Encyclopedia of Russian History
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Daly, Jonathan W. (1998). Autocracy under Siege: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1866-1905. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. Ruud, Charles A., and Stepanov, Sergei. (1999). Fontanka 16: The Tsar’s Secret Police. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. Schneiderman, Jeremiah. (1976). Sergei Zubatov and Revolutionary Marxism: The Struggle for the Working Class in Tsarist Russia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Zuckerman, Frederick S. (1996). The Tsarist Secret Police in Russian Society, 1880-1917. New York: New York University Press.
JONATHAN W. DALY
ZYUGANOV, GENNADY ANDREYEVICH
(b. 1944), Russian politician, chair of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and head of its parliamentary faction since 1993.
Gennady Andreyevich Zyuganov was born on June 26, 1944, in Mymrino, Russia. A member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union’s (CPSU) ideological department from 1983, Gennady Zyuganov sympathized with the conservative opposition to Gorbachev and helped found the anti-reform Russian Communist Party within the
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
ZYUGANOV, GENNADY ANDREYEVICH
CPSU in 1990. He first gained notoriety as an anti-Gorbachev polemicist on the eve of the August 1991 coup and as a defender of the Russian Communist Party when Yeltsin banned it (from August 1991 to November 1992).
As a prolific opposition publicist from the early 1990s, Zyuganov’s achievement was the rehabilitation of communism as a serious intellectual and political force. Ideologically, however, his “conservative communism” came to owe less of a debt to its Marxist-Leninist forebears and instead drew heavily from the idea of a Soviet “national Bolshevism,” which justified communist rule more for its service to national greatness than for its promise of a classless future. Zyuganov argued that Marxism was only one of the methods necessary for analyzing modern society, in which defense of Russian cultural and historical traditions, preservation of a global zone of influence, and the forging of broad alliances with national capitalists against the West took precedence over class revolution within Russia itself.
Zyuganov realized that the communists urgently needed new ideas and allies merely to survive during and after the ban on their party, and that following the collapse of the USSR they could ignore issues of personal, ethnic, and national security only at their peril. More perceptively, he judged that Russia’s post-1991 intellectual commitment to market liberalism was deeply equivocal and offered in its stead a kind of “state patriotism,” based on the idea that communists and non-communists alike could unite in defending Russia’s state as the cradle of their common cultural heritage. This, he believed was a unifying vision that could fill the “ideological vacuum” left by Marxism-Leninism. Indeed, Zyuganov sought to reverse the liberal consensus that the period from 1917 to 1991 was a “Soviet experiment.” To achieve this, he argued that liberalism itself was the imposition alien to the collectivist and spiritual traditions that had been best expressed under communism. Simultaneously, Zyuganov was an energetic and practical politician; his alliance-building with nationalist and other opposition politicians helped him to become Communist Party leader in February 1993 and to formulate a consistent theme. He based his presidential bids on broad “national-patriotic fronts” that sought to extend the communists’ appeal.
Zyuganov has presented a complex figure, whose leadership, ideas, and personality have been
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Gennady Zyuganov, chair of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, was Boris Yeltsin’s foe in parliament and for the presidency. PHOTOGRAPH BY MISHA JAPARIDZE. AP/WIDE WORLD PHOTOS. REPRODUCED BY PERMISSION. much critiqued. The prevalent Western view of him as a plodding party bureaucrat is a caricature, highlighting his lack of charisma while underestimating his tactical and organizational skill. The view of Zyuganov as a fascistic nationalist, most trenchantly argued by academic Veljko Vujacic, identifies his dalliance with Stalinism and anti-Semitism, while underplaying his moderate conservatism. Marxist charges that he renounced socialism and radicalism entirely correctly identify his debts to conservative Russian nationalism, while underestimating the necessity he faced of making ideological and electoral compromises. Even judged by his own aims, Zyuganov remains a paradoxical figure. His leftist critics have alleged that he failed to move Russia “forward to socialism” by failing to provide an intellectually coherent socialist alternative. While his arguments have found increasing appeal, particularly in governing circles, and his party was the most popular in parliamentary elections in the 1990s, he lost to Yeltsin in the 1996 presidential election run-off, and Vladimir Putin beat him by over twenty percent in the first round of the presidential election in March 2000. See also: COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION; PUTIN, VLADIMIR VLADIMIROVICH; YELTSIN, BORIS NIKOLAYEVICH
