“Malcolm X’s Role”: NYT, Feb. 26, 1964, p. 39.
“Now’s the time”: Int. Yusuf Shah (Captain Joseph) Oct. 17, 1991.
“Lukman X confessed the plot”: Int. Benjamin Karim, March 19, 1991; Malcolm X, The Autobiography, pp. 308-9; Goldman, Death and Life, p. 130; Perry, Malcolm, p. 250; Karim, Remembering Malcolm, pp. 159-160.
Hotel Theresa on Sunday: NYT, March 2, 1964, p. 36.
“Man, it was really a letdown drag”: Jet, March 20, 1964, pp. 50-57.
Clay might join him: CD, March 2, 1964, p. 10 (FMXNY-4133); Ted Poston, “Clay in Malcolm X’s Corner in Black Muslim Power Fight,” New York Post, March 3, 1964, p. 4.
“Malcolm X got more requests”: New York Post, March 2, 1964, p. 48.
tour of the United Nations: NYT, March 5, 1964, p. 39; ADW, March 5, 1964, p. 7.
“I’m holding him down”: Wiretap log of March 4, 1964, FMXNY-4105.
supply another Muslim escort: Ibid.
extended his suspension: Malcolm X television interview by Joe Durso, The World at Ten, NY Channel 13, March 9, 1964, transcribed in NY FBI memorandum dated April 10, 1964, FMXNY-4346, p. 4; NYAN, March 14, 1964, p. 1.
sent Minister Louis X: Wiretap conversation of March 9, 1964, transcribed in SAC, Phoenix, to Director, March 12, 1964, FEM-NR, p. 1.
“regardless of circumstances”: Ibid.
Malcolm called reporters: NYT, March 9, 1964, p. 1; New York Post, March 9, 1964, p. 4.
“There can be no revolution”: Ibid. Also CDD, March 10, 1964, p. 3.
“Debate on Civil Rights Bill”: NYT, March 9, 1964, p. 1.
“Now It’s a Negro Drive”: U.S. News & World Report, March 30, 1964, p. 38.
“See, the mistake”: Malcolm X interview by Joe Durso, The World at Ten, NY Channel 13, March 9, 1964, transcribed in NY FBI memorandum dated April 10, 1964, FMXNY-4346, p. 13.
“You don’t just walk away”: Wiretap transcript of Muhammad telephone interview, March 10, 1964, from SAC, Chicago, to Director, March 12, 1964, FMXNY-4120, p. 2.
“must give up everything he has”: Wiretap transcript of telephone conversation, March 9, 1964, in SAC, Phoenix, Airtel to Director, March 12, 1964, FEM-NR, p. 2.
“preserve the faith”: Wiretap transcript of telephone conversation, March 10, 1964, in SAC”. Chicago, to Director, March 13, 1964, FMXNY-4236, p. 3.
“Joseph led a grim delegation”: Int. Yusuf Shah (Captain Joseph), Oct. 17, 1991.
notarized letter: Wiretap transcript of telephone conversation, March 13, 1964, in SAC, Chicago, to Director, March 20, 1964, FMXNY-4246, pp. 1, 3.
personal sympathy for Malcolm: Int. Benjamin Karim, March 19, 1991.
press conference at the Tapestry Suite: NY LHM dated March 13, 1964, FMX-NR; NYT, March 13, 1964, p. 20; Breitman, ed., Malcolm X Speaks, pp. 18-22; Goldman, Death and Life, pp. 133-36.
“As of this minute”: Breitman, ed., Malcolm X Speaks, p. 20.
“His Theme Now”: U.S. News & World Report, March 23, 1964, p. 56.
“The Ominous Malcolm X”: Life, March 20, 1964, p. 40.
“embittered racist”: NYT, March 14, 1964, p. 22.
“Negroes Ponder Malcolm’s”: NYT, March 15, 1964, p. 46.
“It is regrettable”: MLK statement dated March 16, 1964, A/KP15f16; MLK trip cited in ibid.
“Whom do you think you are kidding”: NYAN, Dec. 14, 1963, p. 1.
Malcolm’s provocative implication: Asked by Robinson why he had not gone to the funeral of Medgar Evers, Malcolm had replied in an open letter, “When I go to a Mississippi funeral, it won’t be to attend the funeral of a black man!” CD, Dec. 7, 1963, p. 10.
