Encyclopedia of Russian History
Page 8
Legislative Commission of 1767-1768 Janet Hartley
Leichoudes, Ioannikios and Sophronios Nikolaos A. Chrissidis
xxxi
LIST OF ARTICLES
Leipzig, Battle of Oleg Budnitskii
Lena Goldfields Massacre Michael Melancon
Lend Lease
Mikhail Suprun
Leningrad Affair Richard Bidlack
Leningrad, Siege of Richard Bidlack
Lenin’s Testament
Christopher Williams
Lenin’s Tomb
Karen Petrone
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich Christopher Read
Leontiev, Konstantin Nikolayevich Alfred B. Evans Jr.
Lermontov, Mikhail Yurievich Zhand P. Shakibi
Leskov, Nikolai Semenovich Peter Rollberg
Lesnaya, Battle of
Paul A. Bushkovitch
Lezgins
Paul Crego
Liberal Democratic Party Nikolai Petrov
Liberalism
Hugh Phillips
Liberman, Yevsei Grigorevich Robert W. Campbell
Ligachev, Yegor Kuzmich Jonathan Harris
Likhachev, Dmitry Sergeyevich John Patrick Farrell
Lithuania and Lithuanians Alfred Erich Senn
Litvinov, Maxim Maximovich Hugh Phillips
Living Church Movement Edward E. Roslof
Livonian War
Mikhail M. Krom
Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich Alexander Vucinich
Local Government and Administration Igor Yeykelis
Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilievich Alexander Vucinich
Loris-Melikov, Mikhail Tarielovich Oleg Budnitskii
Lotman, Yuri Mikhailovich Johanna Granville
Lovers of Wisdom, The Victoria Frede
Lubok
Gary Thurston
Lubyanka
Georg Wurzer
Lukashenko, Alexander Grigorievich David R. Marples
Lukyanov, Anatoly Ivanovich Ann E. Robertson
Lunacharsky, Anatoly Vasilievich Sheila Fitzpatrick
Luzhkov, Yuri Mikhailovich Terry D. Clark
Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich R?sa Magn?sd?ttir
Machine Tractor Stations Robert C. Stuart
Mafia Capitalism Stefan Hedlund
Main Political Directorate Ann E. Robertson
Makarov, Stepan Osipovich Jacob W. Kipp
Makary, Metropolitan Donald Ostrowski
Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich Jonathan D. Smele
Malenkov, Georgy Maximilyanovich David R. Marples
Malevich, Kazimir Severinovich Hugh D. Hudson Jr.
Malta Summit
Raymond L. Garthoff
xxxii
LIST OF ARTICLES
Mandelshtam, Nadezhda Yakovlevna Judith E. Kalb
Mandelshtam, Osip Emilievich Judith E. Kalb
Manifesto of 1763
John T. Alexander
Mansi
Rein Taagepera
Mari El and the Mari Seppo Lallukka
Market Socialism Richard Ericson
Marriage and Family Life William G. Wagner
Martov, Yuli Osipovich Nick Baron
Marxism
Alfred B. Evans Jr.
Maslenitsa
Roman K. Kovalev
Material Balances Susan J. Linz
Material Product System Misha V. Belkindas
Matryoshka Dolls
Priscilla Roosevelt
Matveyev, Artamon Sergeyevich Martha Luby Lahana
Maxim the Greek, St. Hugh M. Olmsted
Mayakovsky, Vladimir Vladimirovich Mark Konecny
Mazepa, Hetman Ivan Stepanovich Lindsey Hughes
Medvedev, Roy Alexandrovich Roger D. Markwick
Medvedev, Sylvester Agafonikovich Nikolaos A. Chrissidis
Medvedev, Zhores Alexandrovich R?sa Magn?sd?ttir
Melnikov, Konstantin Stepanovich Hugh D. Hudson Jr.
