Collins, Robert O., and Deng, Francis M., The British in the Sudan 1898–1956: The Sweetness and the Sorrow, London, 1984.
Collis, Maurice, Trials in Burma, London, 1945, new edn 1978.
Colquhoun, A. R., Burma and the Burmans or the Best Unopened Market in the World, London, 1885.
Copland, Ian, ‘The Abdullah Factor: Kashmiri Muslims and the Crisis of 1947’, in Low, D. A. (ed.), The Political Inheritance of Pakistan, London, 1991, pp. 218–54.
——, India 1885–1947, London, 2001.
——, The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire 1917–1947, Cambridge, 1997.
——, State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India c. 1900–1950, Basingstoke, 2005.
Costin, W. C., Great Britain and China 1833–1860, Oxford, 1937.
Cottrell, Robert, The End of Hong Kong, London, 1993.
Coughlin, Con, Saddam: The Secret Life, London, 2002.
Cradock, Percy, Experiences of China, London, 1994.
Crick, Bernard, George Orwell: A Life, London, 1980.
Crisswell, Colin N., The Taipans: Merchant Princes, Hong Kong, 1981.
Cromer, Earl of, Political and Literary Essays 1908–1913, 1st Series, London, 1913
——, Political and Literary Essays, 2nd Series, London, 1914.
Crosthwaite, Sir Charles, The Pacification of Burma, London, 1912.
Daly, M. W., Darfur’s Sorrow: A History of Destruction and Genocide, Cambridge, 2007.
——, Imperial Sudan: The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, Cambridge, 1991.
——, The Sirdar: Sir Reginald Wingate and the British Empire in the Middle East, Philadelphia, 1997.
Dasgupta, C., War and Diplomacy in Kashmir 1947–48, New Delhi, 2002.
Delaisi, Francis, Oil: Its Influence on Politics, trans. C. Leonard Leese, London, 1922.
Dictionary of National Biography (DNB ).
Dimbleby, Jonathan, The Last Governor, London, 1997.
Dudley, B. J., Parties and Politics in Northern Nigeria, London, 1968.
Eitel, E. J., Europe in China, London, 1895.
Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert, The Biafra War: Nigeria and the Aftermath, Lampeter, 1990.
Eprile, Cecil, War and Peace in the Sudan 1955–1972, London, 1974.
Fenby, Jonathan, The Penguin History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power 1850–2009, London, 2009.
Ferguson, Niall, Colossus, London, 2005.
——, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, London, 2003.
Fernea, Robert A., and Louis, William Roger (eds), The Iraq Revolution of 1958: The Old Social Classes Revisited, London, 1991.
Fischer, Louis, Oil Imperialism: The International Struggle for Petroleum, London, 1926.
Flint, John E., Sir George Goldie and the Making of Nigeria, London, 1960.
Flint, Julie, and de Waal, Alex, Darfur: A Short History of a Long War, London, 2005.
Forbes, Colin D., Innocent in a Revolution, Lewes, 1999.
Forsyth, Frederick, The Biafra Story, London, 1969.
French, Patrick, Younghusband: The Last Great Imperial Adventurer, London, 1994.
Friedman, Milton and Rose, Two Lucky People: Memoirs, Chicago, 1998.
Fromkin, David, A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East, New York, 1989.
Fuerlig, Henner, Saddam Hussein–der neue Saladdin? Irak und der Golf Krieg, Berlin, 1991.
Galbraith, Peter, The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War without End, New York, 2006.
Gallman, Waldemar J., Iraq under General Nur: My Recollections of Nuri al-Said 1954–1958, Baltimore, 1964.
Geary, Grattan, Burma, after the Conquest, Viewed in its Political, Social and Commercial Aspects from Mandalay, London, 1886.
Gervis, Pearce, Of Emirs and Pagans: A View of Northern Nigeria, London, 1963.
Gilbert, Martin, Churchill: A Life, London, 1991.
Gillingham, Paul, At the Peak: Hong Kong between the Wars, Hong Kong, 1983.
Gilmour, David, Curzon, London, 1994.
Grantham, A., Via Ports: From Hong Kong to Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 1965.
Guha, Ramachandra, India after Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy, London, 2007.
Gulbenkian, Nubar, Pantaraxia, London, 1965.
Haldane, Sir Aylmer, The Insurrection in Mesopotamia 1920, Edinburgh, 1922.
Hardinge, Viscount, Life of Hardinge, Rulers of India Series, Oxford, 1891.
Henderson, K. D. D., The Making of the Sudan: The Life and Letters of Sir Douglas Newbold, London, 1953.
Hewins, Ralph, Mr Five Per Cent: The Biography of Calouste Gulbenkian, London, 1957.
Hodson, H. V., The Great Divide: Britain–India–Pakistan, Karachi, 1969.