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Lester, Jeremy. (1995). Modern Tsars and Princes: The Struggle for Hegemony in Russia. London; New York: Verso. March, Luke. (2002). The Communist Party in Post-Soviet Russia. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. Vujacic, Veljko. (1996). “Gennadiy Zyuganov and the ‘Third Road’.” Post-Soviet Affairs 12: 118-154. Zyuganov, Gennady A. (1997). My Russia: The Political Autobiography of Gennady Zyuganov. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Table of Contents
RUSSIAN HISTORY EDITOR IN CHIEF
EDITORIAL BOARD SENIOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
ADVISORY BOARD
STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA PROJECT
JAMES R. MILLAR EDITOR IN CHIEF
1
B. GEORGE HEWITT
ABORTION POLICY
2
SHARON A. KOWALSKY
3
4
5
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
ADMINISTRATION FOR ORGANIZED RECRUITMENT
8
9
BIBLIOGRAPHY
10
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ADYGE
11
AEROFLOT
12
13
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ROGER KANGAS
14
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AGITPROP
15
BIBLIOGRAPHY
16
BIBLIOGRAPHY
17
18
BIBLIOGRAPHY
19
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AJARS
KYRGYZSTAN
21
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AKKERMAN, CONVENTION OF
GREGORY TWYMAN
BRUCE W. MENNING
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ALASH ORDA
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ALASKA
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ALCOHOL MONOPOLY
ALEXANDER I
BIBLIOGRAPHY
31
THE REIGN AND DEATH OF PAUL
ALEXANDER’S MARRIED LIFE
NAPOLEONIC WARS
ALEXANDER I
HOLY ALLIANCE AND MYSTICISM
MILITARY COLONIES AND LATTER YEARS
ALEXANDER II
EDUCATION AND THE GREAT REFORMS
ALEXANDER II
ALEXANDER II
LATER YEARS
ALEXANDER III
BIBLIOGRAPHY
STEPHEN M. NORRIS
ALEXANDER III
ALEXANDER YAROSLAVICH
ALEXANDER YAROSLAVICH
41
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ALEXANDRA FEDOROVNA
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ALEXEI II, PATRIARCH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
REPUTATION AND ITS ORIGINS
EDUCATION AND FORMATION
FIRST YEARS AS TSAR
PATRIARCH NIKON AND THE RUSSIAN CHURCH
WAR WITH POLAND-LITHUANIA
1
.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ALEXEI NIKOLAYEVICH
ALEXEI PETROVICH
ALIYEV, HEIDAR
OLEG R. AIRAPETOV
BIBLIOGRAPHY
51
BIBLIOGRAPHY
NORMAN E. SAUL
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AMALRIK, ANDREI ALEXEYEVICH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ROMAN K. KOVALEV
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANDREI ALEXANDROVICH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANDREI YUREVICH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANDREYEV, LEONID NIKOLAYEVICH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANDROPOV, YURI VLADIMIROVICH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
61
BIBLIOGRAPHY
W. M. REGER IV
ANTHONY KHRAPOVITSKY, METROPOLITAN
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANTI-BALLISTIC MISSILE TREATY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
HAROLD J. GOLDBERG
ANTONOV UPRISING
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPANAGE ERA
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
REX A. WADE
ARCHITECTURE
THE IMPERIAL PERIOD (C. 1700-1917)
71
SOVIET ARCHITECTURE (1917-1991)
WOODEN ARCHITECTURE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARMAND, INESSA
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARMENIA AND ARMENIANS
ELIZABETH A. WOOD
ARMENIA AND ARMENIANS
25 50
THE EARLIEST ARMENIANS
THE LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE
CENTURIES OF CONQUERORS
ARMENIANS IN TURKEY AND RUSSIA
ARMENIA UNDER THE SOVIETS
ARMENIA AND ARMENIANS
INDEPENDENT, POST-SOVIET ARMENIA
81
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GEORGE A. BOURNOUTIAN
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARMS CONTROL
FUNDAMENTAL BARRIERS TO DISARMAMENT
THE MAKING OF ARMS POLICY
ARMS CONTROL
NEW TIMES, NEW THINKING
ARMS CONTROL
POST-SOVIET COMPLICATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
WALTER C. CLEMENS JR.
