Spike sent him a telegram: NYT, Jan. 23, 1964, p. 19.
idea of Dr. Gayraud Wilmore: Int. J. Metz Rollins, Jr., Dec. 13, 1991; int. Gayraud Wilmore, May 14, 1992; int. Robert Stone, June 3, 1993.
1,300 Presbyterian missionaries: Smith, From Colonialism to World Community, p. 277.
Smith’s name put a jolt: Int. J. Metz Rollins, Jr., Dec. 13, 1991; int. Gayraud Wilmore, May 14, 1992; int. Robert Stone, June 3, 1993.
fifty-one white faces and clerical collars: list of “Clergy Participation, Freedom Day, January 22, 1964, Hattiesburg, Mississippi,” A/SN101f8.
St. Paul’s AME: Int. Victoria Gray Adams, Sept. 9, 1994.
Ella Baker arrived: Zinn, SNCC, pp. 102-22; Dittmer, Local People, pp. 220-21.
“We’re here to prod”: Zinn, SNCC, p. 105.
“Immanuel Kant”: Ibid., p. 106.
Smith wrote down one of Guyot’s sentences: Smith, From Colonialism to World Community, p. 268.
conceal money in their shoes: Ibid., p. 265.
“the guts to march”: Ibid., p. 263.
Pratt and the white reporters: Int. Jack Pratt, March 25, 1991.
Smith drew celebrity housing: Smith, From Colonialism to World Community, p. 265.
Daisy Harris: Int. Daisy Harris, June 25, 1994.
Victoria Gray announced: Int. Victoria Gray Adams, May 14, 1991.
“Oh, Lord Jesus”: Zinn, SNCC, p. 109.
Main Street on Tuesday: Ibid., pp. 110-11. Also Von Hoffman, Mississippi Notebook, pp. 12-13; Lyon, Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement, pp. 130-33; Jackson Daily News, Jan. 23, 1964, p. 6.
“Well, we got to protect”: Int. J. Metz Rollins, Jr., Dec. 13, 1991.
Guyot stared: Int. Lawrence Guyot, Feb. 1, 1991.
dawned on Jack Pratt: Int. Jack Pratt, March 25, 1991.
her legs went limp: Int. Daisy Harris, June 25, 1994.
pressed Sheriff Bud Gray: Zinn, SNCC, pp. 112-13.
prevailing thought was to spare: Int. James K. Dukes, June 23, 1992.
SNCC’s communications office: Michael Sayer to Julian Bond, Jan. 15, 1964; Sayer, “Comments on the Hattiesburg freedom Day,” nd, A/SN98f24.
large contingent of reporters: Von Hoffman, Mississippi Notebook, p. 12.
“In such situations”: Smith, From Colonialism to World Community, p. 266.
annoyance focused on Bob Moses: Freedom Day accounts cited above. Also SNCC press release “via Walter Tillow,” A/SN101f8; COFO “Hattiesburg Report,” Jan. 1964, A/SN54f9, p. 2; SNCC “Chronology of Intimidation and Violence,” A/KP16f15, p. 18.
“lone picket”: Int. Michael Sayer, June 25, 1992.
Hamer belted out: Zinn, SNCC, p. 113.
“Try to sing ‘America’”: Smith, From Colonialism to World Community, p. 266.
trial of Bob Moses: Zinn, SNCC, pp. 117-21; Notice of appeal filed by J. Robert Lunney on behalf of Moses, NCC RG6, b50f7, POH.
long cigarette holder: Int. Victoria Gray Adams, May 14, 1991.
“My dog’s so mean”: Von Hoffman, Mississippi Notebook, p. 13.
interpreted a fruit basket: Smith, From Colonialism to World Community, p. 275.
vintage bootleg whiskey: Int. Jack Pratt, March 25, 1991.
“Preachers gone astray”: Int. Robert Castle, March 3, 1993; Jackson Daily News, Jan. 27, 1964.
cut slits in his shoes: Int. Robert Stone, June 1, 1993.
“grandpa nigger”: Smith, From Colonialism to World Community, p. 268.
first batch of replacement clergy: “Hattiesburg Project/Second Week Participants.” A/SN101f8.
