1989)
Pintard, Rene, Le Libertinage erudit dans le premiere moitie du XVIIe siecle (Paris: Boiven et cie, 1943)
Popkin, R. H., The History of Scepticism from Erasmus to Descartes (Assen: 1960)
Reinhard, Marcel, Henri IV ou la France sauvee (Paris: Hachette, 1943)
Reith, Herman R., Rene Descartes, The Story of a Soul (Lanham: University Press of America, 1986)
Renn,J. (ed.), Galileo in Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002)
Ridley, F. A., The Jesuits: A Study in Counter-Reformation (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1938)
Riggs, David, 77;e World of Christopher Marlowe (London: Faber and Faber, 2004)
Rodis-Lewis, Genevieve, Descartes: His Life and Thought, trans. Jane Marie Todd (New York: Cornell University Press, 1995)
Schama, Simon, An Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (London: Vintage, 1997)
Sebba, Gregor, The Dream of Descartes (Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 1987)
Shapin, Steven, The Scientific Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996)
Sirvin.J., LesAnnees d'apprentissage de Descartes (NewYork: Garland, 1987)
Smith, Pamela H, The Business of Alchemy: Science and Culture in the Holy Roman Empire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994)
Varaut, Jean-Marc, Descartes: Un Cavalier Francais (Paris: Plon, 2002)
Verbeek, T, Descartes and the Dutch: Early Reactions to Cartesian Philosophy 1631-1650 (Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1992)
Vrooman, J. R., Rene Descartes: A Biography (New York: 1970)
Watson, Richard, Cogito, Ergo Sum: The Life of Rene Descartes (Boston: Godine, 2002)
Webster, C. (ed.), The Intellectual Revolution in the Seventeenth Century (London: Routledge, 1974)
Wedgwood, C.V, 77;e Thirty Years War (London: Jonathan Cape, 1938)
Westfall, R. S., The Construction of Modern Science: Mechanisms and Mechanics (New York: John Wiley, 1971)
Westfall, R. S., Essays on the Trial of Galileo (Rome: Vatican Observatory Publications, 1989)
Williams, Bernard, Descartes: the Project o
f Pure Enquiry (London: Penguin, 1978)
Wilson, M. D, Descartes (London: Routledge, 1974)
Yates, Frances, 77ze Rosicrucian Enlightenment (London: Routledge, 1972)
A Note on the Author
A. C. Grayling is Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck College, University of London. He is the author of several books, among them The Meaning of Things and a biography of William Hazlitt. He is a fellow of the World Economic Forum, and past chairman of the human rights organization June Fourth. He contributes frequently to the Financial Times, the Economist, and the Observer. He lives in London.
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