2. Years of Struggle (1860–1864)
1. July 18–19, 1860, in Francis Hall, Japan Through American Eyes: The Journal of Francis Hall, Kanagawa and Yokohama, 1859–1866 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992), 197–98.
2. July 18–19, 1860, ibid., 203.
3. Letter 38-2, Man’en 1/5/17 (7/5/1860), to Shōjirō; letter 40, Man’en 1/6/4 (7/21/1860), to Shōjirō, in Ishii Takashi, ed., Yokohama urikomishō Kōshūya monjo (Yokohama: Yūrindō, 1984). Please note that all cited letters relating to Chūemon are collected in the Ishii volume.
4. Letter 40, Man’en 1/6/4 (7/21/1860), to Shōjirō.
5. Letter 38, Man’en 1/5/11 (6/29/1860), Naotarō to Shōjirō.
6. Kikuen Rōjin, Yokohama kidan: Minato no hana (Kinkōdō Zō, ca. 1864), 1–2.
7. Yokohama-shi, Yokohama shishi, vol. 2 (Yokohama: Yokohama-shi, 1958), 677.
8. Letter 95, Bunkyū 2/11/29 (1/18/1863), Chūemon and Naotarō to Shōjirō.
9. Laurence Oliphant, Narrative of the Earl of Elgin’s Mission to China and Japan in the Years 1857, ’58, ’59, 2nd ed., 2 vols. (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1860), 144. Oliphant added that in spite of the restrictions on individual freedom, “It is a singular fact that in Japan, where the individual is sacrificed to the community, he should seem perfectly happy and contented; while in America, where exactly the opposite result takes place, and the community is sacrificed to the individual, the latter is in a perpetual state of uproarious clamour for his rights.”
10. Yokohama-shi, Yokohama shishi, 338–40. See also Kato Takashi, “Governing Edo,” in Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era, ed. James L. McClain, John M. Merriman, and Ugawa Kaoru (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994), 55–56.
11. Engelbert Kaempfer, a German doctor, writing about Nagasaki in the late seventeenth century (Kaempfer’s Japan: Tokugawa Culture Observed, ed. Beatrice M. Bodart-Bailey [Honolulu: University of Hawai`i Press, 1999], 162).
12. May 21, 1861, in Hall, Japan Through American Eyes, 339.
13. Letter 40, Man’en 1/6/4 (7/21/1860), to Shōjirō.
14. Kanagawa-ken Toshokan Kyōkai, Kyōdo Shiryō Hensan Iinkai, Mikan Yokohama kaikō shiryō (Yokohama: Kanagawa-ken Toshokan Kyōkai, 1960), 137–217.
15. Samuel Pasfield Oliver, On and Off Duty: Being Leaves from an Officer’s Note-Book (London: Allen, 1881), 70; Kikuen, Yokohama kidan, 5.
16. Gary P. Leupp, Servants, Shophands, and Laborers in the Cities of Tokugawa Japan (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992), 127–34, 42–43.
17. April 2, 1860, in Hall, Japan Through American Eyes, 147.
18. Quoted in Leupp, Servants, Shophands, 150.
19. July 26, 1860, and January 28, 1865, in Hall, Japan Through American Eyes, 205–6, 589.
20. December 19, 1859, ibid., 90–91.
21. November 6, 1860, ibid., 271–74.
22. John Reddie Black, Young Japan: Yokohama and Yedo, 2 vols. (London: Trübner, 1880), 2:98.
23. December 19, 1859, in Hall, Japan Through American Eyes, 90–91.
24. January 11, 1860, ibid., 101.
25. February 1, 1860, ibid., 117.
26. Utagawa Sadahide and Kida Jun’ichirō, Yokohama kaikō kenbunshi biyō (Tokyo: Meichō Kankōkai, 1967), 3–4.
27. Quoted in Todd Munson, “Curiosities of the Five Nations: Nansōan Shōhaku’s Yokohama Tales,” Japan Studies Review 12 (2008): 26.