Nine of them were arrested: COFO Hattiesburg report, A/SN54f9, pp. 2-3; NYT, March 10, 1964, p. 17.
twenty-one third-week successors: “Hattiesburg Project/Third Week Participants,” A/SN101f8.
arrested Guyot: COFO Hattiesburg report. A/SN54f9, p. 2; Jackson Daily News, Jan. 29, 1964, Feb. 1, 1964; Smith, From Colonialism to World Community, pp. 270-73.
fired Victoria Gray’s husband: Int. Victoria Gray Adams, May 14, 1991.
recognized on the picket lines: Pickets fired on the morning after Freedom Day included eighteen-year-old John Gould, a shoeshine boy at the Central Barber Shop. COFO Hattiesburg report, A/SN54f9, p. 4.
obtained a restraining order: Petition and writ in case No. 22688, City of Hattiesburg v. Robert Moses. United Presbyterian Commission on Religion and Race, Episcopal Society for Cultural and Racial Unity, the Rabbinical Assembly of America et al., Chancery Court of Forrest County, Jan. 29, 1964, NCC RG6, b50f7, POH.
sixty pickets went to jail: NYT, April 19, 1964, p. 65.
“You asked what the point”: Statement of Rev. Emil J. Hattoon, cited in SNCC pamphlet, “Hattiesburg Freedom Day, January 22, 1964,” A/SN98f24.
Spike’s shrewd vision: Int. Robert P. Moses, Feb. 25, 1991.
“Never ask in advance”: Int. Jack Pratt, March 25, 1991; int. Bruce Hanson, Jan. 21 and Feb. 22, 1991.
after picket hours on January 24: Minutes of Hattiesburg SNCC meeting, Jan. 24, 1964, A/SN100f13.
Cotton said he would wind up doing: Ibid.
fn “We have an office”: Rita Schwerner to Anne Braden, Jan. 23, 1964, b55f15, Braden Papers, SHSW.
fn had first submitted: Cagin and Dray, We Are Not Afraid, pp. 256-61.
Edwin King had submitted: Edwin King to COFO Staff Executive Committee, Jan. 16, 1964, b12f612, Edwin King Papers, TOU.
Guyot swapped places: SNCC press release of Feb. 1, 1964, A/SN101f8.
Moses had risen to point out: Int. Michael Sayer, June 25, 1992.
Aaron Henry called from Clarksdale: “Information Concerning the Killing of Louis Allen,” Jan. 31, 1964, A/SN51f6.
reproaching himself for losing track: Int. Robert P. Moses, July 30, 1984.
“They are after him in Amite”: Moses to Doar, Aug. 2, 1962, files of Civil Rights Division, U.S. Department of Justice.
Allen had witnessed the event: Branch, Parting, pp. 510-22.
“‘tip-off man’”: Undated news story about Charles B. Gordon of McComb Enterprise-Journal, A/SN51f6.
what grieving relatives told him: “Report Concerning the Louis Allen Case by Robert Moses,” A/SN51f6.
tried more than once to leave Mississippi: Julian Bond, “Activism of the Late Mr. Allen,” New South, March 1964, pp. 12-15; Testimony of Elizabeth Allen, June 8, 1964, reprinted in Congressional Record, June 16, 1964; Elizabeth Allen affidavit, reprinted in COFO, Mississippi, pp. 30-37; Branch, Parting, p. 921.
Allen dived headlong: Murder account from above Allen sources, esp. undated news story by Charles B. Gordon of McComb Enterprise-Journal, A/SN51f6.
stood at the murder site to tell: ADW, Feb. 19, 1964, p. 8; CD, Feb. 4, 1964, p. 1.
“Advise All Persons”: Director to SAC, New Orleans, Feb. 3, 1964, FBI File No. 44-24466 (Louis Allen murder), Serial 2.
“the victim is not a registered voter”: Rosen to Belmont, Feb. 3, 1964, FBI File No. 44-24466 (Louis Allen Murder), Serial 4. Also Rosen to Belmont, June 22, 1964, FBI File No. 44-24466 (Louis Allen Murder), Serial 4. Also Rosen to Belmont, June 22, 1964, FBI File No. 44-24466 (Louis Allen Murder), Serial 15, p. 3.
“The mainspring in the McComb racial turmoil”: Undated news story by Charles B. Gordon of McComb Enterprise-Journal, A/SN51f6.
overrode lingering scruples: Branch, Parting, p. 921; int. Robert P. Moses, Feb. 15, 1991.
