57. Douglas G. Gardner, “Andersonville and American Memory: Civil War Prisoners and Narratives of Suffering and Redemption” (Ph.D. diss., Miami University, 1998), 61–69; Christopher Kent Wilson, “Winslow Homer’s Images of Blacks: The Civil War and Reconstruction Years,” Journal of American History 77 (June 1990): 247
58. Peggy Sheppard, Andersonville Georgia USA (1973, repr., Andersonville, Ga.: Sheppard, 2001), 66–68.
59. William B. Burnett, “Memorial Day through the Years,” pp. 1–2, Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site. See also an unidentified newspaper clipping, dated June 3, 1870, in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
60. Hill-Blaine Debate on Amnesty Bill, 44th Congress, 1st sess. Congressional Record 4 (January 10–14, 1876): H. 324.
61. E. Merton Coulter, “Amnesty for All except Jefferson Davis: The Hill-Blaine Debate of 1876,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 56 (Winter 1972): 457; Roberts, “The Afterlife of Civil War Prisons,” 41–49.
62. Hill-Blaine Debate on Amnesty Bill, Congressional Record: H. 345, 347, 351.
63. Southern Historical Society Papers 1 (January to June, 1876): 113. The full March 1876 issue on Civil War prisons runs from page 113 to 327.
CHAPTER THREE
1. Robert H. Wiebe, The Search for Order 1877–1920 (New York: Hill & Wang, 1967); Nell Painter, Standing at Armageddon: The United States 1877–1919 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987); T. J. Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880–1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); Olivier Zunz, Making America Corporate 1870–1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990).
2. James Garfield, “Speech of Gen. Garfield at the Andersonville Reunion at Toledo, Ohio, October 3, 1879,” in Sergeant Oaks, Prison Life in Dixie (1880; repr., Scituate, Mass.: Digital Scanning, 1999), 204.
3. Reinhard H. Luthin, “Waving the Bloody Shirt: Northern Political Tactics in Post-Civil War Times,” Georgia Review 14 (Spring 1960): 70.
4. James G. Blaine, Political Discussions: Legislative, Diplomatic, and Popular (Norwich, Conn.: Henry Bill, 1887), 160–61.
5. William Marvel, “Johnny Ransom’s Imagination,” Civil War History 41 (September 1995): 181–89; James M. Gillespie, “Postwar Mythmaking: The Case of the POWs,” North & South 6 (April 2003): 40–49; and William Hesseltine, Civil War Prisons: A Study in War Psychology (1930; repr., Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1998), 233–58.
6. Sergeant Oats, Prison Life in Dixie (1880; repr., Scituate, Mass.: Digital Scanning, 1999) 61, 60.
7. Willard Glazier, Sword and Pen; or, Ventures and Adventures of Willard Glazier (Philadelphia: P. W. Zeigler, 1881), i, 167, v. See also J. Madison Drake, Fast and Loose in Dixie: An Unprejudiced Narrative of Personal Experience as a Prisoner of War at Libby, Macon, Savannah, and Charleston (New York: Authors’ , 1880), 29; John W. Urban, Battle Field and Prison Pen, or Through the War, and Thrice a Prisoner in Rebel Dungeons (N.p.: Edgewood, 1882), viii; William B. Woolverton, “A Sketch of Prison Life at Andersonville,” Firelands Pioneer 8 (January 1894): 65–68.
8. John McElroy, Andersonville: A Story of Rebel Military Prisons (1879; Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett, 1962), 318, ix. Other important Union prisoner narratives of the period include, among others, Alonzo Cooper, In and out of Rebel Prisons (Oswego, N.Y.: R. J. Oliphant, 1888); William W. Day, Fifteen Months in Dixie; or, My Personal Experience in Rebel Prisons (Owatonna, Minn.: People’s Press Print, 1889); S. S. Boggs, Eighteen Months under the Rebel Flag (Lovington, Ill.: privately printed, 1887); Thomas H. Mann, “A Yankee in Andersonville,” Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine 40 (May–October 1890): 447–61, 606–22; Lessel Long, Twelve Months in Andersonville (Huntington, Ind.: Thad and Mark Butler, 1886).
9. John McElroy, Andersonville, 318, ix.
10. Herman Braun, Andersonville: An Object Lesson on Protection (Milwaukee: C. D. Fahsel, 1892), vi, 70, 98, 160–61.
11. Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York: Knopf, 2008), xii.
