by James Oakes
Seward’s presumptions about, 30–31, 54, 64–65, 306
South’s entrenchment in, xi, xiii, xiv, 396, 399–400, 410, 421–22, 444
state regulation of, 11–12
territorial bans on, ix, 12–13, 256, 257, 261, 265–69, 271, 300, 313, 328, 331, 394, 432–33, 438
territorial dispute over, xii, 9, 10, 30, 31, 33, 43, 44, 48, 51, 58, 62, 63, 64, 65–66, 73, 77, 78, 258, 398
territorial reach of, 262
in Texas, 261–62
in Washington, D.C., 269–70, 272
West Virginia position on, 294, 295, 297, 298
Whigs’ position on, 29
see also abolition; antislavery movement; re-enslavement
slaves:
abandoned, 141, 199, 238, 324
abolition role of, xvii–xviii, xix
black soldiers’ liberation of, 388–89, 402
in Border States, 145, 156, 161, 166–71
British emancipation of, 23, 36, 38, 261, 264
children of, 10, 449
citizenship attainment by, 358
Civil War awareness of, 411–12
Civil War’s effects on, 409
colonization proposals for, xii, 55, 239, 273, 274–75, 277–82, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 315, 387
compensation for, xii, 11, 139, 176, 211, 212, 261, 274–75, 284, 285, 286, 290, 305, 315, 350, 386, 402, 464, 465, 485, 501, 531, 544
Confederacy’s use of, 87, 95, 98, 108, 119, 124, 125, 131, 137, 138, 139, 143, 167, 172, 176, 182, 203, 225, 371–72, 374, 375, 376, 401–3, 409, 427
Confederate military intelligence from, 181
constitutional status of, 6, 8–9, 12–14, 16–17, 18, 19–21, 23–24, 48, 108, 118, 120–22, 127, 140, 349–50, 351–52, 397, 449
contraband policy’s effect on, 104–5, 106–7
Democrats’ view of, 84, 85
1860 census count of, 270, 421
1860 election’s significance to, 88–89
emancipation concerns of, 414, 415, 424, 428
emancipation criteria for, 101, 137, 138, 139, 140–41, 142–43, 157, 159, 167–68, 176–77, 185, 186–87, 200, 201, 203, 205, 212, 218, 220, 221, 222, 225, 231, 232, 233, 238, 239, 326
Emancipation Proclamation’s distribution among, 370–71, 383, 415, 474
Emancipation Proclamation’s effects on, 363–67, 373–74, 375–76, 381–90, 391, 414, 419
emancipation tactics of, 482
in Fortress Monroe area, 94–95
freedom suits by, 500
“grapevine telegraph” among, 369, 370
high seas rebellions of, 22–25, 34–35, 194, 261, 264
laws of war concerning, 96–97, 118, 120, 122, 133–36, 159, 225, 229, 326, 348, 424
marriages of, 433
military emancipation’s reach of, 395–96, 405, 410, 415–16, 421, 427, 436, 474, 540, 547
in Mississippi Valley, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 318
northern stereotypes of, 377
postwar resistance by, 489
Preliminary Proclamation’s distribution among, 369
refugeeing of, 295–96, 318, 390, 405–6, 407–8, 412, 413, 460, 545
Republican predictions about, xvii, 52, 66, 70–71, 79, 80, 84–85, 169, 196, 295–96, 374–75
resistance by, xvii–xviii, 375–76
in Sea Islands, 198
self-emancipation of, 35, 140, 192–223, 344, 368–69, 398, 521
slaveholders’ concerns about, 85–88
southern population of, 344
states’ legal definition of, 11–12
sugar, 219
terrorization of, 404
Thirteenth Amendment’s effect on, 485
Union allegiance of, 224, 225, 244–45
Union army conscription of, 361, 366, 384–85, 386, 391, 402, 433, 435, 463–64; see also free blacks, Union army enlistment of
Union army employment of, 98, 100, 141, 168, 171, 187, 198, 201, 205, 210, 221–22, 235, 239, 246, 254, 321, 322, 324, 325, 344, 368, 374–75, 377–78, 421, 427; see also free labor
Union army enticement of, xiv, 343, 344, 365–66, 372–76, 381–84, 385, 387, 391, 394, 401, 402, 414, 415, 427, 464, 474
Union army relocation of, 281, 420
Union loyalty of, 224, 407, 453
Union military intelligence from, 168, 179, 213, 520
in West Virginia, 296
see also emancipation, military; free blacks
slaves, runaway:
behind Union lines, xix, 7, 25, 87, 89–90, 93, 95–96, 97–99, 319–21; see also Border State policy, on fugitive slaves; contraband camps; contraband policy
from Border States, 90, 146–47, 166–89, 190–91, 257, 290
to Border States, 172, 179, 182, 193
children of, 98, 100, 396, 414
Confederate army’s hindrance of, 412
dangers faced by, 396, 404–16
dogs’ use against, 404, 407, 413
at first Bull Run battle, 124
at Fortress Monroe, 95–96, 97–98, 100, 104–5, 106–7, 139, 140, 203
in Georgia, 214
legal battles over, 14, 15–17, 22–25, 34–35
in Louisiana, 220, 221, 245–46, 247, 248, 251, 252
in North Carolina, 208–9, 327
northern position on, 7, 14, 31, 48, 63, 75, 77–78, 169, 170, 194, 195, 196, 258, 259, 354–55, 356, 398, 447
during Peninsula Campaign, 212–13, 327
Republican predictions about, xvii
on Sea Islands, 202, 203
in Second Seminole War, 38
southern position on, 31, 44, 57, 75, 77, 96
southern recapture of, 86; see also re-enslavement
Union army collusion with, xix, 156, 168–69, 170–71, 178, 180, 244–45, 320
Union army exclusion orders concerning, 111, 168, 171, 173, 177–79, 181–82, 183, 184, 185, 187, 198, 212, 213, 246, 319, 321, 323, 520, 535
Union army policy on, 89–90, 93, 96, 97, 98–99, 172–73, 174, 190–91, 193–94, 196, 350, 351, 352; see also Border State policy, on fugitive slaves; contraband policy
Union navy’s policy toward, 100–101
see also Fugitive Slave Act of 1850; fugitive slave clause; self-emancipation; slaves, refugeeing of
slave states:
admission of, 27, 30, 33, 51, 53, 58, 73, 220, 262, 296, 437, 486
congressional representation of, 109, 294, 343, 362, 363; see also Border State congressmen
gradual abolition’s effect in, 297
Lincoln’s position on, 53, 63
voting as free states, 297, 478, 486
see also Border States; South
slave trade, international:
abolitionist stance against, 10, 13
American participation in, 77, 78, 262–63
constitutional protection of, 2, 57
suppression of, 262, 263, 264–65
slave trade, interstate:
abolitionist petition against, 20–21
Crittenden proposal for, 73
federal protection of, 27
Lincoln’s position on, 63
Republican position on, 52, 59
in Washington, D.C., 270
Smith, Adam, x
Smith, Caleb, 164
Smith, Delano, 314
Smith, Gerrit, 5, 6, 27, 312, 317, 346
Smith, Harry, 363, 364, 404
Smoot, A. J., 169
Somerset case, ix, 9, 11, 14, 41, 120, 214, 352, 452
South:
abolitionist propaganda restrictions in, 52
anti-black violence in, 489
Black Codes in, 490–91
black enlistment in, 388
colonization’s presumed impact on, 277
congressional intervention fear in, 490
congressional representation of, 109, 343
1850 secession threats of, 31, 195
federal antislavery pressure on, xii, 31, 32; see also containment
federal consensus a
s important to, 4, 43–44, 445
federal property in, 59, 63
fugitive slave position of, 31, 44, 57, 75, 77, 96
humanitarian crisis in, 254, 324, 420, 459
loyalty oaths in, 483
military emancipation position of, 44
non-slaveholders in, 401
northern Democrat criticism of, 81
plantations in, 197–98, 219
police state in, 70, 86, 87–88, 89, 401, 403–5, 407–9
political power balance in, 458
political power of, xi, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 48, 51, 54, 57, 69, 72, 80, 438, 442, 443
postwar scenarios for, 280, 353–54, 422, 449–50, 451
postwar slave resistance in, 489
“property in man” belief in, 8, 13, 14, 21, 43–44, 46–48, 57–58, 61, 102, 397
Republicans’ criticism by, 58–61, 346, 438
Seward’s prewar conciliatory posture toward, 65–66, 509
Sherman’s marches through, 374, 388, 409, 410, 421, 475, 482
slave insurrection panics in, 86–88
slave population in, 344
slavery’s strength in, xi, xiii, xiv, 396, 399–400, 410, 421–22, 444