“The Briar Patch”: Twelve Southerners, I’ll Take My Stand, pp. 246-64.
“It’s the importance”: Robert Penn Warren, “Two for SNCC,” Commentary, Feb. 1965, pp. 38-42; Warren, Who Speaks for the Negro?, pp. 87-100.
“They’d let me vote”: Int. Robert Stone, June 1, 1993.
16. AMBUSH
Sargent Shriver kept an appointment: PDD, Jan. 31, 1964, 4:50 P.M., LBJ.
“Well, Sarge, that’s really”: Int. Sargent Shriver, Feb. 21, 1991.
fn Johnson often caricatured: Int. Victoria Murphy, Aug. 17, 1993.
“I’m gonna announce”:
LBJ phone call with Sargent Shriver, 1:02 P.M., Feb. 1, 1964, Cit. 1804, Audiotape WH6402.01, LBJ; PDD, Feb. 1, 1964, LBJ.
Shriver in full panic: Int. Sargent Shriver, Feb. 21, 1991.
fended off a last frantic call: LBJ phone call with Sargent Shriver, 2:25 P.M., Feb. 1, 1964, Cit. 1807, Audiotape WH6402.01, LBJ.
test performances of the Redeye: Remarks of Adam Yarmolinsky at the Brandeis conference on “The Federal Government and Urban Poverty,” June 1973, RFK Oral History Collection, p. 232ff, JFK; Adam Yarmolinsky Oral History, July 13, 1970, p. 5, LBJ.
announced the appointment: NYT, Feb. 2, 1964, p. 1.
explained to Shriver: LBJ and Bill Moyers phone call with Sargent Shriver, 6:04 P.M., Feb. 1, 1964, Cit. 1809, Audiotape WH6402.01, LBJ.
Frank Mankiewicz: Mankiewicz Oral History, LBJ.
Adam Yarmolinsky: Adam Yarmolinsky Oral History, pp. 5-10, LBJ.
“It will never fly”: Ibid. Also Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, p. 689; Moynihan, Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding, p. 82; remarks of Adam Yarmolinsky at the Brandeis conference on “The Federal Government and Urban Poverty,” June 1973, RFK Oral History Collection, p. 234, JFK.
community action advocates: The most prominent advocates of community action were David Hackett and Richard Boone, who worked from the Kennedy Justice Department on the President’s Committee on Juvenile Delinquency, and Paul N. Ylvisaker, a son and grandson of Lutheran theologians who veered away from his clerical ambitions to become an expert on urban poverty for the Ford Foundation. Their influence on the poverty program is reviewed in Moynihan, Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding, pp. 79-86; Lemann, The Promised Land, pp. 121-25, 145-55. For Ylvisaker’s background and motivation, see his speech, “A Relevant Christ—But a Relevant Church?,” Feb. 5, 1964, AFF.
mindful of what he could sell: Int. Sargent Shriver, Feb. 21, 1991.
Hyman Bookbinder called: Int. Hyman Bookbinder, March 21, 1964.
looked to Attorney General Robert Kennedy: David Hackett to Kenneth O’Donnell with attached RKF to LBJ, Jan. 16, 1964, Box 39, Moyers Papers, LBJ; Hackett to Lee White, Jan. 23, 1964, Box 33, Walinsky Papers, Senate Subject File 65-68, JFK; “The attack on Poverty Bill,” nd, Box 41, Heller Papers, LBJ.
“Been to any good funerals”: Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, p. 661.
“The innocent suffer”: Ibid., p. 666.
“the new fellow”: Ibid., p. 681.
lost most feeling for politics: “What Will R.F.K. Do Next?,” Saturday Evening Post, March 28, 1964, pp. 17-20.
trip to Indonesia: Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, pp. 682-85; Life, Jan. 31, 1964, p. 33.
Kennedy was ambushed by House members: Evans to Belmont, Jan. 31, 1964, FK-299; Callahan to Mohr, Jan. 31, 1964, FK-302.
