by James Oakes
Cooper Union address of, 46–47, 120
District of Columbia abolition bill signing of, 274
District of Columbia abolition position of, 53, 63, 270
Douglas’s debates with, 45–46
Douglass’s meetings with, xxi, 473–74
Dred Scott criticism of, 76, 77, 355–56
1860 Republican nomination of, 46, 47
1864 reelection campaign of, xiv, 338, 470, 471, 472–74, 476
election of, xii, xvii, xx, 50, 51, 54, 64, 88–89, 518
first annual message to Congress of, 201, 217, 280, 283, 337
First Confiscation Act position of, 137, 141–42, 158, 176, 201, 216, 283
First Confiscation Act’s signing by, 138, 144, 283, 292, 337
first inaugural address of, 1, 75–79, 129, 141, 332, 357
Frémont’s dismissal by, 166
Frémont’s emancipation order dispute with, 157–59, 162, 163–65, 175–76, 182, 184, 187, 283, 332, 337
Frémont’s military appointment by, 155
fugitive slave bill signing by, 189, 210, 319
fugitive slave position of, 63, 75–78, 99, 141, 146, 172–73, 316, 355, 356–57, 511, 520, 538
Gettysburg reaction of, 395
gradual abolition proposals of, xiii, 53, 270, 271, 283–88, 289, 290, 292, 297, 305, 315, 330, 428, 459–60, 466, 485
Greeley’s exchange with, 311–13
Haiti position of, 264
historical revisionism by, 337–38
Hunter’s abolition order revocation by, 215–17, 283, 289, 332, 338
Louisiana position of, 248, 249–50, 253, 254–55, 337, 461–62
martial law position of, 197
in Maryland fugitive slave decision, 172–73
McClellan’s disagreement with, 213, 241
military emancipation position of, 41, 158, 176, 201, 216–17, 250, 283, 284, 289, 290, 302, 303, 304, 305, 311, 312, 313, 332–33, 337–38, 343, 352, 362, 368, 390, 428, 455, 459
Missouri Provisional Government support by, 152
moral dilemma facing, xvi, 311–12
mythologizing of, 303–4, 330, 332–39, 540
naval blockade strategy of, 197
northern Democrats’ criticism of, 60, 78–79, 109, 114–15, 285, 473, 508
“property in man” rejection by, 45–47, 57, 73, 75, 76, 120, 397
racial views of, 308–10
radicals’ relationship with, xxi, 79–80, 283, 284–85, 289
Reconstruction plans of, 454, 458, 459, 461–62, 467, 483, 536
reelection platform of, xiv, 470
re-enslavement position of, 200–201, 313, 353, 359, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 457, 474
Republican Party loyalty of, xix–xx, 63–64, 73, 82
Republican Party’s disagreements with, xx–xxi, 51, 165, 455, 473
secession compromise proposal of, 75–76, 356–57
secessionist fears about, 60–61, 89
secession position of, 62, 69, 77, 78, 141, 259, 517
Second Confiscation Act position of, 233–34, 235, 251, 290
Second Confiscation Act’s signing by, 226, 235–36, 239, 249, 304, 308
second inaugural address of, 337
slaves’ opinion of, 88–89
state abolition position of, 456, 457–58, 459–60, 461–62, 463, 466, 467
territorial slavery ban signing by, 269
territorial slavery position of, 53, 62, 63, 64, 76, 78
Thirteenth Amendment position of, 439, 453, 456, 476, 478, 480, 552
Wade-Davis Bill veto by, 455
war mobilization by, 79, 111, 132, 149, 151, 304
war powers of, 133, 135, 137, 138, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 307, 333, 343, 348, 349, 455, 525
in West Virginia statehood process, 295, 299, 304
see also Republican Party, U.S.