Memorial
Peter Reddaway
Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich Alexander Vucinich
Mensheviks
Alice K. Pate
Menshikov, Alexander Danilovich Lindsey Hughes
Mercantilism
Martin C. Spechler
Merchants
Thomas C. Owen
Meskhetian Turks Justin Odum
Mestnichestvo
Nancy Shields Kollmann
Metropolitan
Donald Ostrowski
Meyerhold, Vsevolod Yemilievich Sharon Marie Carnicke
Mighty Handful
Matthias Stadelmann
Migration
Cynthia J. Buckley
Mikhailovsky, Nikolai Konstantinovich Dmitri Glinski
Mikhalkov, Nikita Sergeyevich Joan Neuberger
Mikoyan, Anastas Ivanovich Roger D. Markwick
Military Art
Bruce W. Menning
Military Doctrine
Bruce W. Menning
Military-Economic Planning Mark Harrison
Military, Imperial Era Bruce W. Menning
Military-Industrial Complex Steven Rosefielde
Military Intelligence
David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye
Military Reforms
John W. Steinberg
Military, Soviet and Post-Soviet Roger R. Reese
xxxiii
LIST OF ARTICLES
Milyukov, Paul Nikolayevich Oleg Budnitskii
Milyutin, Dmitry Alexeyevich Larissa Zakharova
Milyutin, Nikolai Alexeyevich Daniel Field
Mingrelians
B. George Hewitt
Minin, Kuzma
Maureen Perrie
Ministries, Economic Paul R. Gregory
Ministry of Foreign Trade James R. Millar
Ministry of Internal Affairs Mark Galeotti
Mir
Stephan Merl
MIR Space Station John M. Logsdon
Mniszech, Marina Chester Dunning
Moiseyev, Mikhail Alexeyevich Jacob W. Kipp
Moldova and Moldovans William Crowther
Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Derek Watson
Monasticism
Scott M. Kenworthy
Monetary Overhang Pekka Sutela
Monetary System, Soviet Pekka Sutela
Montenegro, Relations with John D. Treadway
Mordvins
Isabelle Kreindler
Morozova, Feodosya Prokopevna Nada Boskovska
Morozov, Boris Ivanovich Richard Hellie
Morozov, Pavel Trofimovich Catriona Kelly
Moscow
Terry D. Clark
Moscow Agricultural Society Robert E. Johnson
Moscow Art Theater
Sharon Marie Carnicke
Moscow Baroque Lindsey Hughes
Moscow, Battle of Anthony Young
Moscow Olympics of 1980 Paul R. Josephson
Moskvitin, Ivan Yurievich John McCannon
Motion Pictures
Denise J. Youngblood
Movement for Democratic Reforms Jonathan Harris
Movement in Support of the Army Nikolai Petrov
Mstislav
Martin Dimnik
Muraviev, Nikita
Johanna Granville
Musavat
Gregory Twyman
Muscovy
David M. Goldfrank
Museum, Hermitage Ann E. Robertson
Music
Matthias Stadelmann
Myasoedov Affair Eric Lohr
Nagorno-Karabakh
Gerard J. Libaridian
Nagrodskaya, Evdokia Apollonovna Johanna Granville
Nakhichevan
Gregory Twyman
Nakhimov, Pavel Stepanovich John C. K. Daly
Napoleon I
Marie-Pierre Rey
xxxiv
LIST OF
ARTICLES
Narimanov, Nariman Audrey Altstadt
Narva, Battles of
Paul A. Bushkovitch
Naryshkina, Natalia Kirillovna
Lindsey Hughes
National Library of Russia Janice T. Pilch
Nationalism in the Arts Stephen M. Norris
Nationalism in the Soviet Union Victoria Khiterer
Nationalism in Tsarist Empire Timothy Snyder
Nationalities Policies, Soviet Jeremy Smith
Nationalities Policies, Tsarist Andreas Kappeler
Nation and Nationality Vera Tolz
Navarino, Battle of John C. K. Daly
Nazarbayev, Nursultan Abishevich David R. Jones
Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939 Derek Watson
Near Abroad
Christopher Williams
Nechayev, Sergei Geradievich Philip Pomper
Nekrasov, Nikolai Alexeyevich Johanna Granville
Nemchinov, Vasily Sergeyevich Robert W. Campbell
Nemtsov, Boris Ivanovich Hugh Phillips
Nenets
Gail A. Fondahl
Neoclassicism
Rosalind P. Gray
Nerchinsk, Treaty of Jarmo T. Kotilaine
Neronov, Ivan
Cathy J. Potter
Nesselrode, Karl Robert David M. Goldfrank
Net Material Product Misha V. Belkindas
New Economic Policy Martin C. Spechler
New-Formation Regiments W. M. Reger IV
New Political Thinking Archie Brown
Newspapers
Matthew E. Lenoe
New Statute of Commerce Richard Hellie
Nicaragua, Relations with Cole Blasier
Nicholas I
Stephen M. Norris
Nicholas II
Peter Waldron
Nihilism and Nihilists Alfred B. Evans Jr.
