Lotther, Melchior, 315, 372, 397, 548, 552
Lotzer, Sebastian, 629–630
Louis II (king of Hungary), 704
Louvain (Belgium), 114, 289, 324, 376, 378, 410, 677–678, 711
Low Countries, 545, 626, 787–788
Low German, 526
Loyola, Ignatius, 18, 786
Lucian of Samosata, 141–142, 143
Ludwig IV (Louis of Bavaria) (Holy Roman Emperor), 79
Lufft, Hans, 676, 755
Luke, 226
Luke, Gospel of, 235
Lupset, Thomas, 293
Luther, Elizabeth (Martin’s daughter), 717
Luther, Hans (Martin’s father), 20–23, 24, 83, 118, 123, 124, 505, 665
Luther, Hans (Martin’s son), 669, 705, 706, 717, 728–729, 780
Luther, Heinz (Hans’s brother), 20
Luther, Magdalena (Martin’s daughter), 728
Luther, Margarete Lindemann (Martin’s mother), 20, 21
Luther, Martin
about, ix, x, xii, 240, 295
Adrian VI and, 563–564
on adultery, 424–425
American evangelicalism and, xiii, 820
Anabaptists and, 740
Anfechtungen, 27–218, 48, 55, 82, 126, 169–170, 267, 490, 705, 728
anger against, 302–304
Anne (saint) and, 25, 83
on annulment, 424
anti-Judaism of, 176, 186–189, 774–777, 780, 813–814
appearance of, 455, 541
Aristotle and, 81–82, 127, 190, 279, 303, 396, 429
articles of condemnation against (1519), 379
attacked by Erasmus, 601
attacks on, 599
Augsburg, 1518 Diet of, confrontation and interrogation, 335–339
Augustine and, 127, 128
on baptism, 425
Baptists’s beliefs similar to Luther’s beliefs, 829
Barth on, 812
begging as mendicant monk, 121
Bible as sole authority, 807, 815, 816
birth of, 20, 21
books forbidden in England, 692–693
burial of, 782
burning of Luther’s books, 410–411, 415, 418, 433, 444, 480
Cajetan and, 313, 314, 316, 330, 331, 333, 335–340
Calvin and, 676, 763–764, 772–773
catechism of, 721–722
on celibacy, 497, 503, 504
challenge to Rome, x, xii–xiii
children of, 669, 717, 728, 780, 781
Christian II of Denmark, 685
on clergy, 497, 502–503
on communion, 423, 495, 592
conciliatory letter to the pope, 343, 344
condemnation of by Rome, 384, 390, 398–401
Condemnation of Luther by Cologne and Louvain, 384, 390
condemned at Diet of Augsburg (1530), 727
on confession, 494–495
confession of, 121, 125
constipation as problem, 22, 490, 493, 720
death of, 781
decision to enter monastic life, 83
decision to stop preaching, 725
demands to recant, 332, 338, 343, 344, 400, 421, 427, 449, 460
democratizing faith, 575
Denifle on, 809
depictions of Christ and, 24–25
depression, 48
despair and anxiety (Anfechtungen), 48, 55, 82, 126, 169–170, 217–218, 267, 372, 490, 705, 728
Diet of Worms, x, 448–449, 450–465, 479, 493, 751
as district vicar of Meissen and Thuringia, 217
as divine messenger, 388
on divorce, 424–425
doctorate in theology, 171–172
domestic married life of, 667–669, 717, 718, 720
drinking heavily, 706, 728, 758
Eck and, 398, 718
Edict of Worms, 479–480, 497, 722, 726, 735
on education, 279, 328, 597–598
Engels on, 662–663
Erasmus and, xii–xiii, xv, 278, 310, 327, 345–347, 353, 354, 376, 408, 417, 425, 441–442, 474–475, 477–478, 492, 550, 557, 565, 570, 599–606, 609, 670–676, 680–682, 684, 718–719, 753–754, 758
Erasmus’s impact on, 264–266, 301–302
at Erfurt, 76
Erikson on, 21–22
escape from Augsburg, 339–341
on the Eucharist, 627–628
in European history, 801–814
as evangelical, xiii
evangelical, use of word, 446
excommunication of, 435
fame of, 344
on fasting, 265
father’s influence on, 21, 22, 24, 118, 505, 665
fear of death, 82–83
Frederick III and, 167, 305, 316, 328, 341, 438, 439, 447, 454, 539–540, 667
on free will, 589–590, 672–673
friar’s life, 118
Galatians, lectures on the Epistle to the, 345