28. February 10, 1861, in Hall, Japan Through American Eyes, 301.
29. April 2, 1862, ibid., 410.
30. February 10, 1861, ibid., 301.
31. Kikuen, Yokohama kidan, 6.
32. Letter 196-1, Keiō 2/3/8 (4/22/1866), to Shōjirō.
33. Kikuen, Yokohama kidan, 11.
34. The China Directory for 1862 (Hong Kong: Shortrede, 1862), 51–52.
35. “Lawless and dissolute” quoted in Harold S. Williams, Tales of the Foreign Settlements in Japan (Tokyo: Tuttle, 1959), 56. For the other quotes, see C. T. van Assendelft de Coningh, A Pioneer in Yokohama: A Dutchman’s Adventures in the New Treaty Port, ed. and trans. Martha Chaiklin (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2012), 45.
36. Hugh Cortazzi, Victorians in Japan: In and around the Treaty Ports (London: Athlone Press, 1987), 291.
37. The Japan Herald, June 11, 1864, 307.
38. Quoted in Williams, Tales of Foreign Settlements, 60.
39. Yen-p’ing Hao, The Comprador in Nineteenth Century China: Bridge between East and West (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970).
40. Ishii Takashi, Kōto Yokohama no tanjō (Yokohama: Yūrindō, 1976), 207–8; see also Hao, Comprador in China. On Chinese compradors, see Marie-Claire Bergère, Shanghai: China’s Gateway to Modernity, trans. Janet Lloyd (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2010), 71–74.
41. Tanaka Takeyuki, Yokohama Chūkagai: Sekai saikyō no Chainataun (Tokyo: Chūō Kōron Shinsha, 2009), 69.
42. Ibid., 77–80.
43. John Black, Young Japan, 1:362–63.
44. Chūka Kaikan and Yokohama Kaikō Shiryōkan, Yokohama Kakyō no kioku: Yokohama kakyō kōjutsu rekishi kirokushū (Yokohama: Chūka Kaikan, 2010), 9; Tanaka, Yokohama Chūkagai, 76.
45. Japan Times (Yokohama), April 6, 1866, 203.
46. Joseph Heco and James Murdoch, The Narrative of a Japanese: What He Has Seen and the People He Has Met in the Course of the Last Forty Years, 2 vols. (Yokohama: Yokohama Printing and Publishing, 1892), 62.
47. Takamura Naosuke and Yokohama-shi Furusato Rekishi Zaidan, Yokohama rekishi to bunka: Kaikō 150-shūnen kinen (Yokohama: Yūrindō, 2009), 193–94.
48. Gary P. Leupp, Interracial Intimacy in Japan: Western Men and Japanese Women, 1543–1900 (London: Continuum, 2003), 83–99.
49. Utagawa and Kida, Yokohama kaikō kenbunshi, 22.
50. John Black, Young Japan, 2:99–100.
51. Quoted in diary entry of June 6, 1860, in Hall, Japan Through American Eyes, 180.
52. January 2, 1861, ibid., 290–91.
53. Hugh Cortazzi, Collected Writings of Sir Hugh Cortazzi (Tokyo: Edition Synapse; Richmond, Surrey, U.K.: Japan Library, 2000), 207.
54. John Black, Young Japan, 2:283.
55. Quoted in Cortazzi, Victorians in Japan, 277.
56. Ernest Mason Satow, The Diaries and Letters of Sir Ernest Mason Satow (1843–1929), a Scholar-Diplomat in East Asia, ed. Ian C. Ruxton (Lewiston, N.Y.: Mellen Press, 1998), 394–405.
57. Yoshida Tsuneyoshi, “Taigai kankei yori mitaru Yokohama kaikō no yūkaku,” Meiji Taishō shidan 9 (1937): 5.
58. Ibid., 6.
59. Wikipedia, s.v. “Rashamen,” http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%97%E7%B7%AC.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. Yoshida, “Taigai kankei,” 5–7.