slave trading by, 77, 78, 265
territorial slavery position of, 43, 44, 47–48, 265, 266
Thirteenth Amendment ratification in, 484–85
unionism’s absence in, 224, 240, 242, 250, 453
Union naval blockade of, 197, 263
whites’ vehemence in, 411
see also Confederacy; secession; slaveholders
South Carolina:
black enlistment in, 378, 388
Hunter’s abolition declaration in, 214
secession of, 50, 58, 60, 61, 200
Sherman’s march through, 374, 409, 410, 421, 482
slave refugeeing in, 407–8
Thirteenth Amendment ratification by, 484, 490
see also Sea Islands
Spain, American territorial dispute with, 262
Speed, James, 336
Speed, Joshua, 159, 162
Spooner, Lysander, 5
Sprague, William, 201
Springfield Republican, 239, 288, 330
Stanton, Edwin M., 181, 189, 210, 222, 223, 247, 248, 249, 301, 302, 306, 324, 350, 366, 371, 379, 415, 418, 423, 463, 464, 468, 486, 487
State Department, U.S., 249, 264, 315, 342, 370
states’ rights, 50
Democrats’ position on, 447, 448, 452, 477
re-enslavement concerns about, 353, 354, 422, 425, 429
in Thirteenth Amendment debate, 445, 446–56
see also abolition, state; federal consensus
Stearns, George, 385
Steele, Frederick, 372, 459, 461
Steele, John B., 240
Stephens, Alexander, 506
Stephens, George, 190
Stevens, A. W., 207
Stevens, Thaddeus, 121, 135–36, 137, 260, 274, 287
Stewart, Alvan, 5, 27
Stone, Charles P., 185, 186
Story, Joseph, 37, 40, 41, 134
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 346
Stringham, Silas, 101
Strong, George Templeton, 71
Strother, David, 290–91
Sumner, Charles, 302
antislavery proposals of, ix, 32–33
constitutional arguments of, 5, 24, 134, 432, 499, 549
District of Columbia abolition position of, 270, 276–77
emancipation bill of, 550
“Freedom National” speech of, ix, 32–33
Lincoln’s relationship with, xxi, 284
military emancipation position of, 41
Second Confiscation Act position of, 232, 235
Senate election of, 29, 91
slavery’s weakness presumed by, 65, 509–10
Thirteenth Amendment views of, 441, 442, 549
West Virginia statehood position of, 296, 297, 298, 485–86
Supreme Court, U.S.:
Amistad case in, 35, 36, 41, 194, 347
antislavery appointments to, 51
antislavery opinions in, 4, 20–21
Dred Scott ruling in, 44, 45, 47, 53, 56, 76, 77, 264, 355–56, 360–61, 447
Lincoln’s criticism of, 76, 77, 355–56
Republicans’ attitude toward, 353
Swayne, John, 326
Taney, Roger B., 44, 76, 353, 355–56, 358, 361
Tappan, Lewis, 206
Taveau, Augustin L., 482
Taylor, John W., 13
Taylor, Susie King, 214
Ten Eyck, John, 126, 273
Tennessee:
abolition in, 367, 467–68, 469, 482
black enlistment in, 383, 387, 388, 389, 415, 464, 543
Confederate expulsion from, 467
congressional representation of, 109
Emancipation Proclamation’s exemption of, 343, 363, 387, 464, 543
fugitive slave policy in, 319, 320
“hard war” approach in, 372–73
Kentucky fugitive slaves from, 182, 423
military emancipation in, 363
plantations in, 219
secession of, 79, 319
Union advance in, 318, 319
unionism in, 319
territories, U.S.:
antislavery position on, xii, 9, 10, 30, 31, 33, 258, 266
Crittenden proposal for, 73
Democratic position on, 43, 44, 47–48
Lincoln’s position on, 53, 62, 63, 64, 76, 78
northern Democrat position on, 43, 267
northern position on, 529
Republican position on, 48, 51, 58, 65–66, 200, 257, 265–69, 300, 398, 438
Seward’s position on, 65–66
slavery prohibitions in, ix, 12–13, 256, 257, 261, 265–69, 271, 300, 313, 328, 331, 394, 432–33, 438
slavery’s reach in, 262
southern position on, 43, 44, 47–48, 265, 266, 398
Terry, Alfred H., 167
Texas:
abolition in, 488
annexation of, 261–62, 266
“Juneteenth” celebrations in, 483
