“drowned buffalo continue to drift by in whole herds throughout the month”: This is a line from the journals of an explorer known as Alexander Henry the Younger, as quoted in Frank G. Roe’s The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State. Roe’s original source for the quote is an obscure, difficult-to-find volume of collected journals, New Light on the Early History of the Great Northwest: Henry-Thompson Journals, Francis P. Harper, 1897.
“attracted an immense number of turkey buzzards”: Maximilian, Prince of Wied. “Maximilian, Prince of Wied’s Travels in the Interior of North America, 1832–1834.” As collected in volumes 22–25 of Early Western Travels, 1784–1846. New York: A. H. Clark Co., 1904–1907.
FLOW RATES AND SEDIMENT DISCHARGE OF THE COPPER RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES
Brabets, T. P. “Geomorphology of the Lower Copper River, Alaska.” U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper #1581.
Embick, Andrew. Fast & Cold: A Guide to Alaska Whitewater. Helena: Falcon Press, 1994.
THERMOREGULATORY ATTRIBUTES OF BUFFALO
Christopherson, R. J., and R. J. Hudson. “Effects of Temperature and Wind on Cattle and Bison.” 57th Annual Feeder’s Day Report, 1978.
Christopherson, R. J., R. J. Hudson, and R. J. Richmond. “Comparative Winter Bioenergetics of American Bison, Yak, Scottish Highland and Hereford Calves.” Acta Theriologica, issue 23, 1978, pp. 49–54.
———. “Feed Intake, Metabolism and Thermal Insulation of Bison, Yak, Scottish Highland and Hereford Calves During Winter.” 55th Annual Feeder’s Day Report. 1976, pp. 51–52.
Lott, Dale. American Bison: A Natural History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
Meagher, Mary. “Bison bison.” The American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, no. 266, 1986.
Olson, Wes. Personal correspondence with author. Wes Olson is a private buffalo rancher whose day job is working with the buffalo herd at Canada’s Elk Island National Park.
FREAKISH CAUSES OF MASS BUFFALO DEATH
Barsness, Larry. Heads, Hides & Horns: the Compleat Buffalo Book. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1985.
Bradley, Mark, and John Wilmshurst. The Fall and Rise of Bison Populations in Wood Buffalo National Park. Published on the NRC Research Press Web site, http://cjz.nrc.ca on September 23, 2005.
Larter, N. C., Nishi, J. S., et al. “Observations of Wood Bison Swimming across the Liard River, Northwest Territories, Canada.” Arctic, vol. 56, no. 4, 2003, pp. 408–12.
Maximilian, Prince of Wied. “Maximilian, Prince of Wied’s Travels in the Interior of North America, 1832–1834.” Early Western Travels, 1784–1846, vols. 22–25. New York: A. H. Clark Co., 1904–1907.
Parkman, Francis. Oregon Trail. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1880.
Roe, Frank G. The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1951.
Sandoz, Mari. The Buffalo Hunters: The Story of the Hide Men. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1978.
Townsend, John K. “Townsend’s Narrative of a Journey Across the Rocky Mountains, to the Columbia River.” Early Western Travels, 1784–1846, vol. 21, ed. Reuben Gold Thwaites. New York: A. H. Clark Co., 1904–1907.
Chapter Six
“so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase”: From the Medicine Lodge Treaties, as quoted in Isenberg, Andrew, The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
“were utterly erratic and unpredicatable and might occur regardless of time, place, or season”: Roe, F. G. The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1951.
“We hunt the Buffalo and kill them with the Bows and Arrows”: Hendry, Antony. The Journal of Antony Hendry, ed. L. J. Burpee. Royal Society of Canada Transactions, 3rd Series, no. 1, 1907.
“the gradual decadence of the slight civilization which the people had acquired”: Shaler, Nathaniel. Nature and Man in America. New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1891.
“it is the same thing in a Savage to wish to become sedentary and to believe in God”: From Father Le Jeune’s Relacion, as quoted in Roe, Frank G. The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State.