63. Ibid., 6.
64. Quoted in Leupp, Interracial Intimacy in Japan, 142.
65. Usami Misako, Shukuba to meshimorionna (Tokyo: Dōseisha, 2000), 106–8.
66. Ibid., 115.
67. Kanagawa Kenritsu Rekishi Hakubutsukan, Yokohama ukiyoe to kindai Nihon: Ikoku “Yokohama” o
tabisuru (Yokohama: Kanagawa Kenritsu Rekishi Hakubutsukan, 1999), 55.
68. The report is reproduced as appendix I in Hugh Cortazzi, Dr. Willis in Japan, 1862–1877: British Medical Pioneer (London: Athlone Press, 1985), 241–46.
69. Ibid., 242.
70. Ibid., 241.
71. Letter 61, Bunkyū 1/1/5 (2/14/1861), to Shōjirō.
72. Letter 39, Man’en 1/5/18 (7/6/1860), Naotarō to Shōjirō.
73. Letter 42, Man’en 1/6/18 (8/4/1860), to Shōjirō.
74. Letter 75, Bunkyū 1/12/5 (1/4/1862), to Shōjirō.
75. Letter 57, Man’en 1/12/3 (1/13/1861), to Shōjirō.
76. Letter 75, Bunkyū 1/12/5 (1/4/1862), to Shōjirō.
77. Kanagawa-ken Toshokan Kyōkai, Mikan Yokohama kaikō shiryō, 149–52.
78. Letter 71-1, Bunkyū 1/7/24 (8/29/1861), to Shōjirō.
79. Letter 72-1, Bunkyū 1/8/5 (9/9/1861), to Shōjirō.
80. Letter 28, Man’en 1/2/20 (3/12/1860), to Shōjirō.
81. Letter 53, Man’en 1/11/5 (12/16/1860), to Shōjirō.
82. Letter 59, Man’en 1/12/21 (1/31/1861), to Shōjirō. It is not clear if Shirobei is related to the Mataemon who was reported to be selling meat from Chūemon’s premises in late 1861.
83. Letter 43, Man’en 1/7/8 (8/24/1860), to Shōjirō.
84. Ibid.
85. Letter 46, Man’en 1/7/27 (9/12/1860), to Shōjirō.
86. Letter 48, Man’en 1/9/5 (10/18/1860), to Shōjirō.
87. Letter 50, Man’en 1/10/7 (11/19/1860), to Ikegami Sadaemon, Iwakura Yaheiji, and Shōjirō.
88. Letter 51, Man’en 1/10/19 (12/1/1860), to Shōjirō.
89. Ibid.
90. Kikuen, Yokohama kidan, 10–11.
91. Letter 53, Man’en 1/11/5 (12/16/1860), to Shōjirō.
92. Ibid.
93. Letter 50, Man’en 1/10/7 (11/19/1860), To Ikegami Sadaemon, Iwakura Yaheiji, and Shōjirō.
94. Letter 56, Man’en 1/11/8 (12/19/1860), to Shōjirō.
95. Letter 59, Man’en 1/12/21 (1/31/1861), to Shōjirō.
96. Letter 61, Bunkyū 1/1/5 (2/14/1861), to Shōjirō.
97. Letter 62, Bunkyū 1/1/8 (2/17/1861), to Shōjirō.
98. Ibid.
99. Letter 64, Bunkyū 1/2/14 (3/24/1861), to Shōjirō.
100. Letter 65, Bunkyū 1/3/11 (4/20/1861), to Shōjirō.
101. Letter 66, Bunkyū 1/5/9 (6/16/1861), to Shōjirō.
102. Ibid.
103. Letter 67-1, Bunkyū 1/5/17 (6/24/1861), to Shōjirō.
104. Letter 68, Bunkyū 1/7/5 (8/10/1861), to Shōjirō.
105. Letter 70, Bunkyū 1/7/18 (8/23/1861), to Shōjirō.
106. Letter 71-3, Bunkyū 1/8/5 (9/9/1861), to Shōjirō.
107. Letter 74, Bunkyū 1/11/5 (12/6/1861), to Shōjirō.
108. Letter 76, Bunkyū 1/12/11 (1/10/1862), to Shōjirō.
109. Letter 75, Bunkyū 1/12/5 (1/4/1862), to Shōjirō.
110. Letter 19, Ansei 6/7/28 (8/26/1859), to Shōjirō.
111. Wm. Theodore de Bary et al., comps., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume 1: From Earliest Times to 1600, 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 621–25.