Lincoln administration:
African American passport issuance by, 264, 265
British relations with, 263
military emancipation’s implementation by, xiii, xiv, xviii, 207, 215, 217, 328, 337, 352
Little, Thomas, 164
Longstreet, James, 314
Loring, Ellis Gray, 14
Louisiana:
abolition in, 367, 456, 457, 461–63, 469
black enlistment in, 385, 543
Chase’s administration of, 248, 250, 251, 252, 253, 283
contraband camps in, 417–18
contraband policy in, 220–23, 245–49, 250, 251, 319
Emancipation Proclamation’s effects in, 364–65
Emancipation Proclamation’s exemption of, 253, 255, 299, 343, 363, 364–65, 543
free labor experiment in, 251, 252–54, 327–28, 337, 369, 375, 385
Lincoln’s position on, 248, 249–50, 253, 254–55, 337, 461–62
loyalty oaths in, 458, 462
plantations in, 219, 252
political divide in, 461–62
secession of, 61, 64, 220
Second Confiscation Act’s application in, 238, 245–55, 363
slavery in, 27
slaves in, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 245–46, 247, 248, 251, 252
Union advances in, 218
Union army relief program in, 254
unionist election victory in, 253, 254–55
unionist slaveholders in, 220, 221, 222, 246, 249–51, 252–53
see also Mississippi Valley; New Orleans, La.
Louisiana “Native Guards,” 378
Louisiana Purchase, 261
Louisville, Ky., 160
Lovejoy, Owen, 112–13, 121, 126, 128, 143, 186, 266–67, 268, 269, 284, 434
Lowrey, Grosvenor P., 349, 353, 354, 359, 537
Lucas, Charles, 409
Lyon, Nathaniel, 151, 152, 155, 156
Madison, James:
Constitutional Convention notes of, 19
federal consensus view of, 3
Magoffin, Beriah, 160
Magruder, J. B., 97
Mallory, Charles, 95, 96, 97
Mallory, Robert, 452
Mallory, Shepard, 95
Manchester Guardian, 487
Manigault, Charles, 407, 408, 409, 410
Manigault, Gabriel, 407
Manigault, Louis, 376, 407
Mann, Horace, 195
Mansfield, Lord, ix, 9, 11, 352
Marsh, William, 195
Marvin, William, 485
Marx, Karl, 346
Maryland, xii
abolition in, 367, 457, 460, 464–67, 469, 477
black enlistment in, 387, 463, 464, 543
Butler’s military command in, 90, 92, 149
Democratic opposition in, 466
District of Columbia slave laws from, 269, 272
Emancipation Proclamation’s effects in, 365–66
Emancipation Proclamation’s exemption of, 365, 464, 543
First Confiscation Act in, 175
fugitive slave law enforcement in, 90
fugitive slave policy in, 146, 167, 169–70, 172, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182
fugitive slaves escaping to, 179, 182, 193
fugitive slaves from, 167, 190, 271, 275, 276, 316
loyalty oaths in, 458
political divide in, 465–66, 486, 551
secessionism in, 90, 92, 147, 148, 149–50, 161, 167, 175
sectional divide in, 148–50
slavery in, 103, 148–49, 269
Thirteenth Amendment ratification in, 481
Thirteenth Amendment support in, 478
Union army presence in, 90, 148, 149, 161, 175, 520
unionist majority in, 149–50
see also Border States
Mason-Dixon Line, 149
Massachusetts:
abolition in, 500
fugitive slave policy in, 14
politics in, 91
Massachusetts Fifty-Fourth, 379
May, Samuel, 194, 346, 511
McClellan, George B., xxiv
&nb
sp; in Antietam battle, 314
contraband policy position of, 104, 112, 209, 210, 211–13, 323, 514
1864 Democratic nomination of, 469, 474–75
First Confiscation Act’s application by, 142–43, 176, 178, 514, 523–24
in fugitive slave policy decisions, 179, 186, 189
Lincoln’s disagreement with, 213, 241
Lincoln’s dismissal of, 327
in Peninsula Campaign, 211–13, 224, 306, 327, 393
Preliminary Proclamation reaction of, 318
Second Confiscation Act denunciation by, 241
McClernand, John, 115, 391
McCook, Alexander McD., 167
McCulloch, Ben, 156
McDowell, Irvin, 123
McGehee, Edward, 411, 412, 413
McHenry, John, 486
McKean, James B., 55
McLean, John, 4, 20
Meade, George Gordon, 395
Med (slave), 14