Hopkirk, Peter, The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia, London, 1990.
Howell, Georgina, Daughter of the Desert: The Remarkable Life of Gertrude Bell, London, 2006.
Hussein, Saddam, On Oil Nationalisation in Iraq, Baghdad, 1973.
Hyam, Ronald, Britain’s Declining Empire: Decolonization 1918–1968, Cambridge, 2006.
Ireland, Philip Willard, Iraq: A Study in Political Development, New York, 1937.
Jackson, H. C., Sudan Days and Ways, London, 1954.
Johnson, Douglas H. (ed.), British Documents on the End of Empire, Series B, vol. 5: Sudan, London, 1998.
Johnson, Douglas H., The Root Causes of Sudan’s Civil Wars, Oxford, 2003.
Joshi, Manoj, The Lost Rebellion: Kashmir in the Nineties, New Delhi, 1999.
Judd, Gerrit Parmele, Members of Parliament 1734–1832, Chicago, 1972.
Kapur, M. L. (ed.), Maharaja Hari Singh, New Delhi, 1995.
Keay, John, Last Post: The End of Empire in the Far East, London, 1997.
Kedourie, Elie, England and the Middle East: The Destruction of the Ottoman Empire, London, 1987.
Kenrick, Rosemary, Sudan Tales: Recollections of Some Sudan Political Service Wives 1926–1956, Cambridge, 1987.
Kent, Marian, Moghuls and Mandarins: Oil, Imperialism and the Middle East in British Foreign Policy 1900–1940, London, 1993.
——, Oil and Empire: British Policy and Mesopotamian Oil 1900–1920, London, 1976.
Keun, Odette, A Foreigner Looks at the British Sudan, London, 1930.
Khadduri, Majid, Independent Iraq 1932–1958: A Study in Iraqi Politics, London, 1960.
Khan, Mohammad Ishaq, History of Srinagar 1846–1947: A Study in Socio-Cultural Change, Srinagar, 1978.
Kingsley, Mary, The Story of West Africa, London, 1899.
Kipling, Rudyard, Complete Verse, ed. M. M. Kaye, London, 1990.
——, ‘The Taking of Lungtungpen’, in Kipling, Rudyard, Plain Tales from the Hills, London, 1888.
Lamb, Alastair, Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy 1846–1990, Hertingfordbury, 1991.
Lawrence, T. E., The Letters of T. E. Lawrence, selected and edited by Malcolm Brown, London, 1988.
Leslie, Shane, Mark Sykes: His Life and Letters, London, 1923.
Lethbridge, H. J., ‘Hong Cadets 1862–1941’, in Lethbridge, H. J., Hong Kong, London, 1978.
Lethbridge, Sir Roper, The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled or Decorated of the Indian Empire, London, 1893.
Lindsay, H. Hamilton, Letter to the Rt. Hon. Viscount Palmerston, London, 1836.
Longrigg, Stephen Hemsley, Iraq 1900 to 1950: A Political, Social and Economic History, London, 1953.
Low, D. A. (ed.), The Political Inheritance of Pakistan, London, 1991.
Lugard, Lord, The Dependencies of the British Empire and the Responsibilities They Involve, Address on the Occasion of the 105th Anniversary of the Foundation of Birkbeck College, London, 1928.
——, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa, London, 1965 (with an introduction by Margery Perham), 1st edn, London, 1922.
Luizard, Pierre-Jean, La Formation de l’Ir
ak contemporain, Paris, 1991.
McBeth, B. S., British Oil Policy 1919–1939, London, 1985.
McCord, Norman, British History 1815–1906, Oxford, 1991.
MacMichael, Sir Harold, The Sudan, London, 1954.
MacMillan, Margaret, Paris 1919, New York, 2001.
McMurray, Jonathan S., Distant Ties: Germany, the Ottoman Empire and the Construction of the Baghdad Railway, London, 2001.
Magnus, Philip, Kitchener: Portrait of an Imperialist, London, 1958, new edn 1968.
Maier, Karl, This House Has Fallen, London, 2001.
Main, Ernest, Iraq from Mandate to Independence, London, 1935.
Mansfield, Peter, Kuwait: Vanguard of the Gulf, London, 1990.
Marks, John Ebenezer, Forty Years in Burma, London, 1917.
Marlowe, J., Late Victorian: The Life of Sir Arnold Talbot Wilson, London, 1967.
Marr, Phebe, The Modern History of Iraq, 2nd edn, Boulder, Colorado, 2004.
Matar, Fuad, Saddam Hussein: The Man, the Cause and the Future, London, 1981.
Matheson, James, Present Position and Prospects of the British Trade with China, London, 1836.
Maugham, W. Somerset, The Painted Veil, London, 1925, new edn 2001.
