“panicky or desperate”: LBJ phone call with Roy Wilkins, Aug. 15, 1964, Cit. 4940-41, Audiotape WH6408.21, LBJ.
fn “The motivation of King”: Ibid.
“questionable people that met here”: LBJ phone call with Walter Reuther, Aug. 17, 1964, Cit. 5003, Audiotape WH6408.27, LBJ.
“I did not detect any anger”: Lee White to LBJ, Aug. 13, 1964, PL1/ST24, Box 81, LBJ.
tour in Holland: NYT, Aug. 16, 1964, p. 64.
“He won’t be gone”: LBJ phone call with Lee White, Aug. 13, 1964, Cit. 4912, Audiotape WH6408.19, LBJ.
Adickes gave in to six students: Int. Sandra Adickes, June 25, 1994. Adickes, a young teacher of four years’ experience in New York City elementary schools, had been introduced to movement-style education in 1963 as a volunteer in Prince Edward County, Virginia, where public schools had been closed since 1959 to avoid integration. Smith, Closed Their Schools, passim; Branch, Parting, p. 413.
Herring arrived twenty minutes later: NYT, Aug. 15, 1964, p. 22; Holt, The Summer, p. 239. Mayor Pittman told reporters that routine inventory would be completed over the weekend, but he closed the library indefinitely when a second group of Freedom Schoolers presented themselves Monday morning. NYT, Aug. 19, 1964, p. 26.
“We have to serve the colored”: Adickes v. S. H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144 (1970).
fn Harlan delivered: Ibid.
airstrip near Greenwood: Int. Harry Belafonte, March 6-7, 1985; Forman, Black Revolutionaries, p. 385.
Idella Craft achieved local fame: Int. James Moore, June 25, 1992.
“I am thirty-seven years old”: Sutherland, Letters from Mississippi, pp. 183-84.
special beds and all-night sentries: Int. Dorothy Zellner, Dec. 12, 1991.
Poitier did calisthenics: Int. Harry Belafonte, March 6-7, 1985.
noise emptied Lula’s Restaurant: Report labeled “Shooting of Silas McGhee, 8/15, 8:45 P.M.,” William Hodes Files, SHSW; NYT, Aug. 16, 1964, p. 55; Payne, Light of Freedom, pp. 211-13.
McGhee himself reared up: Int. Silas McGhee, June 26, 1992.
Belfrage nervously ducked home: Belfrage, Freedom Summer, pp. 231-41.
parallel crises elsewhere: Holt, The Summer, pp. 241-42; “Mississippi Bombings, Burnings Since June 16,” A/SN36f6.
Moses balanced his footing: Kasher, Photographic History, pp. 154-55.
renewed by telegram: Rustin to Lee White, Aug. 17, 1964, PL1/ST24, Box 81, LBJ.
White said the meeting was set: NY LHM dated Aug. 20, 1964, FR-NR.
Kennedy had sandwiched: Branch, Parting, pp. 834-35.
“He says the chances”: Moyers to LBJ, Aug. 19, 1964, Ex PL1/ST24, LBJ.
intercept on King’s guest home: King and his family were staying with Justine and Louis Smadbeck, friends of Coretta King. Garrow, FBI and Martin, p. 118; Coretta King, My Life, p. 251.
King and his allies: Garrow, Bearing the Cross, p. 346; NY LHM dated Aug. 20, 1964, FR-NR.
Johnson’s entire purpose: Lee White to LBJ, “Notes for Meeting with Negro Leaders,” Aug. 19, 1964, Ex HU2, PR8-1, Box 3, LBJ.
“Deke’s information is that”: Unsigned memo (from Lee White), Ex PL1/ST24, LBJ.
fifty-nine minutes: PDD, Aug. 19, 1964.
“regret that I am unable”: MLK telegram to LBJ (dictated by Andrew Young), Aug. 19, 1964, A/KP27f7.
“The attached telegram”: Lee White to LBJ, Aug. 19, 1964, Ex PL1/ST24, Box 81, LBJ.
“whole life’s work”: LBJ phone call with George Reedy, 12:34 P.M., Aug. 19, 1964, Cit. 5030, Audiotape WH6408.28, LBJ.
direct statement or release: There were scattered small stories on the rumors, without citing the telegram, e.g., “LBJ Gets Negro Warning,” WP, Aug. 20, 1964, p. 4.
their own peculiar crisis: “A check here at the Bureau fails to reflect that we knew anything about the cake.” DeLoach to Mohr, Aug. 19, 1964, FLP-210. “The success of this technique was proven, inasmuch as Guest furnished damaging information.” SAC, Atlanta, to Hoover, Aug. 1964, FLP-213.