Nijinsky, Vaslav Fomichv Tim Scholl
Nikitin, Afanasy Gail Lenhoff
Nikon, Patriarch Cathy J. Potter
Nil Sorsky, St.
David M. Goldfrank
Nogai
Roman K. Kovalev
Nomenklatura
Albert L. Weeks
Normanist Controversy Heidi M. Sherman
North Atlantic Treaty Organization Andrew A. Michta
Northern Convoys Mikhail Suprun
Northern Fleet
Johanna Granville
Northern Peoples Gail A. Fondahl
xxxv
LIST OF ARTICLES
Norway, Relations with Jarmo T. Kotilaine
Novgorod, Archbishop of Lawrence N. Langer
Novgorod Judicial Charter Lawrence N. Langer
Novgorod the Great Janet Martin
Novikov, Nikolai Ivanovich Johanna Granville
Novocherkassk Uprising Samuel H. Baron
Novosibirsk Report
Alfred B. Evans Jr.
Novosiltsev, Nikolai Nikolayevich Hugh Phillips
Novozhilov, Viktor Valentinovich Robert W. Campbell
Novy Mir
Catharine Nepomnyashchy
Nystadt, Treaty of Lindsey Hughes
Obrok
Elvira M. Wilbur
Obruchev, Nikolai Nikolayevich Oleg R. Airapetov
Obshchina
Steven A. Grant
Occultism
Maria Carlson
October 1993 Events Peter Reddaway
October General Strike of 1905 Gerald D. Surh
October Manifesto Oleg Budnitskii
October Revolution
Alexander Rabinowitch
Octobrist Party
Zhand P. Shakibi
Odoyevsky, Vladimir Fyodorovich Johanna Granville
Official Nationality
Cynthia Hyla Whittaker
Ogarkov, Nikolai Vasilevich Jacob W. Kipp
Okolnichy
Sergei Bogatyrev
Okudzhava, Bulat Shalovich Gerald Smith
Old Believer Committee Roy R. Robson
Old Believers
Roy R. Robson
Old Style
Ann E. Robertson
Oleg
Martin Dimnik
Olga
David K. Prestel
Opera
Albrecht Gaub
Operation Barbarossa A. Delano DuGarm
Oprichnina
Sergei Bogatyrev
Ordin-Nashchokin, Afanasy Lavrentievich Martha Luby Lahana
Ordzhonikidze, Grigory Konstantinovich Nick Baron
Organized Crime Louise Shelley
Orgburo
Christopher Williams
Orlova, Lyubov Petrovna Denise J. Youngblood
Orlov, Grigory Grigorievich John T. Alexander
Orthodoxy
Edward E. Roslof
Osetins
Brian Boeck
Osorina, Yulianya Ustinovna Nada Boskovska
Ostromir Gospel
David K. Prestel
Ostrovsky, Alexander Nikolayevich Gary Thurston
xxxvi
LIST OF ARTICLES
Otrepev, Grigory
Chester Dunning
Our Home Is Russia Party Nikolai Petrov
Pacific Fleet
Johanna Granville
Paganism
David K. Prestel
Pakistan, Relations with Johanna Granville
Palekh Painting
K. Andrea Rusnock
Pale of Settlement Diana Fisher
Paleologue, Sophia Isolde Thyr?t
Pallas, Peter-Simon
Alexander Vucinich
Pamyat
Zoe Knox
Panslavism
Abbott Gleason
Paris, Congress and Treaty of 1856 David M. Goldfrank
Paris, First and Second Treaties of Marie-Pierre Rey
Party Congresses and Conferences Robert V. Daniels
Party of Russian Unity and Accord Nikolai Petrov
Passport System
Golfo Alexopoulos
Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich Larissa Rudova
Patriarchate
Paul A. Bushkovitch
Paul I
Marie-Pierre Rey
Pavliuchenko, Lyudmila Mikhailovna Kazimiera J. Cottam
Pavlova, Anna Matveyevna Tim Scholl
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich Sharon A. Kowalsky
Pavlov, Valentin Sergeyevich Johanna Granville
Peasant Economy
Stephen K. Wegren
Peasantry
Robert E. Johnson
Peasant Uprisings Dmitri Glinski
Pechenegs
Roman K. Kovalev
Peking, Treaty of Steven I. Levine
Pelevin, Viktor Olegovich Eliot Borenstein