Maung Htin Aung, A History of Burma, New York, 1967.
——, Lord Randolph Churchill and the Dancing Peacock: British Conquest of Burma 1885, New Delhi, 1990.
——, The Stricken Peacock: Anglo-Burmese Relations 1752–1948, The Hague, 1965.
Mejcher, Helmut, Imperial Quest for Oil: Iraq 1910–1928, London, 1976.
Memorials to his Majesties Government soliciting Protection to the British Trade in China, from the Merchants of Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow and Canton, London, 1836.
Meredith, Martin, The State of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence, London, 2005.
Minayeff, I. P., Travels in and Diaries of India and Burma, trans. Hirendwanath Sanyal, Calcutta, 1958.
Monroe, Elizabeth, Britain’s Moment in the Middle East 1914–1956, London, 1963.
Morel, E. D., Nigeria and its Peoples and its Problems, London, 1912.
Morgan, Gerald, Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia 1810–1895, London, 1981.
Morris, James, The Hashemite Kings, London, 1959.
Morris, Jan, Hong Kong, London, 1997.
Myer, Valerie Grosvenor, A Victorian Lady in Africa: The Story of Mary Kingsley, Southampton, 1989.
Napier, Sir William, The Life and Opinions of General Sir Charles James Napier, 4 vols, London, 1857.
Neve, Ernest F., Beyond the Pir Panjal: Life and Missionary Enterprise in Kashmir, London, 1914.
Nicolson, Harold, Curzon: The Last Phase 1919–1925. A Study in Post-War Diplomacy, London, 1934.
Ni Ni Myint, Burma’s Struggle against British Imperialism 1885–1895, Rangoon, 1983.
O’Ballance, Edgar, The Secret War in the Sudan 1955–1972, London, 1977.
——, Sudan, Civil War and Terrorism, 1956–99, London, 2000.
Orwell, George, Essays, London, new edn 2000.
Paden, John N., Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto: Values and Leadership in Nigeria, London, 1986.
Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).
Patel, Sardar, Sardar Patel’s Correspondence 1945–1950, ed. Darga Das, vols I–VIII, Ahmedabad, 1971–3.
Patten, Chris, East and West, London, 1998.
Perham, Margery, Lugard: The Years of Adventure, vol. I: 1858–1898, London, 1956.
—, Lugard: The Years of Authority, vol. II: 1898–1945, London, 1956.
—, Native Administration in Nigeria, London, 1937.
Philby, H. St J., Arabian Days, London, 1948.
Pollock, John, Kitchener, London, 2001.
Pope-Hennessy, James, Half-Crown Colony: A Hong Kong Notebook, London, 1969.
Ramusack, Barbara N., The Indian Princes and their States, Cambridge, 2004.
Ramusack, Barbara N., The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: Dissolution of a Patron–Client System 1914–1919, Columbus, Ohio, 1978.
Raugh, Harold E., The Victorians at War: An Encyclopedia of British Military History, Santa Barbara, 2004.
Roberts, Andrew, Eminent Churchillians, London, 1994.
Robertson, Sir James, Transition in Africa: From Direct Rule to Independence, London, 1974.
Robinson, C. N., Nigeria: Our Latest Protectorate, London, 1900.
Robinson, Gallagher, with Alice Denny, Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism, 2nd edn, London, 1981.
Saint-Prot, Charles, Saddam Hussein: un gaullisme arabe?, Paris, 1987.
Salter, Lord, The Development of Iraq: A Plan of Action, London, 1955.
Sandes, E. W. C., The Royal Engineers in Egypt and the Sudan, London, 1937.
Sargent, Inge, Twilight over Burma, Honolulu, 1994.
Schenk, Catherine, Hong Kong as International Financial Centre: Emergence and Development 1945–65, London, 2001.
Schofield, Victoria, Kashmir in the Crossfire, London, 1996.
Schwarz, Frederick A. O., Jr, Nigeria: The Tribes, the Nation, or the Race, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1965.
Shaw, Flora, A Tropical Dependency: An Outline of the Ancient History of Western Soudan with an Account of the Modern Settlement of Northern Nigeria, London, 1905.
Shepperd, Alan, Sandhurst: The Royal Military Academy, London, 1980.
Shwadran, B., The Middle East, Oil and the Great Powers, New York, 1955, 3rd edn 1973.
Silverstein, J. (ed.), The Political Legacy of Aung San, rev. edn, Ithaca, New York, 1993.
Simon, Reeva Spector, Iraq between the Two World Wars: The Militarist Origins of Tyranny, New York, 1986, rev. edn 2004.
Simon, Reeva Spector, and Tejirian, Eleanor H. (ed.), The Creation of Iraq 1914–1921, New York, 2004.
Singh, Bawa Satinder, The Jammu Fox: A Biography of Maharaja Gulab Singh of Kashmir 1792–1857, Carbondale and Edwardsville, 1974.