secession of, 61, 64
slave refugeeing to, 406, 460
Thirteenth Amendment, 430–88, 539
Arkansas adoption of, 461
Border State congressmen’s position on, 445, 469, 478, 479
congressional debate on, xiv, xviii, xxii, xxiv, 438–56, 470, 471, 476–80, 550
constitutionality of, 435–45, 446–49
Democrats’ position on, xxii, xxiv, 435–36, 439, 445, 446–56, 470, 471, 472, 476, 477, 479, 480, 481
1864 election’s importance to, 471, 476
enforcement clause of, 490
Johnson’s position on, 484, 485
Kentucky’s position on, 487, 488
language of, 13, 269
Lincoln’s position on, 439, 453, 456, 476, 478, 480, 552
Maryland’s adoption of, 466
McClellan’s position on, 475
military justification for, 477
necessity of, 206, 392, 443, 477, 480
New York support of, 479
northern support of, 392, 428
opposition to, 445, 446–56
passage of, 476–80, 553
“property in man” debate over, 448–54
ratification of, xiv, 481–88, 489, 490
Republican support for, xiv, xviii, xxii, xxiv, 429, 435, 436–37, 438, 439, 443, 448, 449, 454, 456, 462, 471, 476–77, 479–80
results of, 485
Sumner’s views on, 441, 442, 549
votes required for, xxiv, 437, 447, 454, 471, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 550, 553
wording of, 440–42
Thomas, George, 475
Thomas, Lorenzo, 371–72, 380, 383, 415
three-fifths clause, 2, 57
Towne, Laura, 206
Townsend, James, 95
Treasury Department, U.S., Sea Islands administration by, 1
99, 201
Trent, 263
Trimble, Isaac R., 150
Trumbull, Lyman, 118–22, 125, 126, 128, 130, 133, 134, 136, 138, 144, 224, 225, 226, 232, 233, 234, 237, 242, 243–44, 298, 299–300, 433, 435, 436–37, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 456, 539
Ullman, Daniel, 379, 385
Underwood, Joseph, 528
Union:
abolition requirement for, 257, 299, 305, 392, 453, 455, 456, 457–58, 462, 472, 473, 483; see also Thirteenth Amendment
antislavery majority in, 80
Border State allegiance to, 145, 147, 148, 149–50, 151, 160, 161, 162, 167, 292–93
Butler’s allegiance to, 92
Civil War policies of, 42, 292, 342, 344, 393, 394, 399, 400; see also abolition, gradual; abolition, state; emancipation, military
Civil War victory of, 428, 430, 477, 482
Louisiana slaveholders declaring loyalty to, 220, 221, 222, 246, 249–51, 252–53
Louisiana’s representation in, 253, 254–55
loyalty oath requirement for, 457, 458
nature of, 452
northern Democrat loyalty to, 81, 115
re-enslavement position of, 425
Republican commitment to, 108, 109, 110, 112, 114, 115, 116–17, 129, 130, 136, 200, 311, 328, 331, 391, 453, 471, 517
secessionist threat to, 50
sectional compromise proposals for, 50, 56, 73–74, 232, 509
slaves’ allegiance to, 224, 225, 244–45
slaves’ constitutional status in, 108, 127
West Virginia’s admission to, 257, 294–300, 304, 328, 331, 431, 486, 550
see also army, Union
Union Party, 471
Utley, William, 323
Vallandingham, Clement, 113, 114, 276, 300
Vallandingham-Powell resolutions, 115, 118, 126, 128, 129, 144
Van Buren administration, 34–35
Vance, Zebulon B., 59, 399
Vattel, Emmerich de, 37, 135
Vermont, abolition in, 10
Vicksburg, Miss., 219, 394, 427
Virginia:
black enlistment in, 543
Civil War stalemate in, 472
congressional representation of, 109, 294, 343
contraband policy implementation in, 104, 112, 193, 211–13
District of Columbia fugitive slaves from, 189, 190, 271, 419
Maryland fugitive slaves from, 182, 193
military emancipation in, 298
Peninsula Campaign in, 211–13, 224, 306, 327, 393
secession of, 79, 96, 112, 294
sectional divide in, 293–94; see also West Virginia
Thirteenth Amendment rejection by, 550
Union army occupation of, 87
see also Fortress Monroe
Wade, Benjamin, 123, 295, 296–97, 298, 300, 331–32, 486, 525