“buffaloes were so plenty in the country that little or no bread was used”: Cumings, Fortescue. Cumings’ Tour to the Western Country, 1807–1809. New York: A. H. Clark Co., 1904.
“cherished the fond delusion that the great herd had only ‘gone north’ ”: Hornaday, William T. The Extermination of the American Bison. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000.
“huge herd reduction sale”: http://www.highadventureranch.com. Accessed winter 2007.
“We drive you out into a 2500 acre pasture and you shoot the buffalo you want”: www.rockin7ranch.com/buffalo_hunting. Accessed spring 2008.
“fair-chase” hunt: http://www.thbison.com. Accessed spring 2008.
“the passion … the drive … the determination”: http://www.northstargameland.com. Accessed spring 2008.
“the mighty American Buffalo still roams the virgin prairie”: http://www.twoheartbuffalohunt.com. Accessed winter 2007.
“slip back in time to when pioneers were filtering into Kansas”: http://www.huntinfo.com/pipecreek2. Accessed spring 2008.
THE IMPACT OF THE HORSE ON NATIVE AMERICAN BUFFALO HUNTING AND WARFARE
Farrs, William E. “Going to Buffalo: Indian Hunting Migrations Across the Rocky Mountains, Part 1.” Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Winter 2003.
Flores, Dan. “Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy: The Southern Plains from 1800 to 1850.” Journal of American History, vol. 78, no. 2, September 1991, pp. 465–485.
Hornaday, William T. The Extermination of the American Bison. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000.
Isenberg, Andrew. The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Chapter Seven
“in which were tied three fine horses, was picked up like chaff, torn to pieces”: Untitled article. La Epoca, August 31, 1908.
GEORGE MCJUNKIN AND THE FOLSOM FLASH FLOOD
Folsom, Franklin. Black Cowboy: The Life and Legend of George McJunkin. Topeka: Tandem Library, 2000.
Hillerman, Tony. The Great Taos Bank Robbery and Other Indian Country Affairs. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1973.
McNaghten, Allcutt. “The Flood as Experienced by Allcutt McNaghten.” Folsom 1888–1988: Then and Now. Centennial Book Committee, 1988. (Note: as of spring 2008, portions of the accounts are available on the Folsom Museum’s Web site, http://folsommuseum.netfirms.com/index.htm.)
Preston, Douglas. “Fossils and the Folsom Cowboy.” Natural History, vol. 106, 1997, 16–22.
THE ARRIVAL AND IMPACT OF PALEOINDIANS IN NORTH AMERICA
Baker, Tony. Personal correspondence with the author. Tony Baker is a Folsom expert and projectile point enthusiast in Denver, Colorado.
Boldurian, Anthony T., and John L. Cotter. Clovis Revisited: New Perspectives on Paleoindian Adaptations from Blackwater Draw, New Mexico. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum, 1999.
Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W. W. Norton, 1999.
Eiseley, Loren. All the Strange Hours: The Excavation of a Life. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1975.
Flannery, Tim. The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2001.
Freedman, Russell. Who Was First?: Discovering the Americas. New York: Clarion Books, 2007.
Frison, George. Survival by Hunting: Prehistoric Human Predators and Animal Prey. Berkely: University of California Press, 2004.
———. Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains. New York: Academic Press, 1991.
Hayn
es, Gary. The Early Settlement of North America: The Clovis Era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Kunz, Michael, Michael Bever, and Constance Adkins. The Mesa Site: Paleoindians Above the Arctic Circle. BLM-Alaska Open File Report 86, April 2003.
Martin, Paul S., and Richard G. Klein, eds. Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1984.
Meltzer, David J. Folsom: New Archaeological Investigations of a Classic Paleoindian Bison Kill. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.
Stanford, D. J., and Jane S. Day, eds. Ice Age Hunters of the Rockies. Denver Museum of Nature and Science and University Press of Colorado, 1992.
Tankersley, Kenneth. In Search of Ice Age Americans. Layton: Gibbs Smith, 2002.
