Holt, Len. The Summer That Didn’t End. Heinemann (London), 1966.
Huie, William Bradford. 3 Lives for Mississippi. Signet, 1968.
Humphrey, Hubert H., edited by Norman Sherman. The Education of a Public Man. Doubleday, 1976.
Jacobs, Andy. The Powell Affair: Freedom Minus One. Bobbs-Merrill, Co. Inc., 1973.
Johnson, Lady Bird. A White House Diary. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.
Johnson, Lyndon B. The Vantage Point. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971.
Jones, Landon, Y. Great Expectations. Coward McCann & Geoghegan, 1980.
Jordan, Winthrop D. White over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812. University of North Carolina Press, 1968.
Karim, Benjamin, Peter Skutches and David Gallen. Remembering Malcolm. Carroll & Graf, 1992.
Karnow, Stanley. Vietnam: A History. Penguin, 1984.
Kasher, Steven. The Civil Rights Movement: A Photographic History, 1954-68. Abbeville Press, NY, 1996.
Kearns, Doris. Lyndon Johnson & the American Dream. Harper & Row, 1976.
King, Coretta Scott. My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969.
King, Martin Luther, Jr. Why We Can’t Wait. Signet, 1964.
King, Martin Luther, Jr. Edition 1982. Strength to Love. Harper & Row, 1964.
King, Mary. Freedom Song. William Morrow, 1987.
Kinoy, Arthur. Rights on Trial: The Odyssey of a People’s Lawyer. Harvard University Press, 1983.
Kunstler, William M. Deep In My Heart. William Morrow, 1966.
Lemann, Nicholas. The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America. Alfred A. Knopf, 1991.
Lesher, Stephan. George Wallace: American Populist. Addison-Wesley, 1994.
Levitan, Sara. The Great Society’s Poor Law. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969.
Lewis, Anthony. Make No Law: The Sullivan Case and the First Amendment. Random House, 1991.
Lewis, David L. King: A Critical Biography. University of Illinois Press, 1970, 1978.
Lincoln, C. Eric. The Negro Pilgrimage in America. Bantam Books, 1967.
——. Sounds of Struggle. William Morrow, 1967.
Lomax, Louis E. When the Word Is Given: A Report on Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X, and the Black Muslim World. The World Publishing Co., 1963.
Lord, Walter. The Past That Would Not Die. Pocket, 1967.
Lowenstein, Allard K. Brutal Mandate: A Journey to South West Africa. Macmillan, 1962.
Lyon, Danny. Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement. Chapel Hill/Center for Documentary Studies, 1992.
Lyon, Eugene. The Enterprise of Florida. University of Florida Press, 1974.
Lyon, Eugene. Richer Than We Thought: The Material Culture of Sixteenth-Century St. Augustine, El Escribano. The St. Augustine Journal of History, 1992.
Maddox, Lester Garfield. Speaking Out: The Autobiography of LGM. Doubleday, 1975.
Magida, Arthur. Prophet of Rage: A Life of Louis Farrakhan and His Nation. Basic Books, 1996.
Malcolm X, and Alex Haley. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. Grove Press, 1964.
Manchester, William. The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America. Little, Brown, 1973.
Mars, Florence. Witness in Philadelphia. Louisiana State University Press, 1977.
Marsh, Charles. God’s Long Summer. Princeton University Press, 1997.
Massengill, Reed. Portrait of a Racist: The Real Life of Byron De La Beckwith. St. Martin’s Press, 1996.
McAdam, Doug. Freedom Summer. Oxford University Press, 1988.
McNamara, Robert S. In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam. Times Books, 1995.
McPherson, Harry. A Political Education. Houghton Mifflin, 1988.
Meier, August. Black Protest Thought in the Twentieth Century. Bobbs-Merrill, 1965, 1971.
Meier, August and Elliott Rudwick. CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement. University of Illinois Press, 1973.
Miller, Keith. Voice of Deliverance: The Language of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Its Sources. The Free Press, 1992.
Miller, Merle. Lyndon: An Oral Biography. Ballantine, 1980.
Mills, Kay. This Little Light of Mine: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer. Dutton, 1993.
Moody, Anne. Coming of Age in Mississippi. The Dial Press, 1968.
Moore, Donald J. The Human and the Holy: The Spirituality of Abraham Joshua Heschel. Fordham University Press, 1989.
