Descent into Hell: The fall of Singapore - Pudu and Changi - the Thai Burma railway

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Descent into Hell: The fall of Singapore - Pudu and Changi - the Thai Burma railway Page 85

by Peter Brune


  7 Rowley Richards, A Doctor’s War, p. 241.

  8 Newton, R. W., The Grim Glory of the 2/19 Battalion AIF, p. 617.

  9 ibid. p. 619.

  10 ibid. p. 634.

  11 ibid. p. 670.

  12 Newton, R. W., The Grim Glory of the 2/19 Battalion AIF, p. 671.

  13 Stahl, F. E., Autobiography of a P.W,(J) p. 47.

  14 War Diary of Thanbaya Hospital Camp, by Captain Stahl (Australian Signals). A copy of this report was most kindly given to the author by Rod Beattie. Stahl spelt Tanbaya as ‘Thanbaya’. Cited hereafter as ‘Stahl, Tanbaya War Diary.’

  15 Stahl, F. E., Autobiography of a P.W,(J) p. 49.

  16 Stahl, Tanbaya War Diary.

  17 Stahl, F. E., Autobiography of a P.W,(J) pp. 48–9.

  18 ibid. p. 49.

  19 Hunt, Appendix D, Tanbaya War Diary.

  20 ibid.

  21 AWM 54 554/2/1C Report on Conditions, Life and Work of POWs in Burma and Siam 1942–1945, submitted by C.A. McEachern, Brig. RAA, Senior Ex PW Siam.

  22 Stahl, F. E., Autobiography of a P.W,(J) p. 51.

  23 Allan S. Walker, Australia In The War of 1939–1945, Medical Series, Middle East and Far East, p. 604.

  24 Menz Diary.

  25 Kratoska, Paul, The Thailand–Burma Railway, 1942–1946: Documents and Selected Writings, p. 37.

  26 ibid.

  27 Menz Diary.

  28 ibid.

  29 Stan Arneil, One Man’s War, p. 149.

  30 ibid.

  31 Curlewis Diary, 22 November 1943.

  32 ibid. 25 November 1943.

  33 Barnett Diary, 2 December 1943.

  34 Meakin, quoted in Don Wall, Heroes of F Force, p. 126.

  35 A. W. Penfold, W. C. Baylis, K. E. Crispin, Galleghan’s Greyhounds, p. 317.

  36 Stan Arneil, Black Jack, The Life and Times of Brigadier Sir Frederick Galleghan, p. 122.

  37 ibid. p. 123.

  38 Broadcast by Bruce Hunt, from Singapore Radio about 9 September 1945, quoted in Don Wall, Heroes of F Force, p. ix.

  39 Couch, in Don Wall, Heroes of F Force, p. 132.

  PART V SINGAPORE

  31 RECKONING

  1 Winston Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. IV, p. 81.

  2 Karl Hack and Kevin Blackburn, DidSingapore Have To Fall?, Churchillandthe impregnable fortress, p. 183.

  3 ibid. pp. 183–4.

  4 ibid. p. 184.

  5 General H. Gordon Bennett, Why Singapore Fell, p. 198.

  6 AWM, 3DRL 6224, Hetherington Papers, Rowell to Hetherington 13 July 1971.

  7 Long quoted in Hetherington, Blamey, Controversial Soldier, p. 343.

  8 General H. Gordon Bennett, Why Singapore Fell, p. 217.

  9 ibid. pp. 217–18.

  10 Quoted in Lodge, The Fall of General Gordon Bennett, p. 202.

  11 ibid.

  12 S. F. Rowell, Full Circle, pp. 104–5.

  13 Legg, Frank, The Gordon Bennett Story: From Gallipoli to Singapore, p. 274.

  14 ibid. p. 275.

  15 Quoted in Lodge, The Fall of General Gordon Bennett, p. 247.

  16 ibid. p. 248.

  17 ibid. p. 34.

  18 ibid. p. 42.

  19 Lodge, The Fall of General Gordon Bennett, pp. 42–3.

  20 Lodge, The Fall of General Gordon Bennett, p. 252; and Legg, Frank, The Gordon Bennett Story: From Gallipoli to Singapore, p. 279.