Robinson charged: CD, Nov. 22, 1963, p. 10; New York Herald Tribun, April 26, 1964, p. 10.
Malcolm X cheerfully agreed: CD, Dec. 7, 1963, p. 10.
Russell praised Ali: “New Champ Cassius Clay,” news release dated March 2, 1964, Box 106, Claude Bennett Papers, CHS; Miami Herald, Feb. 29, 1964.
“so intolerant, so narrow-minded”: ADW, March 29, 1964, p. 8; Jet, April 9, 1964, p. 56.
Racial Relocation Commission: Congressional Record, March 16, 1964, pp. 5337-52.
disguised as journalists: SAC, New York, to Director, March 26, 1964, FMX-NR.
“I don’t think I’m dumb enough”: Goldman, Death and Life, p. 135.
agents identified only four: New York LHM, March 13, 1964, FMX-NR.
“You just don’t buck Mr. Muhammad”: Malcolm X, The Autobiography, p. 409.
readymade wife: “’Tis Rumored Clay May Marry Muhammad’s Granddaughter,” news release dated March 4, 1964, Box 106, Claude Bennett Papers, CHS; PC, March 7, 1964, p. 4; California Eagle, March 12, 1964, p. 1.
Assistant Minister Benjamin 2X: Int. Benjamin Karim, March 11, 1991, March 19, 1991, and Aug. 31, 1991; Goldman, Death and Life, pp. 59-60.
maintaining Benjamin 2X as a spy: Report of Captain Joseph-Elijah Muhammad conversation of March 24, 1964, in SAC, Chicago, to Director, March 26, 1964, FEM-NR, p. 5.
“weak ones”: Ibid., pp. 2-3; SAC, Phoenix, to Director, March 27, 1964, p. 3.
“As far as being a leader”: Wiretap transcript of March 17, 1964, in SAC, Chicago, to Director, March 20, 1964, FMXNY-4246, pp. 8-12.
“only when the white man”: Boston LHM, April 3, 1964, FMX-NR, pp. 1-3; Harvard Crimson, March 19, 1964; Boston Globe, March 19, 1964.
“that no-good, long-legged Malcolm”: SAC, Phoenix, to Director, March 23, 1964, FMX-NR.
cut the heads off hypocrites: Ibid.
file eviction papers: Wiretap transcript of March 24, 1964, conversation, in SAC, Chicago, report to Director dated March 26, 1964, pp. 2-6.
“Malcolm X Tells of Death Threat”: NYAN, March 21, 1964, p. 50; PC, April 4, 1964, p. 1.
“Excuse me, brother minister” and temple dispute: Int. Benjamin Karim, March 19, 1991; int. Yusuf Shah (Captain Joseph), Oct. 17, 1991; int. Louis Omar, June 23, 1994.
foiled the attempted coup: Wiretap conversation of March 24, 1964, in SAC, Phoenix, to Director, March 27, 1964, FMXNY-4261, pp. 2-3.
Friday night at Madison Square Garden: Hauser, Muhammad Ali, pp. 102-5.
“As the Bureau can imagine”: SAC, Chicago, to Director, March 25, 1964, FMX-NR, p. 2.
forty converts from Temple No. 7: Ibid.
some twenty-six: SAC, Phoenix, to Director, March 27, 1964, FMXNY-4261.
“I do not have a court”: Report, SAC, Chicago, to Director, April 7, 1964, FMX-NR, p. 4.
19. SHAKY PULPITS
“I am from India”: Cunningham, Agony at Galloway, p. 48.
“It is not un-Christian”: Ibid., p. 5.
never mentioned integration: Ibid., pp. 68-69.
fn church lawyer Jack Pratt: Pratt memos of Jan. 15 and Feb. 20, 1964, A/ATb3; Kinoy, Rights on Trial, p. 212. Pratt’s co-counsel was William Kunstler.
“tension so thick”: Cunningham, Agony at Galloway, p. 20-21.
“so high you could”: Ibid., p. 73.
cumulative emotional toll: Int. Edwin King, June 26, 1992.
public announcement of Freedom Summer: NYT, March 16, 1964, p. 26.
“Freedom Radio”: Moses to Forman, Goldman, Wright, Spike, Lowenstein, Goff, and Moore, March 2, 1964, b32f369, Lowenstein Papers, UNC.