Singh, Karan, Autobiography, Bombay, 1989.
Singh, Khushwant, The Sikhs, London, 1953.
Slatin, Rudolf, Fire and Sword in the Sudan: A Personal Narrative of Fighting and Serving the Dervishes 1879–1895, London, 1896, new edn 1897.
Sluglett, Peter, Britain in Iraq 1914–1932, London, 1976.
Steevens, G. W., With Kitchener to Khartoum, London, 1898, new edn 1990.
Stewart, A. J. Q., The Pagoda War, London, 1972.
Stivers, William, Supremacy and Oil: Iraq, Turkey and the Anglo-American World Order 1918–1930, London, 1982.
Stone, Norman, introduction to Wells, H. G., A Short History of the World, London, 2006.
Storrs, Sir Ronald, Great Britain in the Near and Middle East, Cust Foundation Lecture, University College, Nottingham, 1932.
Symes, Sir Stewart, Tour of Duty, London, 1946.
Taylor, Robert H., The State in Burma, London, 1987.
Teng, M. K., Bhatt, R. K. K., and Bhatt, S. K., Kashmir Constitutional History and Documents, New Delhi, 1977.
Thant Myint-U, The Making of Modern Burma, Cambridge, 2001.
——, The River of Lost Footsteps: A Personal History of Burma, London, 2007.
Thatcher, Margaret, The Downing Street Years, London, 1993.
Thesiger, Wilfred, The Life of my Choice, London, 1987.
Thirkell White, Herbert, A Civil Servant in Burma, London, 1913.
Thomas, Graham F., From the Last of the Proconsuls: Letters from Sir James Robertson, London, 1994.
——, Sudan 1950–1985: Death of a Dream, London, 1990.
——, Sudan: Struggle for Survival, London, 1993.
Tripp, Charles, A History of Iraq, Cambridge, 2000, 3rd edn 2007.
Tsang, Steve, Governing Hong Kong: Administrative Officers from the Nineteenth Century to the Handover to China, 1862–1997, London, 2007.
——, A Modern History of Hong Kong, London, 2004.
Vandeleur, Seymour, Campaigning on the Upper Nile and Niger, London, 1898.
Vansittart, Lord, The Mist Procession: The A
utobiography of Lord Vansittart, London, 1958.
Wakhlu, Somnath, Hari Singh: The Maharaja, the Man, the Times, New Delhi, 2004.
Wakin, Edward, Contemporary Political Leaders of the Middle East, New York, 1996.
Warburg, Gabriel, The Sudan under Wingate, London, 1971.
Warikoo, K., Central Asia and Kashmir: A Study in the Context of Anglo-Russian Rivalry, New Delhi, 1989.
Warner, Philip, Kitchener: The Man behind the Legend, London, 1985.
Wavell, Lord, The Viceroy’s Journal, ed. Penderel Moon, London, 1973.
Wellesley, Dorothy, Sir George Goldie, Founder of Nigeria: A Memoir, London, 1934.
Wilson, A. T., Mesopotamia 1917–1920: A Clash of Loyalties. A Personal and Historical Record, London, 1931.
Wingate, Sir Ronald, Wingate of the Sudan, London, 1955.
Wright, Lawrence, The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda’s Road to 9/11, London, 2006.
Woodman, Dorothy, The Making of Burma, London, 1962.
Yahuda, Michael, Hong Kong: China’s Challenge, London, 1996.
Yergin, Daniel, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power, New York, 1991, 2nd edn 1992.
Younghusband, Francis, Kashmir, London, 1924.
Ziegler, Philip, Mountbatten, London, 1985.
Acknowledgements
While writing this book I have incurred many debts of obligation to scholars, friends and librarians. I would like to thank, in particular, the staff of the British Library and the National Archives, whose efficiency and good nature made the task of writing the book more pleasant. I am also grateful for the assistance provided by the highly professional staff at the BP Archive, based at the University of Warwick. Debbie Usher, the archivist at the Middle East Centre Archive at St Antony’s College, Oxford, was also extremely helpful with the research I conducted at that excellent institution.
In addition, I am indebted to the generosity of my readers who were selflessly enthusiastic about reading specific chapters, adding many useful and instructive notes. Eugene Rogan was a meticulous reader for Iraq; David Washbrook helped with Kashmir; Michael Charney managed to send me some very detailed comments about Burma while on holiday in South East Asia; Cherry Leonardi, at the Sudan Archive in Durham, improved the chapters relating to that country; John Peel’s remarks on Nigeria were scholarly and to the point; Rana Mitter, despite differences of opinion, was incredibly efficient and generous with his time in correcting some of my more basic mistakes on Hong Kong.
Ghosts of Empire Page 53