on German Peasants’ War, 639–642, 651–652
Germans disillusioned with, 761–762, 763
on God, 672–674
and Greek language, 345
hated by Germans, 662–663
health of, 331, 705, 720, 753, 758, 780, 781
Hebrew study by, 174
Henry VIII and, 482–483, 550–552, 583–584, 588–590, 685, 747–748
heresy charges against, 341, 354, 371, 418
in hiding after Diet of Worms, 465–469, 473, 474, 488–496, 507, 522–524, 537
Holl on, 809–811
on human nature, 138–139, 189, 673–674
on human wickedness, 138
on Hus, 363–364, 369, 389, 396
Hutten and, 416, 463, 474
inaugural Mass, 123–124
individual, stress on, xiv–xv
on indulgences, x, 164, 268–272, 282, 302–304, 343, 370
influence of in America, 814, 816
influence of worldwide, 801, 806
introductory letter to Erasmus, 346–347
on the Jews, 176, 186–189, 492, 577–578, 774–777, 813–814
on Job, 592
as Junker Jörg, 488, 522–523
justification by faith, 831
Karlstadt and, 279, 544, 595, 611, 612–613, 614, 627, 666, 681
Kautsky on, 809
Kupisch on, 812–813
law and faith, distinction between, 236–237
lectures on the Bible, 172
Leipsig, debate with ???28 at, 357–364, 369–376
Leo X on, 313, 314, 316
letter to Henry VIII, 685–686
letter to Leo X after papal bull, 430–432
letters to Erasmus, xi–x, 355–356, 679–683
love of books, 301
on man, 237
on man’s ability to please God, 189
on marriage, 424, 483, 546–547
as marriage counselor, 387, 546–547, 759
marriage of, 644, 664–666
married life of, 667–669, 719–720
on the Mass, 422, 502, 503, 592
master’s program completed, 83
measures of influence in modern Germany, 801–802
Melanchthon and, 220, 329, 330, 332, 408, 428, 433, 451, 474, 489, 490, 493, 494, 497, 548, 576, 628, 665, 710, 723, 781
Miltitz affair, 342–344
monastic life, 48, 83–84, 117
More and, 582, 692–693
Müntzer and, 615, 660
on Muslims, 773–774
on the nature of man, 238, 269
notes on lectures on Roman, 219–220, 237
obsession with death, 25
Ockham and, 78–81
on Old Testament, 187, 577, 754
on the Ottomans, 774
as outlaw (1522), 488, 545
painting of by Werner, 401–402
papal bull condemning (Exsurge Domine), 398–401, 409–410, 411–412, 414, 415, 420–421, 426–427, 430–432, 433, 435
papal discontent with, 314–317
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parents of, 20–21, 49–50, 83, 118, 123, 124
on Paul, 220–221
on Paul’s epistles, 221–222
on peasants, 651–652, 660, 661, 663
on penance, 425
philosophy of, xiii, xiv, 475, 478, 542–543, 617–618
pope and, 343, 344, 394
as “pope” in Wittenberg, 546
preaching and sermons in Wittenberg, 541–542, 548–549
Prierias on, 314
as priest, 123
on priestly ordination, 423–424
private examination by Archbishop of Trier, 465–466
Psalms and, 125, 237
Psalms, lectures on, 172–176, 187, 189–191, 219, 300
ranking of books of New Testament, 553
reading Erasmus, 278–279
reason for not marrying, 625
reform program for Rome, 395–397
reliance on princes, xiv
return to Wittenberg (1522), 537–539, 540
Reuchlin and, 186
righteousness of God, 218–219
Romans, lectures on the Epistle to the, 218–221, 235–240, 290–291
in Rome, 163–166
Sack of Rome, 704
on sacraments, 421–425, 705–706
on salvation, 307, 760–761
scatological language of, 22, 26
Scholasticism rejected by, 77–78
schooling of, 48–49, 50, 83
sense of unworthiness, 188
on serfdom, 641
sermons of, 541–542, 548–549, 592–593
sexual desires of, 120, 493
on sexuality, 425, 493, 504
on sin, 55
Spalatin and, 168, 186, 301, 305, 307, 315, 316–317, 339, 345, 358, 372, 385, 387–388, 420, 444, 450, 453, 550, 589, 625, 668, 685
at St. George’s monastery, 51, 55