Everett Parker: Cole, The Reluctant Regulators, pp. 63-66; Parker testimony, May 1, 1967, Vol. 5, Docket No. 16663, records of the Federal Communications Commission, NA; int. Charles Firestone, Oct. 24, 1990; int. Everett C. Parker, Jan. 2, 1991, and May 23, 1991.
banned all advertisement Cole, The Reluctant Regulators, p. 161.
request of Andrew Young: Int. Everett C. Parker, May 23, 1991; int. Andrew Young, Oct. 26, 1991.
7, 186 minutes: Draft petition dated April 8, 1964, NCC RG 6, b50f9, POH.
petition for the FCC: The voluminous record of the WLBT challenge is preserved as Federal Communications Commission Docket No. 1663, NA. See especially appellant brief dated Nov. 16, 1967, Vol. 13.
nearly half the viewing audience: I
bid. Also NYT, April 16, 1964, p. 75.
recognized no standing: Office of Communication of United Church of Christ v. F.C.C., 359 F2d 994 (1966), pp. 999-1000.
worth about $12 million: Int. Everett C. Parker, May 23, 1991.
Henry signed anyway: Ibid.
twenty-year legal odyssey: The pivotal 1969 decision revoking the WLBT broadcast license is Office of Communication of United Church of Christ v. F.C.C., 425 F2d 543 (1969).
Tougaloo College dropped out: Affidavit of Edwin King, June 7, 1964, Vol. 1, Docket No. 16663, records of the Federal Communications Commission, NA.
Johnson gathered 150 leading ministers: NYT, March 26, 1964, p. 1.
“I wish you could have seen”: LBJ, “Remarks to Members of the Southern Baptist Christian Leadership Seminar,” March 25, 1964, PPP, pp. 418-21.
King issued a statement: NYT, March 26, 1964, p. 13.
Senator Wayne Morse: Whalen and Whalen, The Longest Debate, pp. 147-48.
121 civil rights measures: NYT, March 20, 1964, p. 19.
vote of 50-34: NYT, March 26, 1964, pp. 1, 10.
“We shall now begin”: Whalen and Whalen, The Longest Debate, p. 147.
Malcolm X took a seat: New York Journal-American, March 27, 1964, p. 4.
gnawing at King of late: MLK interview by Robert Penn Warren, March 18, 1964, A/KS; slightly edited in Warren, Who Speaks for the Negro?, p. 219.
fn March 18 interview: Ibid.
“If there is a prolonged”: Washington Daily News, March 27, 1964, p. 3.
left by a separate door: Ibid.
Benjamin 2X excitedly snapped: Int. Benjamin Karim, March 19, 1991.
hinting that he might join: New York Journal-American, March 27, 1964, p. 4.
“Now you’re going”: Washington Daily News, March 27, 1964, p. 3.
“I would go so far”: MLK to Abram Eisenman, April 3, 1964, A/KP9f21.
“con game”: Perry, Malcolm, p. 255.
Billy Graham’s independent crusades: NYT, April 3, 1964, p. 23; Jet, April 16, 1964, p. 54; Goldman, Death and Life, p. 138.
Philbert X of Lansing: Chicago Sun-Times, March 27, 1964, p. 4; Perry, Malcolm, pp. 256-57; “Malcolm X: Make It Plain,” PBS documentary The American Experience, 1994.
Philbert wept: Report, SAC, Chicago, to Director, April 7, 1964, FMX-NR, p. 4.
“with no congregation”: FBI transcript of Kup’s Show episode aired March 28, 1964, FMXNY-4348, p. 11.
Minister Wilfred X: Chicago Sun-Times, March 27, 1964, p. 4; “Malcolm X: Make It Plain,” PBS documentary The American Experience (1994).
“what happened in 1935”: Wiretap transcript of March 24, 1964, conversation, in SAC, Chicago, report to Director dated March 26, 1964, p. 4.
served court papers: Eviction papers filed in Queens Civil Court, March 31, 1964, SAC, New York to Director, April 20, 1964, FMX-96.
“If he did, he would be”: Minister James Shabazz in MS, April 10, 1964, pp. 1, 3, 9.
“Malcolm’s Treachery, Defection”: MS, May 8, 1964, p. 13
suggestion of Captain Joseph: Int. Yusuf Shah (Captain Joseph), Oct. 17, 1991.