112. Ibid., 498.
113. Quoted in Cortazzi, Victorians in Japan, 68.
114. Assendelft de Coningh, A Pioneer in Yokohama, 36–38.
115. Ibid., 117–19.
116. Yokohama-shi, Yokohama shishi, 256–65.
117. Letter 57, Man’en 1/12/3 (1/13/1861), to Shōjirō.
118. Letter 59, Man’en 1/12/21 (1/31/1861), to Shōjirō.
119. Letter 80-2, Bunkyū 2/4/10 (5/8/1862), to Shōjirō and Komazawa Buzaemon.
120. Letter 82, Bunkyū 2/5/3 (5/31/1862), to Shōjirō; letter 83-1, Bunkyū 2/6/3 (6/29/1862), to Shōjirō.
121. Letter 83-1, Bunkyū 2/6/3 (6/29/1862), to Shōjirō.
122. June 24, 1862, in Hall, Japan Through American Eyes, 436–37.
123. June 27, 1862, ibid.
124. John Black, Young Japan, 1:299–300.
125. Shibusawa Eiichi, The Autobiography of Shibusawa Eiichi: From Peasant to Entrepreneur, trans. Teruko Craig (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1994), 20.
126. Quoted in James L. Huffman, Politics of the Meiji Press: The Life of Fukuchi Genʾichirō (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1980), 29.
127. John Black, Young Japan, 1:156–57.
128. Letter 88, Bunkyū 2/8/22 (9/15/1862), to Shōjirō.
129. Robert Fortune, Yedo and Peking: A Narrative of a Journey to the Capitals of Japan and China (London: Murray, 1863), 260–61.
130. Letter 94, Bunkyū 2/10/14 (12/5/1862), to Shōjirō.
131. Letter 95, Bunkyū 2/11/29 (1/18/1863), Chūemon and Naotarō to Shōjirō.
132. Letter 94, Bunkyū 2/10/14 (12/5/1862), to Shōjirō.
133. Letter 100, Bunkyū 3/3/8 (4/25/1863), to Shōjirō.
134. May 5–6, 1863, in Hall, Japan Through American Eyes, 474–75.
135. Paul C. Blum, trans., “Father Mounicou’s Bakumatsu Diary,” Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, 3rd ser., 13 (1976): 90.
136. May 5–6, 1863, in Hall, Japan Through American Eyes, 474–75.
137. Blum, “Father Mounicou’s Bakumatsu Diary,” 93.
138. Letter 101, Bunkyū 3/4/2 (5/19/1863), to Shōjirō.
139. John Black, Young Japan, 1:199.
140. Illustrated London News, September 12, 1863; see Terry Bennett, Hugh Cortazzi, and James Hoare, Japan and the “Illustrated London News”: Complete Record of Reported Events, 1853–1899 (Folkestone, Kent, U.K.: Global Oriental, 2006), 105.
141. Ibid., 106.
142. John McMaster, Jardines in Japan, 1859–1867 (Groningen, Neth.: V.R.B., 1966), 111.
143. Quoted ibid., 120.
144. See, for example, Marius B. Jansen, “The Meiji Restoration,” in The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 5: The Nineteenth Century, edited by Marius B. Jansen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 338.