study for doctor’s degree in theology, 126, 127
summoned to Heidelberg (1518), 304–308
summoned to Imperial Diet in Augsburg (1518), 330–331
summoned to Rome (1518), 314, 315, 328
on superiority of Rome, 358
superstitions and, 23–24
Table Talk (Tischreden), 21, 22, 26, 718, 719
“theology of the cross,” 271
theses, x, 49, 281–285, 299, 302, 327, 346, 807, 810, 813
translating Bible into German, 523–524, 525–529, 538, 548, 552, 554–555, 576–577
travel to Rome (1510), 162
travel to Wittenberg while in hiding, 507, 522–524
Tyndale and, 690
University of Wittenberg, 127–128
at Wartburg Castle in hiding, 469, 488–496
witches and, 23–24
in Wittenberg, 167–169, 541–542, 546, 548–549, 778
as writer, 49, 351–352, 353
Zweig on, 796
Zwingli and, 705–706, 724
Zwingli reading, 518
Luther, Martin, works of
Acta Augustana, 340, 341
Ad Leonem X, 323, 344, 349, 350
An Admonition Against the Jews, 780
Admonition to Peace: A Reply to the Twelve Articles of the Peasants in Swabia, 639, 651
Against Henry, King of the English, 552
Against the Antinomians, 761
Against the Bull of the Antichrist, 432
Against the Execrable Bull, 432
Against the Heavenly Prophets in the Matter of Images and Sacraments, 627, 628
Against the Idol at Halle, 506
Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants, 651, 652, 660
Against the Roman Papacy, an Institution of the Devil, 777–778
Against the Title of the English King’s Slanderous Writing, 685–686
Answer to the Book of Our Esteemed Master Ambrosius, 450
Answer to the Hyperchristian, Hyperspiritual, and Hyperlearned Book by Goat Emser in Leipzig, 446
Asterisks, 303
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church, 219, 421, 425–426, 428, 432, 439, 453–454, 478, 547, 551, 617
The Bondage of the Will (De Servo Arbitrio), 670–676, 680
burning of Luther’s books, 410–411, 415, 418, 433, 444, 480
catechism, 721–722
December Testament, 554
at Diet of Worms, 455–459, 479
“Disputation Against Scholastic Theology,” 81
Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences, 283
Duke George prohibits sale or use of, 573–574
England bans importation of, 482
Explanation of the Ninety-Five Theses, 309, 358
forbidden in England, 692–693
Freedom of a Christian, 428–430, 466, 617, 662
frequency of publication (after 1525), 663–664
Judgment of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows, 503, 504–505
Letter to the Princes of Saxony Concerning the Rebellious Spirit, 611
Luther’s Offer to Recant in a Letter to the King of England, 685
Meditation on Christ’s Passion, 351
The Misuse of the Mass, 502
Das Newe Testament Deutzsch, 554
Ninety-Five Theses, x, 49, 281–285, 299, 300, 302, 327, 346, 807, 810, 813
On Confession: Whether the Pope Has the Power to Require It, 494
On the Jews and Their Lies, 775, 776, 777, 814
On War Against the Turks, 773
An Open Letter on the Harsh Book Against the Peasants, 660–661
Open Letter to Leo X, 430–432
pamphlets, 352
popularity of, 344–345
prefaces for books of the New Testament, 552–553
profusion of, 448, 455
September Testament, 554, 556
Sermon on Indulgences and Grace, 304
Sermon on the Virtue of Excommunication, 309
A Sincere Admonition to All Christians to Guard Against Insurrection and Rebellion, 524, 542
Switzerland, spread of ideas to, 323
Temporal Authority: To What Extent It Should Be Obeyed, 573–574, 593
Tesseradecas Consolatoria (“Fourteen Consolations”), 372
That a Christian Assembly or Congregation Has the Right and Power to Judge All Teaching, 575
That Jesus Christ Was Born a Jew, 577, 774