Malcolm’s severed head: MS, April 10, 1964, p. 3.
money borrowed hastily: Malcolm X, The Autobiography, p. 317; Perry, Malcolm, p. 262.
one-way ticket to Cairo: Urgent Coded Teletype, New York to Director, April 14, 1964, FMX-101.
“get spiritual strength”: NYAN, April 18, 1964, p. 1; New York LHM, April 20, 1964, FMX-NR.
lawyer, Percy Sutton: Sutton answered the suit on April 13, the day of Malcolm’s departure, and asked for the first of several postponements that stretched into June. SAC, New York to Director, April 20, 1964, FMX-96; New York FBI report dated June 18, 1964, FMX-125, pp. 60-62; int. Percy Sutton, Nov. 28, 1989.
Robert Beech rode: Robert Beech to the author, March 3, 1991; int. Robert Beech, Dec. 8, 1991.
extension of the Hattiesburg Freedom day: Unsigned proposal for “Freedom day—Leflore County, Mississippi—March 25, 1964,” A/SN111f16.
Freedom Day alarms: ADW, March 22, 1964, p. 3; AC, April 1, 1964, p. 1; affidavits of John Mathews, Willis Wright, George R. Davis, Alice Hemingway, and Charlie Hills in “Case Studies of Intimidation,” A/SN54f9; Dittmer, Local People, p. 224.
“long-term commitment to this stuff”: Int. Robert Beech, Dec. 8, 1991.
“That’s far enough”: Statement of Van Board Dunn et al., April 2, 1964, b9f439, Edwin King Papers, TOU.
a $500 fine: Ibid., p. 4.
held fast against the bishops: NYT, March 30, 1964, p. 14; Cunningham, Agony at Galloway, pp. 55-56.
“They were wrong to come here”: Cunningham, Agony at Galloway, p. 57.
World Service budget: Ibid., pp. 61-67.
“WLBT made no mention”: Affidavit of Edwin King, June 4, 1964, Vol. 1, docket No. 16663, records of the Federal Communications Commission, NA.
Lowenstein spent much of Easter: Int. Allard Lowenstein by Anne Romaine, March 1967, pp. 127-29, A/AR; Lowenstein to Mendy Samstein, April 3, 1964, Box 16, Lowenstein Papers, UNC.
Forman nursed: Forman, Black Revolutionaries, pp. 88-90; 379-81; Chafe, Never Stop Running, pp. 188, 206.
parked Lowenstein at the airport: Int. Robert P. Moses, Feb. 15, 1991.
“more than a thousand”: Harvard Crimson, Feb. 23, 1964.
“I apologize in advance”: Frank to Lowenstein, Feb. 24, 1964, b9f306, Lowenstein Papers, UNC. In later years, Frank would be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts.
“on Monday we will break”: Ilene Strelitz to Lowenstein, Feb. 11, 1964, b9f306, Lowenstein Papers, UNC.
tour by Martin Luther King: Ibid. Also Wedin, Schoolnick, and Strelitz circular letter to Western colleges, Feb. 15, 1964, b32f368, Lowenstein Papers, UNC.
“It is our conviction”: Moses letter to Wilkins, Farmer, King, Forman et al. as “Friends of Freedom in Mississippi,” nd, (early April 1964), A/SN100f14.
vacillated over how to obtain: Discussion of “Zinn Proposal” in Minutes of the SNCC Executive Committee meeting, March 29, 1964, A/SN6, pp. 4-5.
proved ineffective and awkward: Ibid. Also, Minutes of May 15, 1964, “Meeting Following Atlanta CUCRL Meeting,” A/SN7, p. 3.
asked King as a favor: Comments of Julian Bond in Minutes of the SNCC Executive Committee meeting, May 10, 1964 (mistakenly labeled April 10), A/SN6, pp. 5-6.
CORE had issued: Moses to Farmer, March 2, 1964, A/SN111f16.
NAACP registration drive: ADW, March 16, 1964, p. 1.
“to project SNCC’s image”: Comments of Courtland Cox in Minutes of the SNCC Executive Committee meeting, May 10, 1964 (mistakenly labeled April 10), A/SN6, p. 4.
resolved to fight back: Minutes of the SNCC Executive Committee meeting, March 29, 1964, A/SN6.