Moynihan, Daniel P. Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding: Community Action in the War on Poverty. The Free Press, 1969.
Muhammad, Elijah. Message to the Blackman in America. Muhammad Mosque of Islam #2, 1965.
Muse, Benjamin. The American Negro Revolution: From Nonviolence to Black Power, 1963-67. University of Indiana Press, 1968.
Myers, Robert Manson. The Children of Pride. Popular Library, 1977.
Neary, John. Julian Bond: Black Rebel. William Morrow, 1971.
Nelson, Jack. Terror in the Night: The Klan’s Campaign Against the Jews. Simon & Schuster, 1993.
Neusner, Jacob, and Noam M. M. Neusner, eds. To Grow in Wisdom: An Anthology of Abraham Heschel. Madison Books, 1990.
O’Reilly, Kenneth. Racial Matters: The FBI’s Secret File on Black America. The Free Press, 1989.
Oates, Stephen B. Let the Trumpet Sound: The Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. Harper & Row, 1982.
Oesterreicher, John M. The Rediscovery of Judaism. Seton Hall University, 1971.
Oshinsky, David M. “Worse Than Slavery”: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice. The Free Press, 1996.
Perry, Bruce. Malcolm: A Life of the Man Who Changed Black America. Station Hill Press, 1991.
——, ed. Malcolm X: The Last Speeches. Pathfinder Press, 1989.
Poinsett, Alex. Walking with Presidents: Louis Martin and the Rise of Black Political Power. Madison Books, 1997.
Pomerantz, Gary M. Where Peachtree Meets Sweet Auburn: A Saga of Race and Family. Penguin, 1997.
Poulos, George. A Breath of God: A Biography of Archbishop lakovos. Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 1984.
Powers, Richard Gid. Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover. The Free Press, 1987.
Quarles, Benjamin. The Negro in the Making of America. Macmillan, 1969.
Raines, Howell. My Soul Is Rested. Bantam, 1977.
Reeves, Richard. President Kennedy: Profile of Power. Simon & Schuster, 1993.
Reid, T. R. The Chip: How Two Americans Invented the Microchip & Launched a Revolution. Simon & Schuster, 1984.
Rice, C. Duncan. The Rise and Fall of Black Slavery. Harper & Row, 1975.
Roberts, Charles Wesley. LBJ’s Inner Circle. Delacorte Press, 1965.
Rochlin, Harriet and Fred. Pioneer Jews: A New Life in the American West. Houghton Mifflin, 1984.
Rothschild, Fritz A. Between God and Man: An Interpretation of Judaism. The Free Press, 1975.
Rothschild, Mary Aickin. A Case of Black and White: Northern Volunteers and the Southern Freedom Summers, 1964-65. Greenwood Press, 1982.
Rusk, Dean. As I Saw It. Norton, 1990.
Rynne, Xavier. Letters From Vatican City. Farrar, Straus & Co., 1963.
Salter, John R. Jr. Jackson, Mississippi. Exposition Press, 1979.
Schlesinger, Arthur M, Jr. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. Fawcett, 1965.
——. Robert Kennedy and His Times. Ballantine, 1978.
Schmidt, Stephan. Augustino Bea. Rome: New City Editors Press, 1987.
Sellers, Cleveland, with Robert Terrell. The River of No Return: The Autobiography of a Black Militant. William Morrow, 1973.
Shapley, Deborah. Promise and Power: The Life and Times of Robert McNamara. Little, Brown, 1993.
Silver, James W. Mississippi: The Closed Society. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1963.
Smith, Bob. They Closed Their Schools: Prince Edward County, Virginia, 1951-64. University of North Carolina Press, 1965.
Smith, John Coventry. From Colonialism to World Community: The Ch
urch’s Pilgrimage. The Geneva Press, Philadelphia, 1982.
Stern, Mark. Calculating Visions: Kennedy, Johnson & Civil Rights. Rutgers University Press, 1992.
[Stokes Committee]. U.S. House of Representatives. Investigation of the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. Hearings Before the Select Committee on Assassinations, Vol. vi, Nov. 17, 20, 21, 1978. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979.
——. Investigation of the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. Hearings Before the Select Committee on Assassinations, Vol. vii, Nov. 27, 28, 29, 30, 1978. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979.
Stone, Gregory, and Douglas Lowenstein. Lowenstein: Acts of Courage and Belief Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983.