Wilmsen, Edwin N., and Frank H. H. Roberts. Lindenmeier, 1934–1974: Concluding Report on Investigations. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1984.
Chapter Eight
“public roads in a populous country”: From the journal of Nicholas Cresswell, 1775, as quoted in Belue, Ted Franklin. The Long Hunt: Death of the Buffalo East of the Mississippi. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books, 1996.
“between a dark umber and liver-shining brown”: Hornaday, William T. The Extermination of the American Bison. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000.
Chapter Nine
“crushed deep into the mud of the earthen floor by the cruel hoofs”: Shoemaker, Henry W. A Pennsylvania Buffalo Hunt. Middleburg: Middleburg Post Press, 1915.
“We saw a great many wolves in the neighborhood of these mangled carcasses”: Clark, William, and Meriwether Lewis. The Journals of Lewis and Clark. Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 2004.
“Not being good travelers sideways”: Buffalo Jones’ Forty Years of Adventure. Compiled by Colonel Henry Inman. Dalton: Crane and Co., 1899.
“I have risked the sending of a party of hunters”: Officer Daniel Brodhead to General George Washington. Quoted in Busch, Clarence M. Report to the Commission to Locate the Site of the Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania. State Printer of Pennsylvania, 1896.
“owes its origen to Buffaloes, being no other than their tracks from one lick to another”: The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Journals 1745–1799, ed. John C. Fitzpatrick. Electronic edition. Washington Resources at the University of Virginia Library, http://etext.virginia.edu/washington/fitzpatrick/.
“not clothed from the waist up and was missing a shoe”: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, March 5, 2004.
“his jacket and neck chain were recovered a short distance away.”: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, February 25, 2005.
“partially dressed in a pullover, T-shirt, pants, and one sock.”: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, March 17, 2006.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN WOLVES AND BUFFALO
Carbyn, L. N., and T. Trottier. “Responses of Bison on Their Calving Grounds to Predation by Wolves in Wood Buffalo National Park.” Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol. 65, 1987, pp. 2072–2078.
Fuller, W. A. “Behavior and Social Organization of the Wild Bison of Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada,” www.pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca.
Franke, Mary Ann. To Save the Wild Bison: Life on the Edge in Yellowstone. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005.
Hornaday, William T. The Extermination of the American Bison. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000.
Isenberg, Andrew. The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Laundre, John W., Lucina Hernandez, and Kelly B Altendorf. “Wolves, Elk, and Bison: Reestablishing the ‘Landscape of Fear’ in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A.” Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol. 79, no. 9, 2001, pp. 1401-1409.
Lott, Dale F. American Bison: A Natural History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
Roe, Frank G. The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1951.
Seton, Ernest T. Lives of Game Animals. New York: Doubleday, Doran and Co., 1929.
THE INFLUENCE OF BUFFALO ON THE ROUTING OF AMERICAN RAILROADS AND HIGHWAYS
Belue, Ted Franklin. The Long Hunt: Death of the Buffalo East of the Mississippi. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books, 1996.
Roe, Frank G. The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1951.
MCCULLOUGH’S PACK HORSE PATH
Unsigned article. “McCullough’s Pack Horse Path.” Glades Star. September 30, 1948.
Chapter Ten
“to the banks of the Missouri and, by gradual approaches, confine them into a narrow space where the ice was weakened …”: From the journals of Charles Mackenzie. Translated from French and quoted in Roe, Frank G. The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1951.
“except some passage which they leave on purpose, and where they take post with their bows and arrows.”: Hennepin, Louis. A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America. Chicago: A. C. McClurg and Co., 1903 (original edition 1683).
“as many as we can get.”: Hunt, James W. Buffalo Days: Stories from J. Wright Mooar. Abilene: State House Press, 2005.
“there was not a hoof left.”: Smith, Vic. Quoted in Wayne Gard’s The Great Buffalo Hunt: Its History and Drama, and Its Role in the Opening of the West. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959.