ASSEMBLY OF THE LAND
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ASSEMBLY OF THE LAND
ASSORTMENT PLANS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ATOMIC ENERGY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
COLD WAR DEVELOPMENTS
ATOMIC ENERGY
ATOMIC ENERGY
AUGUST 1991 PUTSCH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AUGUST 1991 PUTSCH
AUGUST 1991 PUTSCH
AUSTERLITZ, BATTLE OF
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AUSTRIA, RELATIONS WITH
FREDERICK W. KAGAN
BIBLIOGRAPHY
101
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AVIATION
ALBERT L. WEEKS 103
104
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105
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107
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
110
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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112
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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118
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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PEKKA SUTELA
121
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
123
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
124
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
125
BASIL I
DANIEL E. SCHAFER
BIBLIOGRAPHY
127
BIBLIOGRAPHY
128
BIBLIOGRAPHY
129
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
139
BERNICE GLATZER ROSENTHAL
140
BIBLIOGRAPHY
141
BIBLIOGRAPHY
142
BIBLIOGRAPHY
143
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BERLIN, CONVENTION OF
144
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
146
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
BLACK REPARTITION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
153
BIBLIOGRAPHY
154
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
155
BIBLIOGRAPHY
156
BIBLIOGRAPHY
157
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOBRIKOV, NIKOLAI IVANOVICH
158
BIBLIOGRAPHY
159
BOLSHOI THEATER
BOLSHOI THEATER
161
BIBLIOGRAPHY
162
BOOK OF DEGREES
163
GAIL LENHOFF
BORETSKAYA, MARFA IVANOVNA
BIBLIOGRAPHY
164
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
165
BIBLIOGRAPHY
166
BIBLIOGRAPHY
167
BIBLIOGRAPHY
168
BIBLIOGRAPHY
169
EARLY CAREER
170
LEADER OF THE POLITBURO, 1964-1982
171
172
LATER REAPPRAISAL
RICHARD D. ANDERSON JR.
173
BIBLIOGRAPHY
174
BRUSILOV, ALEXEI ALEXEYEVICH
BRYUSOV, VALERY YAKOVLEVICH
175
BIBLIOGRAPHY
176
BUKHARA
177
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BUKHARIN, NIKOLAI IVANOVICH
179
CAROL GAYLE WILLIAM MOSKOFF
180
BIBLIOGRAPHY
181
BIBLIOGRAPHY
182
BIBLIOGRAPHY
183
BUND, JEWISH
KYRIL DREZOV
185
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
187
BIBLIOGRAPHY
188
BIBLIOGRAPHY
189
BIBLIOGRAPHY
191
SIMON FRANKLIN 192
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
195
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196
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
CARPATHO-RUSYNS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
199
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
201
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CA
THEDRAL OF THE DORMITION
WILLIAM CRAFT BRUMFIELD
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CATHERINE I
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CATHERINE II
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CATHERINE II
CATHERINE II
CATHOLICISM
JOHN T. ALEXANDER
CAUCASIAN WARS
GREGORY L. FREEZE
210
211
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CAUCASUS
213
BIBLIOGRAPHY
214
BIBLIOGRAPHY
215
216
217
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219
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ROGER KANGAS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
221
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAADAYEV, PETER YAKOVLEVICH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAGALL, MARC
BIBLIOGRAPHY
RAYMOND T. MCNALLY
CHAPAYEV, VASILY IVANOVICH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPBOOK LITERATURE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHARSKAYA, LYDIA ALEXEYEVNA
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHASTUSHKA
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ROMAN K. KOVALEV
BIBLIOGRAPHY
231
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHECHNYA AND CHECHENS
HISTORY, TREATIES, EXTERNAL RELATIONS
CHEKHOV, ANTON PAVLOVICH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
JOHANNA NICHOLS
CHEKHOV, ANTON PAVLOVICH
CHERKESS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHERNOMYRDIN, VIKTOR STEPANOVICH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1998. © SACHA ORLOV/GETTY IMAGES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
241
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHERNYSHEV, ALEXANDER IVANOVICH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHERNYSHEV, ALEXANDER IVANOVICH
VICTORIA KHITERER
BIBLOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHINA, RELATIONS WITH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FROM THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY TO 1917
CHINA, RELATIONS WITH
SOVIET-CHINESE RELATIONS, 1917-1991
CHINA, RELATIONS WITH
CHIRIKOV, ALEXZEI ILICH
STEVEN I. LEVINE
CHIRIKOV, ALEXZEI ILICH
JOHN MCCANNON
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
251
CHRONICLE OF CURRENT EVENTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHRONICLE OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE USSR
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHUBAIS, ANATOLY BORISOVICH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHUKCHI
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHUKOVSKAYA, LYDIA KORNEYEVNA
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHUKOVSKY, KORNEI IVANOVICH
CHURCH COUNCIL
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHURCH COUNCIL
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GEORGE T. KOSAR
BIBLIOGRAPHY
261
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
CIVIC UNION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CIVIL WAR OF 1917-1922
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CIVIL WAR OF 1917-1922
CIVIL WAR OF 1917-1922
CIVIL WAR OF 1917-1922
CIVIL WAR OF 1917-1922