Sullivan, William. The Bureau: My Thirty Years in Hoover’s FBI. W. W. Norton, 1979.
Summers, Anthony. Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1993.
Sutherland, Elizabeth. Letters from Mississippi. McGraw-Hill, 1965.
Taylor, Maxwell D. Swords and Plowshares. Norton, 1972.
Theoharis, Athan G. The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. Temple University Press, 1988.
Tucker, Shirley. Mississippi From Within. Arco, 1965.
Ungar, Sanford J. FBI: An Uncensored Look Behind the Walls. Atlantic-Little, Brown, 1975.
Valenti, Jack. A Very Human President. Pocket, 1977.
Viorst, Milton. Fire in the Streets. Simon & Schuster, 1979.
Vollers, Maryanne. Ghosts of Mississippi. Little, Brown, 1995.
Von Hoffman, Nicholas. Mississippi Notebook. David White, 1964.
Vorgimler, Herbert, ed. Commentary on the Documents of Vatican II. Herder and Herder, 1969.
Warner, Roger. Back Fire: The CIA’s Secret War in Laos and Its Link to the War in Vietnam. Simon & Schuster, 1995.
Warren, Robert Penn. Who Speaks for the Negro? Random House, 1965.
Washington, James M., ed. A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings of Martin Luther King. Harper & Row, 1986.
Watters, Pat and Reese Cleghorn. Climbing Jacob’s Ladder: The Arrival of Negroes in Southern Politics. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967.
Webb, Sheyann & Rachel W. Nelson, as told to Frank Sikora. Selma, Lord, Selma: Girlhood Memories of the Civil-Rights Days. University of Alabama Press, 1980.
Whalen, Charles and Barbara. The Longest Debate: A Legislative History of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Seven Locks Press, 1985.
White, Theodore H. The Making of the President 1960. Pocket, 1961.
Whitehead, Don. Attack on Terror: The FBI Against the KKK in Mississippi. Funk and Wagnalls, 1970.
Wicker, Tom. On Press. Viking, 1978.
Wilkins, Roy, with Tom Mathews. Standing Fast: The Autobiography of Roy Wilkins. The Viking Press, 1982.
Wolff, Daniel, with S. R. Crain, Clifton White, and G. David Tenenbaum. You Send Me: The Life & Times of Sam Cooke. William Morrow, 1995.
Woodson, Carter G. The History of the Negro Church. 2nd Ed., Associated Publishers, 1921.
——. The Negro in Our History. Associated Publishers, 1922.
Woodward, C. Vann. The Strange Career of Jim Crow. Oxford University Press, 1955, 1974.
Yoder, Edwin M., Jr. Joe Alsop’s Cold War. A Study of Journalistic Influence and Intrigue. University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
Young, Andrew. A Way Out of No Way: The Spiritual Memoirs of Andrew Young. Thomas Nelson, 1994.
——. An Easy Burden: The Civil Rights Movement and the Transformation of America. HarperCollins, 1996.
Yzermans, Vincent A., ed. American Participation in the Second Vatican Council. Sheed and Ward, 1967.
Zaroulis, Nancy, and Gerald Sullivan. Who Spoke Up? American Protest Against the War in Vietnam, 1963-75. Doubleday & Co., 1984.
Zinn, Howard. SNCC: The New Abolitionists. 2nd Edition, Beacon Press, 1965.
*Similarly, prison psychiatrists during World War II had diagnosed Muhammad as a hard case of paranoid dementia with the mental capacity of an eleven-year-old child.
*Who successfully defended Martin Luther King in his Alabama criminal case of 1960.
*Seven years later, after King’s death, Jackson would have the Olivet congregation spend upward of $50,000 to seal up the stone doors facing South Parkway and carve out another entrance around the corner, just so that the church address never would be listed on the street to be renamed Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, after Jackson’s nemesis.
*Slavery in American territory is generally dated from the sale of “Twenty Negars” from the Dutch ship Jesus at the Jamestown, Virginia, colony in August of 1619. The much earlier slave practice in Spanish Florida is almost universally discarded or overlooked, perhaps because it lacks the symbolic clarity of a first shipment, or because even self-conscious chronicles of cultural oppression customarily trace American history through the British settlers, as history’s eventual winners.