“Buffalo bones was laying around on the ground as thick as cones under a big fir tree”: McKeown, Martha F. Them Was the Days. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1950.
BUFFALO JUMPS
Bamforth, Douglas B. Ecology and Human Organization on the Great Plains. New York: Plenum Press, 1988.
Barsness, Larry. Heads, Hides & Horns: The Compleat Buffalo Book. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1985.
Bement, Leland C. Bison Hunting at the Cooper Site: Where Lightning Bolts Drew Thundering Herds. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999.
———. “Excavation of the Late Pleistocene Deposits of Bonfire Shelter, 41VV218, Val Verde County, Texas.” Archaeology Series 1, Texas Archaeology Survey, University of Texas, 1986.
Byerly, Ryan M., Judith R. Cooper, et al. “On Bonfire Shelter (Texas) as a Paleoindian Bison Jump: An Assessment using GIS and Zooarchaeology.” American Antiquity, vol. 70, 2005, pp. 595–629.
Clark, William, and Meriwether Lewis. The Journals of Lewis and Clark. Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 2004.
Frison, George. Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains. New York: Academic Press, 1991.
———. Survival by Hunting: Prehistoric Human Predators and Animal Prey. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.
Gard, Wayne. The Great Buffalo Hunt: Its History and Drama, and Its Role in the Opening of the West. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959.
Isenberg, Andrew C. The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Malouf, Carling, and Stuart Conner. “Symposium on Buffalo Jumps. Memoir 1.” Montana Archaeological Society, 1962.
Roe, Frank G. The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1951.
EUROAMERICAN HIDE HUNTERS
Branch, E. Douglass. The Hunting of the Buffalo. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1940.
Dixon, Billy. Life and Adventures of Billy Dixon of Adobe Walls. Co-operative Publishing Company, 1914.
Dixon, Olive K. Life of Billy Dixon. Dallas: Southwest Press, 1927.
Dodge, Col. Richard Irving. The Plains of the Great West and Their Inhabitants. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1877.
Gard, Wayne. The Great Buffalo Hunt. Its History and Drama, and Its Role in the Opening of the West. New York: Alf
red A. Knopf, 1959.
Hornaday, William T. The Extermination of the American Bison. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000.
Hunt, James W. Buffalo Days: Stories from J. Wright Mooar. Abilene: State House Press, 2005.
O’Connor, Richard. Bat Masterson. New York: Doubleday and Co., 1957.
Roe, Frank G. The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1951.
Roosevelt, Theodore. Hunting Trips of a Ranchman: An Account of the Big Game of the United States and Its Chase with Horse, Hand, and Rifle. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1885.
Sandoz, Mari. The Buffalo Hunters: the Story of the Hide Men. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1978 (original publication, 1954).
Vestal, Stanley. Queen of the Cowtowns: Dodge City. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1952.
BONEPICKERS
Barsness, Larry. Heads, Hides and Horns: The Compleat Buffalo Book. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1985.
Hunt, James W. Buffalo Days: Stories from J. Wright Mooar. Abilene: State House Press, 2005.
McCreight, Major Israel. Buffalo Bone Days. Sykesville: Nupp Printing, 1939.
McKeown, Martha F. Them Was the Days. Lincoln: University of Nebreska Press, 1950.
Toenniges, Shelly. Personal correspondence with the author. Shelly Toenniges works as a manager at Ebonex Corp.
Chapter Eleven
“vast clouds of dust rising and circling in the air …”: Townsend, John K. “Townsend’s Narrative of a Journey Across the Rocky Mountains, to the Columbia River.” Early Western Travels, 1784–1846, vol. 21, ed. Reuben Gold Thwaites. New York: A. H. Clark Co., 1904–1907.
“These animals are by no means plentiful …”: Dodge, Col. Richard Irving. The Plains of the Great West and Their Inhabitants. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1877.
BOB STEPHENSON AND THE PROPOSED INTRODUCTION (OR, PERHAPS, REINTRODUCTION) OF WOOD BUFFALO IN ALASKA
American Buffalo Page 24