12. Asa B. Isham, Henry M. Davidson, and Henry B. Furness, Prisoners of War and Military Prisons (Cincinnati, Ohio: Lyman & Cushing, 1890), 388.
13. Benjamin F. Booth and Steve Meyer, Dark Days of the Rebellion: Life in Southern Military Prisons (1897; repr., Garrison, Iowa: Meyer, 1996), xiii, xii.
14. Cooper, In and Out of Rebel Prisons, 46; Jesse Hawes, Cahaba: A Story of Captive Boys in Blue (New York: Burr, 1888), v.
15. James R. Compton, Andersonville: The Story of Man’s Inhumanity to Man (Des Moines, Iowa: Iowa Printing, 1887), 2.
16. H. Clay Trumbull, War Memories of a Union Chaplain (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1898), 278–79; Drake, Fast and Loose in Dixie, vi.
17. John V. Hadley, Seven Months a Prisoner (1898; repr., Hanover, Ind.: Nugget, 1998), 20.
18. Long, Twelve Months in Andersonville, 178.
19. McElroy, Andersonville: A Story of Rebel Military Prisons, 30.
20. William B. McCreery, “My Experience as a Prisoner of War and Escape from Libby Prison,” in War Papers Read before the Commandery of the State of Michigan: Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Detroit: Winn & Hammond, 1893), 17.
21. Famous Adventures and Prison Escapes of the Civil War (New York: Century, 1893).
22. Douglas G. Gardner, “Andersonville and Historical Memory: Civil War Prisoners and Narratives of Suffering and Redemption” (Ph.D. diss., Miami University, 1998), 70.
23. Urban, Battle Field and Prison Pen, 484.
24. Booth and Meyer, Dark Days of the Rebellion, xiii.
25. Oats, Prison Life in Dixie, 5.
26. Jno. Robertson, Michigan in the War (Lansing, Mich.: W. S. George, 1882), 140–41.
27. W. T. Zeigler, Half Hour with an Andersonville Prisoner. Delivered at the Reunion of Post 9, G. A. R., at Gettysburg, Pa, Jan. 8th, 1879 (N.p.: John M. Tate, 1879), 11.
28. William E. Chandler, Decoration Day. Address of William E. Chandler, on Thursday, May 30, 1889, at Nashua, N. H., before John G. Foster Post No. 7, G. A. R. (Concord, N.H.: Republican Press Association, 1889), 7.
29. Braun, Andersonville, 151.
30. Ann Fabian, The Unvarnished Truth: Personal Narratives in Nineteenth-Century America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 119, 118.
31. Gaines M. Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South, 1865–1913 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 126.
32. Rufus B. Richardson, “The Prison Question Again,” Southern Historical Society Papers 8 (January—December 1880): 569–70.
33. James T. Wells, “Prison Experience,” Southern Historical Society Papers 7 (January—December 1879): 327–28, 489–90. Other examples of southern prison accounts in the SHSP include M. McNamara, “Lieutenant Charlie Pierce’s Daring Attempts to Escape from Johnson’s Island,” SHSP 8 (January—December 1880): 61–67; T. D. Witherspoon, “Prison Life at Fort McHenry,” SHSP 8 (January—December 1880): 111–19, 163–68; William G. Keady, “Incidents of Prison Life at Camp Douglas—Experience of Corporal J. G. Blanchard,” SHSP 12 (January—December 1884): 269–73; Henry G. Damon, “A Florida Boy’s Experience in Prison and Escaping,” SHSP 12 (January—December 1884): 395–402.
34. Charles T. Loehr, “Point Lookout,” Southern Historical Society Papers 18 (January—December 1890): 119–20.
35. George Wilson Booth, A Maryland Boy in Lee’s Army (1898; repr., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 164–66.
36. William Jones, “The Historical Register on our Papers,” Southern Historical Society Papers 6 (July—December 1878): 238.
37. Jefferson Davis, Andersonville and other War-Prisons (New York: Belford, 1890), 161–62, 345–48.
38. N. P. Chipman, The Horrors of Andersonville Prison (San Francisco: Bancroft, 1891), 1, 3, 7, 79–80.
39. Thomas E. Spotswood, “Horrors of Camp Morton,” Souther
n Historical Society Papers 19 (January—December 1891): 327–33; A. M. Keiley, “Prison-Pens North,” SHSP 19 (January—December 1891): 333–40; T. E. Fell, “Escape of Prisoners from Johnson’s Island,” SHSP 19 (January—December 1891): 428–31; J. B. Traywick, “Prison Life at Point Lookout,” SHSP 19 (January—December 1891): 431–35.