That These Words of Christ, “This Is My Body,” etc, Still Stand Firm Against the Ranting Spirits, 705
To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation Concerning the Reform of the Christian Estate, 81, 393–397, 421, 422, 428, 497, 617
“To the Christians in Strassburg in Opposition to the Fanatic Spirit,” 626
To the Councilmen of All Cities in Germany That They Establish and Maintain Christian Schools, 597, 598
Treatise on Good Works, 390–391
treatise on the Eucharist, 387
Why the Books of the Pope and His Disciples Were Burned by Doctor Martin Luther, 434
Luther, Martin (Martin Luther’s son), 780
Luther, Paul (Martin Luther’s son), 780
Luther Bible, 802
Luther Renaissance, 811, 812
Luther Speaks with Forked Tongue, Or How Luther, On the One Hand, Led the Peasants Astray, 660
Lutheranism
catechism for, 721–722
features of, 395
Formula of Concord, 803
Gnesio-Lutherans, 786, 787
hymns in, 593
Instructions for the Visitors of Parish Pastors in Electoral Saxony, 708, 709
leadership of, 708–709, 721
in Scandinavia, 752–753, 763
sermons in, 592–593
spread of, 691
territorial church, 709
in the U.S., 814
worship service entirely in German, 596
Lutherans, on Erasmus, 785–786
lutherish, use of term, 525
Luther’s Offer to Recant in a Letter to the King of England (Luther), 685
Lydia (early convert), 226
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 156–157, 258–259, 261
Machiavellian, use of term, 260
Magdeburg (Germany), 49
Magnificat (hymn), 432, 492
Maimonides, 63
Maldonado, Juan, 679
Manichees, 130
Manrique de Lara, Alonso, 679, 711
Mansfeld (Germany), 20–27, 638, 652
Mansfeld, Hans George von, 776, 779
Mansfeld, Philip von, 776, 779
Mansfeld mines (Germany), 23–27
Manutius, Aldus, 145–149, 169, 409
Mantz, Felix, 739
Marburg (Germany), 723
Marburg Colloquy, 723–724
Marcella (widow), 103
Margaret (regent of the Netherlands), 716
Margarete (Luther’s sister), 717
Mark, Gospel of, 235
Marranos, 443
marriage
Counter-Reformation and, 784
Erasmus on, 250, 320, 348, 512, 669, 687–688
Luther on, 424, 483, 546–547
Luther’s marriage, 644, 664–666
of Zwingli, 558
“A Marriage in Name Only, or the Unequal Match” (Erasmus), 512
Martens, Dirk, 257, 289, 324, 328
martyrdom, Erasmus on, 418–419
Marxism, 808
Mary (daughter of Henry VIII), 747, 749
Mary (Virgin Mother)
in Counter-Reformation, 786
Erasmus on, 250–251, 374, 678
Immaculate Conception, 66–67
Scotus on, 66
veneration of, 11–12
virginity of, 104
Mass (sacrament)
about, 13, 122
Karlstadt on, 595
Luther on, 422, 502, 503, 592
Oecolampadius on, 713
Swiss Reformation, 498–499, 713, 714
Zwilling on, 498–499
Massys (or Metsys), Quentin, 290
masturbation, confession of, 52
Matthew, Gospel of, 235
Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor), 179, 180, 181, 211, 315–316, 334
May, Theresa, 799
Medici, Giovanni de (cardinal), 152. See also Leo X (pope)
Medici, Giulio de (cardinal), 409, 441
Medici, Lorenzo de, 272
Meditation on Christ’s Passion (Luther), 351
Meissen (Germany), 444
Meistersinger, 566–567
Die Meistersinger (Wagner), 567
Melanchthon, Philipp (Philipp Schwartzerd)
about, 220, 328–330, 345
Augsburg Confession (Confessio Augustana), 731–733, 734
controversy involving, 759
Counter-Reformation, 786
death of, 787
Diet of Augsburg, 731, 731–734
Erasmus and, 609, 684, 731
on immorality, 707–708
lectures of, 345, 386
Loci Communes, 760
Luther and, 220, 329, 330, 332, 408, 428, 433, 451, 474, 489, 490, 493, 494, 497, 548, 576, 628, 665, 710, 723, 781
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