145. Letter 105, Bunkyū 3/7/3 (8/16/1863), to Shōjirō.
146. Letter 109, Bunkyū 3/8/23 (10/5/1863), to Shōjirō.
147. Letter 110, Bunkyū 3/9/12 (10/24/1863), to Shōjirō.
148. Letter 98, Bunkyū 3/2/2 (3/20/1863), to Shōjirō.
149. Letter 75, Bunkyū 1/12/5 (1/4/1862), to Shōjirō.
150. Letter 99, Bunkyū 3/3/5 (4/22/1863), to Shōjirō.
151. Ishii Takashi, Kōto Yokohama no tanjō, 193.
152. Letter 90, Bunkyū 2/intercalary 8/8 (10/1/1862), to Shōjirō.
153. Letter 94, Bunkyū 2/10/14 (12/5/1862), to Shōjirō.
154. Letter 97, Bunkyū 3/1/9 (2/26/1863), to Komazawa Buzaemon and Shōjirō.
155. Letter 101, Bunkyū 3/4/2 (5/19/1863), to Shōjirō.
156. Letter 129, date unknown, to Shōjirō.
157. Letter 171, Keiō 1/7/22 (9/11/1865), to Shōjirō.
158. Interview with Shinohara Yukio, May 25, 2014.
3. Prosperity (1864–1866)
1. Yokohama-shi, Yokohama shishi, vol. 2 (Yokohama: Yokohama-shi, 1958), 337–95; see also Wikipedia, s.v. “Gohin Edo Kaisōrei,” https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/五品江戸廻送令.<
br />
2. S. J. Gower to William Keswick, October 31, 1863, Jardine Matheson Archive, MS JM B10-9, reel 438, Cambridge University Library.
3. John McMaster, Jardines in Japan, 1859–1867 (Groningen, Neth.: V.R.B., 1966), 115.
4. Joseph Heco and James Murdoch, The Narrative of a Japanese: What He Has Seen and the People He Has Met in the Course of the Last Forty Years, 2 vols. (Yokohama: Yokohama Printing and Publishing, 1892), 2:14.
5. McMaster, Jardines in Japan, 115–16.
6. Gower to Keswick, October 31, 1863, Jardine Matheson Archive, MS JM B10-9, reel 438.
7. Ishii Takashi, Kōto Yokohama no tanjō (Yokohama: Yūrindō, 1976), 189.
8. McMaster, Jardines in Japan, 116.
9. Letter 133, Genji 1/7/19 (8/20/1864), to Shōjirō, in Ishii Takashi, ed., Yokohama urikomishō Kōshūya monjo (Yokohama: Yūrindō, 1984). Please note that all cited letters relating to Chūemon are collected in the Ishii volume.
10. Letter 135, Genji 1/8/22 (9/22/1864), to Shōjirō.
11. Heco and Murdoch, Narrative of a Japanese, 41.
12. William Keswick to Shanghai office, July 14, 1864, Jardine Matheson Archive, MS JM B10-9, reel 438.
13. Wikipedia, s.v. “Lancashire Cotton Famine,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_Cotton_Famine.
14. John Reddie Black, Young Japan: Yokohama and Yedo, 2 vols. (London: Trübner, 1880), 1:222. Black does not name the fund, but the Lancashire and Cheshire Operatives Relief Fund was the main fund open to international subscription.
15. Eugene R. Dattel, “Cotton and the Civil War,” Mississippi History Now, July 2008, http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/291/cotton-and-the-civil-war.
16. Letter 90, Bunkyū 2/intercalary 8/8 (10/1/1862), to Shōjirō.
17. Letter 92, Bunkyū 2/intercalary 8/28 (10/31/1862), to Shōjirō.
18. Letter 111, Bunkyū 3/10/5 (11/15/1863), to Shōjirō.
19. Ibid.
20. On June 4, Chūemon reported a price of $12 per picul; letter 102, Bunkyū 3/4/18 (6/4/1862), to Shōjirō.
21. Letter 116, Bunkyū 3/11/17 (12/27/1863), to Shōjirō.
The Merchant's Tale Page 33