Moses ended the three-day staff conference: NYT, Aug. 20, 1964, p. 1; Holt, The Summer, pp. 246-47.
“The end is tonight”: NYT, Aug. 23, 1964, p. 85.
churches burned that night: NYT, Aug. 20, 1964, p. 13; “Mississippi Bombings, Burnings Since June 16,” A/SN36f6.
“For so long as man”: NYT, Aug. 21, 1964, p. 1; Goldman, Tragedy, pp. 223-24.
scapegoat Adam Yarmolinsky: Ibid. Yarmolinsky that very day was sending out job queries, complete with his résumé and letters of recommendation. Yarmolinsky to Earl C. Bolton (University of California, Berkeley) and Anne Ford (Houghton Mifflin), Aug. 20, 1964, Box 12, Yarmolinsky Papers, JFK.
President who fished from his pocket: WP, Aug. 21, 1964, p. 2; PDD, Aug. 20, 1964.
interviewed Stokely Carmichael: Correspondent Larry Grelman, Mississippi Negro 1964, WHWH-Princeton, Tape No. 64016 NWR, PEA.
34. A DOG IN THE MANGER: THE ATLANTIC CITY COMPROMISE
Wallace hotly denounced: NYT, Aug. 22, 1964, p. 6; WP, Aug. 22, 1964, p. 5.
arranged by recent state law: NYT, Aug. 21, 1964, p. 1.
Gem Motel on Pacific: Dittmer, Local People, p. 286.
“a hymn-singing group”: WP, Aug. 22, 1964, p. 4.
Schwerner’s station wagon: Sellers, River of No Return, p. 108.
“IV. B. 2.”: “Essential Legal Points for Briefing the Delegates,” b16f740, Edwin King Papers, TOU.
Sweeney escorted: Harris, Dreams Die Hard, p. 71.
cautious sympathy: Int. Charles Cobb, Aug. 20, 1991.
panel of historians: NYT, Aug. 21, 1964, p. 12.
Saturday morning breakfast: Int. Mendy Samstein by Anne Romaine, Sept. 4, 1966, A/AR.
Democrats had resolved: NYT, June 28, 1964, p. 43.
“Joe, they’ve screwed you!”: Mills, This Little Light, p. 116.
strategy needed cameras: Int. Joseph Rauh, Oct. 17, 1983.
“This is a helluva thing”: LBJ phone call with Walter Jenkins, 8:30 P.M., Aug. 21, 1964, Cit. 5107, Audiotape WH6408.32, LBJ.
“I don’t give a damn”: LBJ phone call with Walter Reuther, 8:56 P.M., Aug. 21, 1964, Cit. 5112, Audiotape WH6408.32, LBJ.
“I never heard of it”: LBJ phone call with Hubert Humphrey, 12:15 P.M., Aug. 25, 1964, Cit. 5181, Audiotape WH6408.36, LBJ.
“We have only an hour”: WP, Aug. 23, 1964, pp. 1, 24.
“could seat a dozen dead dodos”: “Brief Submitted by the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party,” prepared by Joseph L. Rauh, Jr., assisted by Eleanor K. Holmes and H. Miles Jaffee, Aug. 1964, p. 2.
“On them is the blood”: WP, Aug. 23, 1964, p. 24.
“over one hundred ministers”: NYT, Aug. 23, 1964, p. 81.
Rauh objected: Mills, This Little Light, p. 118.
“It was the 31st”: Ibid., pp. 119-21.
Hamer vanished: Holt, The Summer, p. 169; Carson, In Struggle, p. 125; Dittmer, Local People, p. 288.
“We will return”: Blackside, Inc. PBS series, Eyes on the Prize, I vol. 5, Mississippi: Is This America?
Johnson was hosting thirty: PDD, 2:30-5:25 P.M., Aug. 22, 1964.
Four strays: NYT, Aug. 23, 1964, p. 1.
calling for a general walkout: NYT, Aug. 25, 1964, p. 23.
“a very enjoyable”: WP, Aug. 23, 1964, p. 1.
“Johnson Still Silent”: Ibid.
stood in silent tribute: Ibid.