Hoover had disclosed to them: Hoover testimony before the Judiciary Subcommittee of House Appropriations, chaired by John Rooney (D.-N.Y.), Jan 29, 1964, pp. 274-313.
three-week spitting match: Aside from the Hoover testimony of Jan. 29, the main focus of contention was visits to the FBI and Justice Department by Atlanta Journal reporter Reese Cleghorn, who sought information on King. Burke Marshall and other Justice Department officials firmly believed that the FBI was leaking secret wiretap material about King to Cleghorn, which the Bureau indignantly denied. Justice officials pretended that their only motive for seeking to prevent publication of derogatory King material was to protect the FBIs confidential sources. FBI officials fumed that the department was really trying to cover up its own collusion with King and its failure to brand him a subversive. (“I asked [RFK Press Secretary Ed] Guthman if the ‘Saturday Evening Post’ intended to ‘whitewash’ King,” wrote DeLoach.) Cleghorn’s research visit to Washington on February 5 renewed the bureaucratic hostilities. See DeLoach to Mohr, Feb. 5, 1964, FK-NR; Evans to Belmont, Feb. 5, 1964, FK-300; Evans to Belmont, Feb. 6, 1964, FK-307; DeLoach to Mohr, Feb. 12, 1964, FK-303. Also int. Ed Guthman, June 25, 1984.
“I pointed out that”: Ed Guthman, Memo to Files, re RFK-JEH conversation of 10:00 A.M., Feb. 5, 1964, private files of Ed Guthman.
“[Burke] Marshall is a liar”: Hoover note on DeLoach to Hoover, Feb. 18, 1964, FK-315.
circulated this exact charge: Hoover note (“Marshall is a liar.”) on Rosen to Belmont, Feb. 25, 1964, FK-317; Hoover note (“Marshall is still a liar.”) on Rosen to Belmont, Feb. 26, 1964, FK-319.
“I stated just like that woman”: Hoover to Tolson et al., 10:51 A.M., Feb. 5, 1964, FK-297.
“The hurt that others feel”: Fred Dutton to RFK, April 3, 1964, Box 8, AG Papers, JFK.
fight over a cigarette butt: Baltimore Sun, Feb. 6, 1994, p. 19.
“the greatest composers since Beethoven”: Rolling Stone Rock Almanac, p. 81.
celebrate their seventeenth birthday: Jones, Great Expectations, p. 73.
double to twenty million: Ibid., p. 68.
“the buyingest age group in history”: Time, April 17, 1964, p. 100.
“Have Mercy, Baby”: Deay, Stairway to Heaven, p. 75.
“I Got a Woman”: Wolff, You Send Me, p. 117.
formula had registered: Deay, Stairway to Heaven, pp. 73-107.
fn imitative “cover” recordings: Guralnick, Sweet Soul Music, p. 192.
“ears tingled”: Rolling Stone Rock Almanac, p. 85.
“although unkempt in one way”: U.S. News & World Report, Feb. 24, 1964, p. 88.
bowled over even Sam Cooke: Wolff, You Send Me, pp. 293, 296, 306-7.
childhood friend Lou Rawls: Ibid., pp. 43-44, 247-49.
critics would uphold: Deay, Stairway to Heaven, p. 85; Guralnick, Sweet Soul Music, p. 46; Wolff, You Send Me, pp. 290-92, 351.
misfortune to perform: Wolff, You Send Me, p. 293.
“You guys ain’t as dumb”: Hauser, Muhammad Ali, p. 63.
pantomimed as mighty Tarzan: CDD, Feb. 19, 1964, p. 4.
trial for shooting Medgar Evers: Massengill, Portrait of a Racist, pp. 180-202.
“I believe in segregation”: Ibid., p. 197.
“For’ the next fifteen years”: Ibid., p. 166.
“Shooting at Night”: The Nation, Feb. 24, 1964, p. 180.
Myrlie Evers, prepared: NYT, Feb. 8, 1964, p. 1.
“a victory for the law”: Massengill, Portrait of a Racist, p. 201.
Barnett had strolled publicly: Ibid., p. 202; NYT, Feb. 8, 1964, p. 10.
Lowenstein to tell: Minutes of COFO Convention, Feb. 9, 1964, MSS 191, b1f3, SHSW.
allowed to use assumed names: Ibid.
ninety-five prospective jurors: The Nation, Feb. 24, 1964, p. 180.
Howard Smith’s proposal: Feb. 8 debate generally from Congressional Record-House, Feb. 8, 1964, pp. 2577-84; Whalen and Whalen, The Longest Debate, pp. 115-18; Harrison, On Account of Sex, pp. 176-81; Graham, The Civil Rights Era, pp. 134-39.