*“The average so-called Negro today gets indignant if you call him black in English, will say call me Negro,” Malcolm X said in 1963. “And if you ask him what does Negro mean, he will say it means black in Spanish. In other words, don’t call me black in English, call me black in Spanish. It makes him sound ridiculous.” Because “Negro” originated with the early Spanish and Portuguese slave traders, Muslims considered the term a grotesque legacy of slavery.
*Andrew Young became the second Negro staff member in 1957, and worked in the National Council’s youth ministry until he went south to direct Martin Luther King’s citizenship program in 1961. Oscar Lee, a pioneering Negro graduate of Yale Divinity School (1935), knew nearly all the preachers leading jail marches in the South, and had performed wedding ceremonies for the family of Bob Moses, the student registration leader in Mississippi. Before the Chicago conference in January, it was Lee who had carried on the truncated negotiations with the Negro Baptist leader J. H. Jackson, and who had become so disgusted with Jackson’s reactionary views on race that he renounced his Baptist heritage to become a Presbyterian.
*“I have sworn to practice and maintain segregation in the Episcopal Church in Mississippi, and I am not alone,” Beckwith wrote in an open letter published by the Jackson Daily News in 1956. His purpose was to arouse Episcopalians against a young priest in Cleveland, Mississippi. “It should be the painful duty of the Right Rev. Bishop Duncan M. Gray to publicly rebuke his son, and all other priests in the Diocese of Mississippi preaching integration,” Beckwith declared. Denouncing what he saw as an attempt by false clergy to “maliciously defy the laws of God” and “crucify the white race on the black cross of the NAACP,” Beckwith prescribed that “each priest found guilty of advocating integration must be immediately stripped of all robes and vestments….” He committed himself to the dirty work of crusading zeal: “Let’s get red-hot on the subject—if the race mixers don’t resign and leave, I say, throw them out bodily, if necessary.”
*The reprieve for segregated road construction was a concession to private lobbying by politicians, principally from Louisiana. The President’s briefing papers stressed the need for secrecy: “Of course, the less that is said about this in the newspapers, the better off everyone will be.”
†“They said their [sic] was innocent human beings being bit by dogs[,] slapped by men[,] knocked down with water hose[s,] and raped in the jail[,] and you was against them fighting back and protecting those innocent people,” wrote Rev. James Early, Sr. Malcolm X announced in Harlem that Muslims had not attacked King or anyone else, being trained strictly for self-defense, but he warmly endorsed the scorn of the egg throwers. “I think any effort by anyone to tell the people of Harlem to love their enemy or turn the other cheek will produce violence,” he said. “They think it comes from the lips of a traitor…. If white men have the right to defend themselves against attack, the black people have that right also.” In reply to Malcolm, King stated loftily that the “growing bitterness” fomented by a Muslim minority “gives me greater responsibility to help get rid of conditions
that created such misguided and bitter individuals.”
*Parchman was built during the governorship of Greenwood’s James K. Vardaman, who won office in 1903 on the slogan “A Vote for Vardaman Is a Vote for White Supremacy.” Famously vulgar, Vardaman composed verse the previous year to lampoon President Theodore Roosevelt for receiving Negro guests: “The coons smelt as loud as a musk rat’s nest/ And Teddy licked his chops/And said it smelt the best.”
*Evidence of widespread handcuff-hanging and similar abuse at Parchman would be central to Gates v. Collier, a landmark prison reform case of 1972.
“Awe is more than an emotion,” Heschel told the Stanford students. “It is a way of understanding, insight into a meaning greater than ourselves. The beginning of awe is wonder, and the beginning of wisdom is awe…. Man may forfeit his sense of the ineffable. To be alive is a commonplace; the sense of radical amazement is gone…. Deprived of the ability to praise, modern man is forced to look for entertainment; entertainment is becoming compulsory.”
*Two days before he was shot, Medgar Evers and a small group of worshippers were turned away from Galloway Church in Jackson. To protest segregation within his own church, Dr. W. B. Selah resigned his pulpit of eighteen years, making public an internal conflict that consumed Mississippi’s largest Methodist congregation.
*Twenty-five years later, film director John Waters adapted the Gwynn Oak controversy into a whimsical romance called Hairspray.
*By comparison, the National Football League would play its full schedule of games on the weekend of the Kennedy assassination. To guard against potentially riotous anger toward the murder site, the league did require public address announcers to identify one team only as “the Cowboys,” forbidding mention of the word “Dallas.”
Pillar of Fire Page 114