40. Spotswood, “Horrors of Camp Morton,” 332.
41. Abram Fulkerson, “The Prison Experience of a Confederate Soldier,” Southern Historical Society Papers 22 (January—December 1894): 127–46; Albert Caison, “Southern Soldiers in Northern Prisons,” SHSP 23 (January—December 1895): 158–65; F. C. Barnes and R. E. Frayser, “Imprisoned Under Fire,” SHSP 25 (January—December 1897): 365–77.
42. John Shirley Ward, “Responsibility for the Death of Prisoners,” Confederate Veteran 4 (January 1896): 13.
43. Charles W. Frazier, “Prison Life on Johnson’s Island,” Confederate Veteran 2 (April 1894): 113–14; W. Gart Johnson, “Prison Life at Harper’s Ferry and on Johnson’s Island,” CV 2 (August 1894): 242–43.
44. John R. Neff, Honoring the Civil War Dead: Commemoration and the Problem of Reconciliation (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), 144–45; Nancy A. Roberts, “The Afterlife of Civil War Prisons and Their Dead” (Ph.D. diss., University of Oregon, 1996), 212–62.
45. “Confederate Dead at Indianapolis,” Confederate Veteran 1 (January 1894): 18.
46. “Services at our Chicago Monument,” Confederate Veteran 3 (July 1895): 209.
47. “Our Monument in Chicago,” Confederate Veteran 3 (June 1895): 176.
48. “Camp Chase Confederate Dead,” Confederate Veteran 4 (August 1896): 246–48.
49. “Camp Chase Confederate Graves,” Confederate Veteran 5 (May 1897): 197.
50. Henry Howe Cook, “Story of the Six Hundred,” Confederate Veteran 6 (March 1898): 120.
51. “Treatment of Prisoners,” Confederate Veteran 3 (October 1895): 297.
52. “Andersonville,” American Missionary XLV (September 1891): 318, http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/moa (accessed August 1, 2008).
53. “Letter from Andersonville, Ga” The American Missionary XLVI (March 1892): 93–94, http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/moa (accessed August 1, 2008).
54. Robert S. Davis, Ghosts and Shadows of Andersonville: Essays on the Secret Social Histories of America’s Deadliest Prison (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2006), 42–43.
55. Americus Times-Recorder, May 31, 1898, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
56. Ibid., June 6, 1890, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
57. Ibid., June 3, 1892, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
58. Roberts, “The Afterlife of Civil War Prisons,” 178–79.
59. Americus Times-Recorder, May 26, 1895, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
60. Ibid., June 1, 1894, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
61. Ibid., May 26, 1895, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
62. Loudoun Times Mirror, February 16, 1888, clipping in Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 3rd series, Confederate States Army Miscellaneous, United States Army Military History Institute. See also William B. Meyer, “The Selling of Libby Prison,” American Heritage 45 (November 1994): 114–18.
63. Katherine W. Hannaford, “Culture versus Commerce: The Libby Prison Museum and the Image of Chicago, 1889–1899,” Ecumene 8 (July 2001): 284–316.
64. Libby Prison War Museum Catalogue and Program (Chicago: Libby Prison War Museum Association, 1890).
65. Bruce Klee, “They Paid to Enter Libby Prison,” Civil War Times Illustrated 37 (February 1999): 37.
66. Thomasville Review, March 7, 1893, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
67. William Burnett, “The Woman’s Relief Corps at Andersonville,” Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
68. The newspaper headline comes from an unidentified, late 1890s newspaper clipping in the Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, Joseph Schubert Collection, United States Army Military History Institute.
69. Jim Weeks, Gettysburg: Memory, Market, and an American Shrine (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003), 53.
70. John A Wyeth, “Prisoners North and South,” Southern Historical Society Papers 20 (January—December 1892): 48, 51, 48. In keeping with the pattern of the Davis-Chipman exchange, Wyeth’s statements unsurprisingly provoked a northern rebuttal. See James R. Carnahan, Camp Morton (N.p.: Baker-Randolph L. & E. Co., 1892).
71. Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes, Jr., Sir Henry Morton Stanley, Confederate (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000), 146.
72. Herbert W. Collingwood, Andersonville Violets: A Story of Northern and Southern Life (1889; repr., Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2000), xxxiii, 270.