“Now I am very serious”: Congressional Record-House, Feb. 8, 1964, p. 2577.
Eleven of the twelve female: Harrison, On Account of Sex, p. 178.
“women were a second class sex”: Congressional Record-House, Feb. 8, 1964, p. 2580.
“Unless this amendment”: Ibid., p. 2583.
“I know this Congress”: Ibid.
“pandemonium reigned”: Whalen and Whalen, The Longest Debate, p. 117.
Katzenbach had warned: Graham, The Civil Rights Era, p. 136.
“after I leave the floor”: Congressional Record-House, Feb. 8, 1964, p. 2581.
surprise amendment: The strange origins of the sex discrimination provision in the 1964 law would be recognized popularly some thirty years later. Cf. “Judge Smith’s Unintended Victory for the Ladies,” Plain-Dealer (Cleveland), Jan. 9, 1994, p. 9; “Racists for Feminism! The Odd History of the Civil Rights Bill,” WP, Feb. 4,1994, p. C5.
“the apples-and-bananas fallacy”: Carl M. Brauer, “Women Activists, Southern Conservatives, and the Prohibition of Sex Discrimination in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act,” The Journal of Southern History, Feb. 1983, p. 51.
“Smith outsmarted himse
lf”: Whalen and Whalen, The Longest Debate, p. 117.
“I sort of feel like”: Ibid., p. 122.
“I’m proud of you”: LBJ phone call with Carl Albert, 8:32 P.M., Feb. 10, 1964, Cit. 2015, Audiotape WH6402.13, LBJ.
“You reckon he wants”: LBJ phone call with Pierre Salinger and Lawrence O’Brien, 8:37 P.M., Feb. 10, 1964, Cit. 2019, Audiotape WH6402.13, LBJ.
“they couldn’t pee a drop”: LBJ phone call with Nicholas Katzenbach, 9:45 P.M., Feb. 10, 1964, Cit. 2037, Audiotape WH6402.14, LBJ.
“Whatever you want”: LBJ phone call with Robert Kennedy, 9:07 P.M., Feb. 10, 1964, Cit. 2034, Audiotape WH6402.14, LBJ.
most gratifying positive votes: Findlay, Church People in the Struggle, p. 54.
Equality Cookies: Whalen and Whalen, The Longest Debate, p. 122.
“Why are you still there?”: Clarence Mitchell Oral History, p. 30, LBJ; Whalen and Whalen, The Longest Debate, p. 119; Miller, Lyndon, p. 448.
17. SPREADING POISONS
shot the Hayling bulldog: Colburn, Racial Change, p. 58.
parents of the four: PC, Jan. 25, 1964, p. 1.
Fulwood did not refer: Colburn, Racial Change, pp. 57-58; int. Fannie Fulwood, April 6, 1991.
firebombed a car: Hartley, p. 33, in Garrow, ed., St. Augustine.
burned the home of Bungum Roberson: Garrow, Bearing the Cross, p. 317; int. Katherine and Henry Twine, April 2, 1991.
Four shotgun blasts: Colburn, Racial Change, p. 58; “Racial and Civil Disorders in St. Augustine,” p. 5, in Garrow, ed., St. Augustine; ADW, Feb. 23, 1964, p. 1; PC, Feb. 22, 1964, p. 1; int. Robert Hayling by David Colburn, Sept. 28, 1978, Colburn Papers, UF.
phone call to Martin: Int. Stetson Kennedy, Nov. 2, 1994.
steered him to Rev. C. K. Steele: Ibid. Also Fairclough, To Redeem, p. 104.
patch up his feud: Hartley, p. 32, in Garrow, ed., St. Augustine.
no one made inquiries: Jet, March 5, 1964, p. 4; int. Robert Hayling by David Colburn, Sept. 28, 1978, Colburn Papers, UF.
“This is my last swing”: Jet, March 5, 1964, pp. 4-5.
Cuban kamikaze pilots: Wannall to Sullivan, Feb. 20, 1964, and Hoover “Memorandum for Confidential Files,” Feb. 26, 1964, Section 92, FHOC.
Johnson fussed privately: LBJ phone call with Robert McNamara, 3:29 P.M., Feb. 26, 1964, Cit. 2116, Audiotape WH6402.22, LBJ.
Pillar of Fire Page 96