Meridian Campaign, 374
Mexican War, 262, 266
Michigan, Thirteenth Amendment ratification in, 481
Miles, D. S., 112
Militia Act of 1792, 304, 360
Militia Act of 1862, 361, 378, 386, 391, 433, 463
Miller, Joseph, 418
Mississippi:
abolition in, 484, 485
Black Codes in, 490
black enlistment in, 387, 402–3
military emancipation in, 363
plantations in, 219
secession of, 61, 64
Union advance in, 318
Union occupation of, 387, 413
Mississippi River, 394
Mississippi Valley, 218–23, 317–28
black soldiers in, 379
enticement in, 371–72
free labor in, 324–25, 327, 420
“hard war” approach in, 372
humanitarian crisis in, 254, 324, 420
plantations in, 219, 318
Preliminary Proclamation’s application in, 317–18, 323–28, 337
re-enslavement in, 426
Second Confiscation Act’s application in, 238, 321–23, 324
slave refugeeing in, 318, 406, 412, 413
slave relocation in, 420
slavery in, 219
slaves in, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 318
Union advances in, 218–19, 224, 246, 318, 414
see also Louisiana
Missouri, xii
abolition in, 367, 460, 468–69, 477, 478, 482
black enlistment in, 387, 389, 463, 543
Confederate expulsion from, 478
1864 election in, 477–78
Emancipation Proclamation’s exemption of, 389, 543
financial debacle in, 459, 468
First Confiscation Act in, 146, 175, 182
forced expulsions in, 281
Frémont’s command in, 152, 155–59, 161, 165–66, 468
Frémont’s emancipation order in, 157–59, 165, 176, 182, 184, 468, 519
fugitive slave law enforcement in, 90
fugitive slave policy in, 104, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 177, 178, 182, 184
loyalty oaths in, 458, 468
martial law declaration in, 157–59
plantations in, 219
postwar political divisions in, 459, 478, 486
Provisional Government in, 152, 153
secessionism in, 147, 148, 151–52, 153, 155, 156, 157, 161, 175
Second Confiscation Act’s application in, 468
sectional conflict in, 150–53, 155–59, 161, 175
slavery in, 103, 150, 151
Thirteenth Amendment support in, 478
Union army presence in, 104, 148, 152, 153, 156, 175
unionist majority in, 151, 518
see also Border States
Missouri Compromise, 13–14, 66, 266, 278, 447, 509
Mitchell, Charles, 87
Mitchell, James, 308
Mitchell, Sam, 198
Mobile Bay, 475
Montez, Pedro, 34, 35
Montgomery, James, 379
Montgomery, W. R., 181
Moore, Frank, 142
Morillo, Pablo, 38
Morrill, Lot, 226
Morris, Jacob, 11
Morris, Thomas, 3–4, 19
Nasmith, Samuel, 372
navy, Union:
fugitive slave policy of, 100–101
South’s blockade by, 197, 263
Negroes of Port Royal, The (Pierce), 202
Netherlands, Caribbean abolition by, x
New England:
conservatism in, 40
cotton interests in, 201
New Hampshire:
abolition in, 500
Thirteenth Amendment ratification in, 481
New Jersey, abolition in, 10
New Orleans, La., Union occupation of, 218, 219–20, 244, 393
New York:
abolition in, 10, 11–12
Thirteenth Amendment ratification in, 481
Thirteenth Amendment support in, 479
New York Express, 336
New York Herald, 346
New York Times, 100, 103, 105, 288, 470, 492, 497
New York Tribune, 142, 202, 288, 308, 311–13
Nixon, John T., 273
North:
abolition in, x, 9–12, 169, 278, 297, 500, 501
antislavery sentiment in, xi, 79, 124, 165, 249, 285, 307, 308, 311, 317, 331, 341, 401, 475
black military service in, 360, 379
black recruitment by, 388, 389
Border States’ ties to, 145, 160
British neutrality’s benefit to, 263
Butler’s image in, 92
Confederate invasions of, 314, 395
conscription in, 384
Emancipation Proclamation publishing in, 370
Emancipation Proclamation reaction in, 346
free labor society in, xvii
fugitive slave policy in, 7, 14, 31, 48, 63, 75, 77–78, 169, 170, 194, 195, 196, 258, 259, 354–55, 356, 398, 447
personal liberty laws in, 63, 73, 170, 354, 355, 356, 398