“I say to you that”: MLK statement of Aug. 22, 1964, A/SC27f40.
“a political cross”: WP, Aug. 23, 1964, p. 1.
“the party in Mississippi”: Ibid., p. 26.
yanked FBI technicians out: Turner to Branigan, Aug. 23, 1964, FK-440.
room directly below: WP, Jan. 26, 1975, p. 1.
“Lyndon is way out of line”: DeLoach, Hoover’s FBI, p. 5.
DeLoach had thrown together: Garrow, FBI and Martin, pp. 118-19; O’Reilly, Racial Matters, pp. 186-87.
“to embarrass the President”: H. N. Bassett to Callahan, Jan. 29, 1975, reprinted in
Church, Hearings Before the Select Committee, p. 634.
supplied by NBC News: Ibid., p. 636.
Rustin was telling King: NY LHM dated Aug. 25, 1964, FK-NR, pp. 1-4.
“fall by the wayside”: NY LHM dated Aug. 24, 1965, FR-NR.
Larry Still described: Jet, Sept. 3, 1964, pp. 22-26.
voices at the Gem Motel: Mills, The Little Light, p. 123.
“After the first Negro”: Ibid., p. 120.
416 night telegrams: Burner, Gently He Shall Lead, p. 175.
“won the Boardwalk”: Int. Joseph Rauh, Oct. 17, 1983.
“We won’t take”: WP, Aug. 23, 1964, p. 24.
twenty-six major credentials contests: MFDP brief, pp. 72-73. For discovering the Texas precedent, Rauh gave credit to his co-author and young legal assistant Eleanor K. Holmes (Norton), who would serve a generation later as U.S. representative from the District of Columbia. Int. Joseph Rauh, Oct. 17, 1983.
Texas case of 1944: Dugger, The Politician, pp. 137-38.
“The thing is out of hand now!”: LBJ phone call with James Eastland, 6:21 P.M., Aug. 22, 1964, Cit. 5130, Audiotape WH6408.33, LBJ.
“to be perfectly frank”: LBJ phone call with James Eastland, 7:10 P.M., Aug. 22, 1964, Cit. 5131, Audiotape WH6408.33, LBJ.
“People oughtn’t to want”: LBJ phone call with James Eastland, 12:02 P.M., Aug. 22, 1964, Cit. 5121, Audiotape WH6408.33, LBJ.
shutting off the cotton subsidy: LBJ phone call with James Eastland, 3:35 P.M., Aug. 22, 1964, Cit. 5133, Audiotape WH6408.33, LBJ.
best Eastland could secure: LBJ phone call with James Eastland, 4:56 P.M., Aug. 23, 1964, Cit. 5138, Audiotape WH6408.34, LBJ.
“I thought he was gonna procrastinate”: LBJ phone call with Walter Jenkins, 3:58 P.M., Aug. 23, 1964, Cit. 5136, Audiotape WH6408.34, LBJ.
Mondale to head: Garrow, Bearing the Cross, p. 347.
exhausted recess toward dawn: NYT, Aug. 25, 1964, p. 23.
circular picket line: Ibid., p. 24; int. Dorothy Zellner, Dec. 12, 1991.
lobster feasts around open beach fires: Life, Sept. 4, 1964, pp. 20-28.
plunged on horseback: NYT, Aug. 23, 1964, p. 81.
“get lost in the business”: LBJ phone call with Walter Reuther, 8:46 A.M., Aug. 24, 1964, Cit. 5140, Audiotape WH6408.34, LBJ.
“In the last few days”: MLK to LBJ, Aug. 24, 1964, WHCF, Box 52, LBJ. An attached note from Paul People to Lee White reads, “I have sent the blue copy in to the President.”
“trying to get me in it”: LBJ phone call with Richard Russell, 11:10 A.M., Aug. 24, 1964, Cit. 5143, Audiotape WH6408.34, LBJ.
the Kennedy myth: Miller, Lyndon, pp. 472-74.
two much anticipated events: Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, pp. 715-16; Life, Sept. 4, 1964, pp. 30-31.
mount surveillance of Kennedy: WP, Jan. 26, 1975, p. 1.
“refused to elaborate”: Jones to DeLoach, Aug. 25, 1964, FRFK-1653.
“applause hit like thunder”: Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, p. 716.