“don’t think the same way”: Comments of Betty Garman in ibid., p. 3.
welcomed the National Lawyers Guild: Minutes of the SNCC Executive Committee meeting, March 29, 1964, A/SN6, pp. 1-2.
Andrew Young promptly advised: Minutes of May 15, 1964, “Meeting Following Atlanta CUCRL Meeting,” A/SN7, p. 1.
Gloster Current: Ibid.
took his worries to the FBI: O’Reilly, Racial Matters, pp. 181-82.
threatened to pull his lawyers: Ibid. Also Dittmer, Local People, p. 230.
Pratt seconded Greenberg: Int. Jack Pratt, March 25, 1991; Findlay, Church People in the Struggle, pp. 104, n. 40, 105, n. 42.
“deliberate link”: Ibid. Also Dittmer, Local People, p. 230.
church objection weighed heavily: Int. Robert P. Moses, Feb. 15, 1991; int. Jack Pratt, March 25, 1991.
Spike had followed up: 1991; Findlay, Church People in the Struggle, pp. 84-85; int. Bruce Hanson, Feb. 22, 1991; Arthur Thomas to CORR staff, Feb. 7 and Feb. 19, 1964, A/ATb3; Bruce Hanson to “Presidents, Deans, and Religious Advisers…,” April 16, 1964, RG6, b47f32, NCC, POH.
Lowenstein campaigned against the guild: Dittmer, Local People, pp. 233-34; Chafe, Never Stop Runni
ng, pp. 190-92.
how they were made: Int. Allard Lowenstein by Anne Romaine, March 1967, pp. 127-29, A/AR.
Moses finally asked: Int. Robert P. Moses, Feb. 15, 1991.
infuriated him to hear: Dittmer, Local People, p. 192.
Lowenstein hurried to New York: Harris, Dreams Die Hard, pp. 53-54.
“My roommates were positively awed”: Ron Bass to Lowenstein, May 12, 1964, Lowenstein Papers, UNC.
Lowenstein inspired New York students: Cagin and Dray, We Are Not Afraid, p. 47.
fn “While it is somewhat”: Ibid., p. 241.
“militancy should not be confused”: Bruce Campbell to Lowenstein, May 4, 1964, Lowenstein Papers, UNC.
“It is fundamental to our role”: Mike Lawler (of UNC, Chapel Hill) to Lowenstein, April 19, 1964, Lowenstein Papers, UNC. Also Lawler to Lowenstein, May 15, 1964, ibid.
bait for federal intervention: Richard Woodley, “It Will Be a Hot Summer in Mississippi,” The Reporter, May 21, 1964, p. 23.
“as communicative as a colony”: Ilene Strelitz to Lowenstein, May 11, 1964, Lowenstein Papers, UNC.
SNCC could not feed: Marian E. Wright to Lowenstein, May 9, 1964, b9f312, Lowenstein Papers, UNC.
Only $10,000: Comments of Betty Garman in Minutes of the SNCC Executive Committee meeting, May 10, 1964, (mistakenly labeled April 10), A/SN6, p. 2.
$5 cash to pay a plumber: Holt, The Summer That Didn’t End, pp. 39-42.
Moses sometimes despaired: Ibid., pp. 157-59.
Lowenstein discontinued: Marian E. Wright to Lowenstein, May 9, 1964, b9f312, Lowenstein Papers, UNC.
mistrusted him as a manipulator: Int. Betty Garman Robinson, Jan. 29, 1991; int. Dorothy Miller (Zellner), Dec. 12, 1991; int. Michael Miller, June 24, 1994.
“human syllogism”: Ilene Strelitz to Lowenstein, April 20, 1964, Lowenstein Papers, UNC.
“I admit it took me”: Ibid.
“Where will you be”: “Bob” to Lowenstein, undated ca. May 1964, Lowenstein Papers, UNC.
Sweeney was destined to become: Harris, Dreams Die Hard, pp. 292-326; Chafe, Never Stop Running, pp. 450-58.
“Please let me know”: Sweeney handwritten note to Lowenstein on Sweeney to Harold Taylor, May 31, 1964, b32f368, Lowenstein Papers, UNC.
20. MARY PEABODY MEETS THE KLAN
greeted at the Jacksonville airport: “Witness at St. Augustine, Florida,” by Esther J. Burgess, courtesy of Esther J. Burgess; int. Esther J. Burgess, Nov. 7, 1994; The Witness, April 9, 1964.
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