racism in, 279, 282, 310, 476
Reconstruction backlash in, 489
Republican majority in, 72
Republican Party support in, 285, 341
Republicans’ depiction of, 116–17, 127
revisionist theories about, xv, xvi
Sea Islands scheme’s support in, 205
self-emancipation right in, 194, 195, 196
slave stereotypes in, 377
territorial expansion view in, 529
Thirteenth Amendment ratification in, 481
Thirteenth Amendment support in, 392, 428
war support in, 341, 472, 475
see also Union
North Carolina:
civil rights petitions in, 491
military emancipation in, 208–11, 327
secession of, 79
Thirteenth Amendment ratification by, 484
Northwest Ordinance, 12–13, 266, 269, 440–42, 463
Ohio, fugitive slave case in, 15–17
Olin, Abram B., 287
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 369
Oregon, Thirteenth Amendment ratification in, 481
Osterhaus, Peter J., 372
Owen, Robert Dale, 308, 331
Oxford Democrat, 80
Paine, H. E., 180
Palmer, John, 418, 487
Paris, Treaty of, 36
Parker, Allen, 208–9
party politics, xvii, xix
Pearce, James A., 126
Pea Ridge, 148
Pennsylvania, abolition in, 10
Perry, B. F., 490
personal liberty laws, 63
Lincoln’s proposal for, 75
opposition to, 73
Petersburg, Va., 472, 475
Phelps, John W., 220, 221, 222, 223, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 378
Philadelphia Evening Journal, 79
Philbrick, E
dward, 205
Phillips, Wendell, xxi, 6, 283, 289, 312, 346
Pickett, George, 395
Pierce, Edward L., 140, 202–6, 207, 327, 385, 425, 542
Pillow, Gideon, 163, 399
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 2
Polk, Leonidas, 161, 163, 424
Pomeroy, Samuel C., 117, 232, 298
Pope, John, 313, 314
Port Royal, S.C., 197, 198
Powell, Lazarus W., 113, 114, 127
see also Vallandingham-Powell resolutions
Power of Congress over the District of Columbia, The (Weld), 17, 271
Preliminary Proclamation, 301–39
abolitionists’ expectation of, 307–13, 329–30, 534
black enlistment’s omission from, 361
cabinet discussions on, 305–7, 533
constitutionality of, 333, 348–50
content of, 305, 315–16
Emancipation Proclamation’s quotation of, 343
historical significance of, 329
Lincoln’s decision on, 301–4, 307, 533
Marx’s view of, 346
McClellan’s reaction to, 318
Mississippi Valley application of, 317–18, 323–28, 337
prospective element of, 316, 330, 336
re-enslavement prohibition in, 353
response to, 316–17, 330, 333–34, 341, 348–50, 399, 487
results of, 341, 457
Second Confiscation Act language in, 251, 305, 315, 316, 326–27, 335
Sherman’s reading of, 325–27
slave distribution of, 369
timing of, 302, 306–7, 313–15, 332, 533
for Union-occupied areas, 301, 315, 316, 327, 344
for unoccupied areas, 301, 315–16, 335
War Department’s distribution of, 317, 324
see also Emancipation Proclamation
Price, Sterling, 152, 156, 161, 478
“Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction,” 458, 467
property rights:
abolitionist arguments against, 6, 9, 13–14, 16–22, 23–24, 27, 35, 44, 48, 102, 120, 233, 397
Butler’s interpretation of, 96–97, 101–3, 107–8
constitutional protection of, 8–9, 13, 14, 18, 22, 27, 43, 44, 45, 57, 448
and contraband policy, 102–3, 104, 107–8, 118
Democratic position on, 43–44, 47–48, 447, 448–49, 450, 452
early abolitionists’ sensitivity to, 9–10, 11
under First Confiscation Act, 119, 122, 126
laws of war concerning, 158–59, 234; see also attainder
Lincoln’s position on, 45–47, 57, 73, 75, 76, 120
military emancipation’s nonviolation of, 349–50
Republican position on, 45, 47, 48, 55–57, 61, 66, 73, 75, 101, 108, 120, 121, 397, 447, 449
under Second Confiscation Act, 229, 232–33, 234–35
southern position on, 8, 13, 14, 21, 43–44, 46–48, 57–58, 61, 102, 397
see also slaves, constitutional status of
Proposition to Employ Liberated Negroes, 201