People’s Commissariat of Nationalities Ronald Grigor Suny
People’s Control Committee Ann E. Robertson
People’s Houses
E. Anthony Swift
People’s Party of Free Russia Nikolai Petrov
People’s Will, The Deborah Pearl
Perestroika
Archie Brown
Permanent Revolution Carl A. Linden
Perovskaya, Sofia Lvovna Oleg Budnitskii
Persian Gulf War
Robert O. Freedman
Pestel, Pavel Ivanovich Paul Crego
Peter I
Lindsey Hughes
Peter II
Lindsey Hughes
Peter III
Lindsey Hughes
Peter and Paul Fortress
William Craft Brumfield
Petrashevtsy
Kathryn Weathersby
xxxvii
LIST OF ARTICLES
Petrov, Grigory Spiridonovich Jennifer Hedda
Petrushka
Patricia Arant
Petty Tutelage Susan J. Linz
Photography Erika Wolf
Pimen, Patriarch Nathaniel Davis
Pirogov, Nikolai Ivanovich Alexander Vucinich
Pisarev, Dmitry Ivanovich Johanna Granville
Planners’ Preferences Richard Ericson
Platon (Levshin) J. Eugene Clay
Platonov, Sergei Fyodorovich Oleg Budnitskii
Plehve, Vyac
heslav Konstantinovich Edward H. Judge
Plekhanov, Georgy Valentinovich Samuel H. Baron
Plenum
Julie deGraffenried
Pobedonostsev, Konstantin Michelle DenBeste
Podgorny, Nikolai Viktorovich Roger D. Markwick
Podyachy
Peter B. Brown
Podzol
Victor L. Mote
Pogodin, Mikhail Petrovich Johanna Granville
Pogroms
David Pretty
Pokrovsky, Mikhail Nikolayevich George Enteen
Poland
Theodore R. Weeks
Polar Explorers
John McCannon
Poles
Johanna Granville
Polish Rebellion of 1863 Brian Porter
Politburo
Graeme Gill
Political Party System
Thomas F. Remington
Polotsky, Simeon
Paul A. Bushkovitch
Polovtsy
Roman K. Kovalev
Poltava, Battle of
Jarmo T. Kotilaine
Polyane
Roman K. Kovalev
Pomestie
Richard Hellie
Ponomarev, Boris Kharitonovich Roger D. Markwick
Popov, Alexander Stepanovich Johanna Granville
Popov, Gavriil Kharitonovich Erik S. Herron
Popov, Pavel Ilich
Robert W. Campbell
Popular Front Policy Harold J. Goldberg
Populism
Christopher Williams
Port Arthur, Siege of Bruce W. Menning
Portsmouth, Treaty of Nikolas Gvosdev
Posadnik
Lawrence N. Langer
Possessors and Non-Possessors David M. Goldfrank
Postal System
Alison Rowley
Potemkin, Grigory Alexandrovich John T. Alexander
Potemkin Mutiny Igor Yeykelis
xxxviii
LIST OF ARTICLES
Potsdam Conference Joseph L. Nogee
Pozharsky, Dmitry Mikhailovich Maureen Perrie
Pravda
Matthew E. Lenoe
Preobrazhensky Guards Bruce W. Menning
Preobrazhensky, Yevgeny Alexeyevich Don Filtzer
Presidency
Erik S. Herron
Presidential Council
Christopher Williams
Presidium of Supreme Soviet Richard Hellie
Primakov, Yevgeny Maximovich Robert V. Daniels
Primary Chronicle
Donald Ostrowski
Primary Party Organization Christopher Williams
Prime Minister
Gerald M. Easter
Primitive Socialist Accumulation James R. Millar
Prisons
Georg Wurzer
Prison Songs
Julia Ulyannikova
Privatization
Marie Lavigne
Procuracy
Gordon B. Smith
Prodnalog
Stephen K. Wegren
Prodrazverstka
Stephen K. Wegren
Production Sharing Agreement James R. Millar
Prokofiev, Sergei Sergeyevich Matthias Stadelmann
Prokopovich, Feofan Gregory L. Freeze
Proletkult
Lynn Mally
Propp, Vladimir Iakovlevich Natalie O. Kononenko
Prostitution
Laurie Bernstein
Protazanov, Yakov Alexandrovic Denise J. Youngblood