“obviously another attempt”: Jones to DeLoach, Aug. 24, 1964, FRFK-1686. On the Washington Post article of Aug. 23, 1964, entitled “Kennedy Top-Rated as Justice Boss,” by reporter James Clayton, Hoover wrote, “What do we know of Clayton?”
“got a virus”: Juanita Roberts to LBJ, Aug. 24, 1964, and Juanita Roberts to “Dorothy,” March 1, 1965, Ex PL1/ST24, Box 81, LBJ.
into the Pageant Motel: NYT, Aug. 25, 1964, p. 23.
Humphrey passionately advocated: Int. Joseph Rauh by Anne Romaine, June 1967, A/AR, pp. 331-32.
direct and indirect orders: Cf. LBJ phone call with Hubert Humphrey, Aug. 14, 1964, Cit. 4917, Audiotape WH6408.19, LBJ: “Well, I left it up to you and Ken O’Donnell to handle this Mississippi thing.”
fn “You better talk”: LBJ phone call with Walter Reuther, Aug. 17, 1964, Cit. 5003, Audiotape WH6408.27, LBJ.
Humphrey protested: Mills, This Little Light, p. 125; Anne Romaine interviews with Joseph Rauh, Fannie Lou Hamer, Edwin King, Allard Lowenstein, Robert P. Moses, A/AR; int. Robert P. Moses, Oct. 11, 1983, March 13, 1988; Dittmer, Local People, p. 294.
“I walked into the lion’s den”: LBJ phone call with Hubert Humphrey and Walter Jenkins, Aug. 24, 1964, Cit. 5156-57, Audiotape WH6408.34, LBJ.
Lawrence and Joseph Rauh parried: Int. Joseph Rauh by Anne Romaine, June 1967, A/AR, pp. 333-35.
troubles over Alabama: NYT, Aug. 25, 1964, pp. 1, 23.
Connor of Birmingham: NYT, Sept. 6, 1964, p. 42.
“This is as embarrassing as all hell”: NYT, Aug. 25, 1964, p. 23.
“he owes me $400”: Comments of Bill Minor, reporter for the New Orleans Times-Picayune, at “Covering the South: A National Symposium on the Media and the Civil Rights Movement,” University of Mississippi, April 1987.
Rauh had lost control: Int. Joseph Rauh, Oct. 17, 1983.
“so that it looks right”: LBJ phone call with James Reston and Arthur Sulzberger, 7:16 P.M., Aug. 24, 1964, Cit. 5162-62, Audiotape WH6408.35, LBJ.
“They are just distressed”: LBJ phone call with Walter Reuther, 8:25 P.M., Aug. 24, 1964, Cit. 5165, Audiotape WH6408.35, LBJ; PDD, Aug. 23-24, 1964.
550,000 automobile workers: NYT, Aug. 25, 1964, p. 14.
into Atlantic City before dawn: Dittmer, Local People, p. 294.
dinner off trays: PDD, Aug. 24, 1964.
fn plane to fetch the Steinbecks: LBJ phone call with John Steinbeck, Aug. 21, 1964, Cit. 5111, Audiotape WH6408.32, LBJ.
fn novelist had developed: Int. Jack Valenti, Feb. 25, 1991. Steinbeck posed forty-one questions about Johnson’s taste and personality (“Of what is he afraid?…Is he ever silly?”), and offered suggestions ranging from gestures (“Let him choose a favorite flower…. Meeting any one at all, let him take it from his button hole and present it”) to speech delivery: “…by wrong emphasis and dull delivery, he missed most of the punch lines. He just spoke it off sync…. That’s why I’d like to know if he can carry a tune. We know from his dancing that he has a good sense of rhythm.”
In the summer of 1964, Steinbeck sent ideas to LBJ through Jack Valenti. He recommended that Johnson attack Goldwater (“This jack-ass is nuts”) for suggesting that “the German soldier was superior to the American fighting man….” After the Tonkin Gulf incident, he recommended that the United States sink North Vietnamese ships as pirates. “What you call a thing is very important,” Steinbeck advised.
Steinbeck, “Notes and questions for J.V. about LBJ,” nd, AC 84-57, Valenti Papers, LBJ; Steinbeck to Jack Valenti, July 10, 1964, AC 84-57, Valenti Papers, LBJ; “Goldwater Interview with Der Spiegel,” NYT, July 10, 1964; “Transcript of Unpublished Part of Der Spiegel’s Interview with Goldwater,” NYT, July 11, 1964, p. 10; Moyers to LBJ, July 14, 1964, Box 8, Office of the President, LBJ; Steinbeck to Jack Valenti, Aug. 5, 1964, AC 84-57, Valenti Papers, LBJ.