CHAPTER FOUR
1. McKinley’s comments are taken from Committee on Confederate Dead, Charles Broadway Rouss Camp No. 1191 United Confederate Veterans, Report on the Re-burial of the Confederate Dead in Arlington Cemetery (Washington, D.C., Judd & Detweiler, 1901), 10–11.
2. Gaines M. Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South 1865–1913 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 145.
3. Gary Laderman, The Sacred Remains: American Attitudes toward Death, 1799–1883 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1996); Edward T. Linenthal, Sacred Ground: Americans and Their Battlefields (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1991); Jim Weeks, Gettysburg: Memory, Market, and an American Shrine (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003).
4. David Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2001); Cecilia E. O’Leary, “Blood Brotherhood: The Racialization of Patriotism, 1865–1918,” in Bonds of Affection: Americans Define their Patriotism, ed. John Bodnar (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996), 54; Stuart McConnell, Glorious Contentment: The Grand Army of the Republic, 1865–1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 200.
5. Thomas J. Brown, The Public Art of Civil War Commemoration (New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004), 6; Kirk Savage, Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997), 209.
6. New Jersey Monument Commissioners, Report of the New Jersey Andersonville Monument Commissioners (Somerville, N.J.: Unionist-Gazette Association,1899), 3, 7–8, 11.
7. Report of the Maine Andersonville Monument Commissioners (Augusta, Maine: Kennebec Journal, 1904); Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Report of the Commission on Andersonville Monument (Boston: Wright & Putter, 1902); Report of the Joint Special Committee on Erection of Monument at Andersonville, Georgia (Providence, R.I.: E. L. Freeman, 1903); Dedication Connecticut Andersonville Monument: Dedication of the Monument at Andersonville, Georgia, October 23, 1907 (Hartford: Published by the State, 1908).
8. William Bennett, “Pennsylvania,” in “Andersonville Monuments,” p.1–2, Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
9. Pennsylvania at Andersonville, Georgia, Ceremonies at the Dedication of the Memorial Erected by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the National Cemetery at Andersonville, Georgia (N.p.: C. E. Aughinbaugh, 1909), 16–17, 25–26, 28.
10. Americus Times-Recorder, December 8, 1905, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
11. Ibid., September 13, 1907, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
12. Ibid., September 28, 1911, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
13. Pennsylvania at Salisbury, North Carolina: Ceremonies at the Dedica
tion of the Memorial Erected by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the National Cemetery at Salisbury, North Carolina (N.p.: C. E. Aughinbaugh, 1910).
14. Report of the Maine Commissioners on the Monument Erected at Salisbury, N.C., 1908 (Waterville, Maine: Sentinel, 1908), 10, 13, 15, 19–20, 25.
15. Excerpts from the minutes of the 25th Women’s Relief Corps National Convention, 231, the 27th Women’s Relief Corps National Convention, 192, and the 28th Women’s Relief Corps National Convention, 61–62, come from Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
16. John R. Neff, Honoring the Civil War Dead: Commemoration and the Problem of Reconciliation (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005).
17. Alonzo Abernethy, ed., Dedication of Monuments Erected by the State of Iowa (Des Moines, Iowa: Emory H. English, 1908), 99–100.
18. Ernest A. Sherman, Dedicating in Dixie (Cedar Rapids, Iowa: Press of the Record Printing Company, 1907), 45.
19. Pennsylvania at Andersonville, 47, 49.
20. Ralph O. Bates, Billy and Dick from Andersonville Prison to the White House (Santa Cruz, Calif.: Sentinel, 1910); William B. Clifton, Libby and Andersonville Prisons: A True Sketch (Indianapolis, Ind.: privately printed, 1910); James N. Miller, The Story of Andersonville and Florence (Des Moines, Iowa: Welch, The Printer, 1900); W. F. Lyon, In and Out of Andersonville Prison (Detroit: Geo. Harland, 1905); C. M. Prutsman, A Soldier’s Experience in Southern Prisons (New York: Andrew H. Kellogg, 1901).
21. William H. Allen, “One Hundred and Ninety Days in Rebel Prisons,” Annals of Iowa 38 (Winter 1966): 232, 234, 236.
22. John W. Northrop, Chronicles from the Diary of a War Prisoner (Wichita, Kans: privately printed, 1904), 195.
23. John Read, “Texas Prisons and a Comparison of Northern and Southern Prison Camps,” in Personal Recollections of the War of the Rebellion, ed. A. Noel Blakeman (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1912), 249, 259.
Haunted by Atrocity Page 27