“Full Fiery Throttle”: Life, Sept. 4, 1964, pp. 20-21.
“I am not going to”: Draft statements from Mrs. Johnson and Jack Valenti, Aug. 1964, Ex PL1/ST24, LBJ.
“Unbroken Harmony”: NYT, Aug. 25, 1964, p. 1.
“everyone of those big states”: LBJ phone call with John Bailey, 9:22 A.M., Aug. 25, 1964, Cit. 5173-74, Audiotape WH6408.35, LBJ.
disclosed a new plan: LBJ phone call with A. W. Moursund, 10:05 A.M., Aug. 25, 1964, Cit. 5175, Audiotape WH6408.36, LBJ.
When George Reedy called: LBJ phone call with George Reedy, Aug. 25, 1964, Cit. 5176, Audiotape WH6408.36, LBJ.
fn “The times require leadership”: Ibid.
“If anybody’s entitled”: LBJ phone call with Walter Jenkins, Aug. 25, 1964, Cit. 5177, Audiotape WH6408.36, LBJ.
“I do not remember hours”: Johnson, White House Diary, p. 192. The Johnsons’ cook, Zephyr Wright, was another family intimate who said she believed until the last minute that President Johnson would drop out of the 1964 race. Miller, Lyndon, p. 475.
decisive crunch: Dittmer, Local People, pp. 293-98; Burner, Gently He Shall Lead, pp. 180-84; Hampton, Voices o
f Freedom, pp. 200-202; Mills, This Little Light, pp. 126-28; NYT, Aug. 26, 1964, p. 1; WP, Aug. 26, 1964, p. 1.
wiretaps picked up frantic consultations: DeLoach to Walter Jenkins, “Morning Summary of Activities,” Aug. 25, 1964, cited in U.S. Senate, Hearings Before the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, vol. 6, pp. 714-17.
“The convention has decided”: Int. Joseph Rauh by Anne Romaine, June 1967, A/AR; Joseph Rauh Oral History by Paige Mulhollan, July 30, 1969, LBJ; int. Joseph Rauh, Oct. 17, 1983.
terminate Rauh’s employment: Ibid. Reuther told President Johnson of a similar threat four days earlier: “I talked to Joe Rauh, and I talked to him as seriously as I ever talked to any human being, and I said, ‘Look, Joe, we’ve been friends for years, and you’re our lawyer, and by God, if you don’t work this thing out on a sensible, reasonable basis, then you and I are gonna part company, because I’m in the President’s corner on this thing all the way.’” LBJ phone call with Walter Reuther, Aug. 21, 1964, Cit. 5112, Audiotape WH6408.32, LBJ.
“Your funding is on the line”: Int. Robert P. Moses, Aug. 11, 1983; int. Joseph Rauh, Oct. 17, 1983.
2,316 to 2,318: WP, Aug. 26, 1964, p. 6.
Moses bridled: Int. Robert P. Moses, Aug. 11, 1983.
Edwin King suggested: Int. Edwin King, June 26, 1992.
“The President will not allow”: Int. Edwin King by Anne Romaine, Nov. 1966, A/AR.
“You cheated!”: Ibid. Also int. Robert P. Moses, Feb. 15, 1991.
“a white man hitting”: Int. Joseph Rauh, Oct. 17, 1983.
Lawrence admitted: WP, Aug. 26, 1964, p. 6.
“actually raised his voice”: Belfrage, Freedom Summer, p. 252.
“a wholesale walkout”: LBJ phone call with Carl Sanders and John Connally, Cit. 5183-84, Audiotape WH6408.37, LBJ.
“Mississippi’s debt”: WP, Aug. 27, 1964, p. 2.
Rauh shed tears: Int. Joseph Rauh, Oct. 17, 1983.
vigil escalated swiftly: Belfrage, Freedom Summer, pp. 252-54.
helping to smuggle MFDP members: WP, Aug. 26, 1964, p. 6.
“I made about four”: Sutherland, Letters from Mississippi, pp. 220-21.
only three of them: Fred Berger of Natchez, Randolph Holladay of Picayune, and Douglas Wynn of Greenville. Mills, This Little Light, p. 131.
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