  21 Lodge, The Fall of General Gordon Bennett, p. 252.

  22 ibid. p. 260.

  23 Clisby, Mark, Guilty or Innocent?, The Gordon Bennett Case, p. 26.

  24 Quoted in Wigmore, The Japanese Thrust, p. 651.

  25 Clisby, Mark, Guilty or Innocent?, The Gordon Bennett Case, p. 47.

  26 ibid. p. 53.

  27 ibid. p. 108.

  28 ibid. p. 109.

  29 Clisby, Mark, Guilty or Innocent?, The Gordon Bennett Case, p. 109.

  30 ibid. pp. 113–14.

  31 Morrison, Ian, Malayan Postscript, pp. 157–8.

  32 Kent Hughes Papers, National Library of Australia, MS 4856/2/10, Box 3, Series 2, Folder 10, Correspondence with Gordon Bennett: 1942 to 1968.

  33 AWM 54 553/5/23, Operations of 8 Aust Division in Malaya 1941–1942, Colonel J. H. Thyer, Introduction Part 1. p.v.

  34 ibid. p. 191.

  35 ibid.

  36 ibid.

  37 AWM 54 553/5/23, Operations of 8 Aust Division in Malaya 1941–1942, Colonel J. H. Thyer, p. 193.

  38 ibid.

  39 AWM 113 4/1/11 Part 2, Hopkins to Treloar 5 January 1951.

  40 AWM 113 4/1/11 Part 2.

  41 ibid.

  42 AWM 93 50/2/23/542, Records of the War of 1939–45, The Hon. W. Kent Hughes, Kent Hughes to Rowell, 10 August 1953.

  43 AWM 113 4/1/11 Part 3.

  44 ibid.

  45 ibid.

  46 AWM 113 4/1/11 Part 2.

  47 Lodge, The Fall of General Gordon Bennett, p. 299.

  48 ibid. p. 306.

  49 Kent Hughes Papers, National Library of Australia, MS 4856/2/10, Box 3, Series 2, Folder 10, Correspondence with Gordon Bennett: 1942 to 1968.

  50 Alan Warren, Singapore 1942, Britain’s Greatest Defeat, pp. 274–7.

  51 Peter Elphick, Singapore: The Pregnable Fortress, p. 363.

  52 ibid.

  53 Karl Hack and Kevin Blackburn, DidSingapore Have To Fall?, Churchillandthe impregnable fortress, p. 158.

  54 Gordon Bennett Papers: Mitchell Library, ML MSS 807/2–5: Correspondence: 1924 to 1961.

  55 Kinvig, Scapegoat, General Percival of Singapore, p. 238.

  56 ibid.

  57 ibid. pp. 238–41.

  58 Newton, R. W., The Grim Glory of the 2/19 Battalion AIF, p. 643.

  59 ibid. p. 644.

  60 Alan Warren, Singapore 1942, Britain’s Greatest Defeat, p. 292.

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  AUSTRALIAN WAR MEMORIAL, CANBERRA

  AWM 52

  AIF and Militia Unit War Diaries 1940–42

  8/3/18 The 2/18th Battalion War Diary

  8/3/19 The 2/19th Battalion War Diary

  8/3/20 The 2/20th Battalion War Diary

  8/3/26 The 2/26th Battalion War Diary

  8/3/29 The 2/29th Battalion War Diary

  8/3/30 The 2/30th Battalion War Diary

  AWM 54

  AWM WRITTEN RECORDS, 1939–46

  253/1/1 Diary written by Captain B.A. Barnett, 8th Division Signals, and F Force

  553/5/5 Summary of Malayan Campaign by Lieutenant-Colonel Kappe, Commanding Officer, 8th Division Signals

  553/5/23 Operations of 8 Aust Division in Malaya 1941–42. Compiled by Colonel J. H.Thyer from narrative prepared by Colonel C.H. Kappe

  554/11/38 Notes by Colonel J.H. Thyer and Colonel C.H. Kappe on the departure of General Gordon Bennett, from Malaya, and conditions in Changi POW Camp during prisoner of war period

  AWM 71

  Correspondence between Gavin Long and Major-General Kirby

  AWM 73

  Official History, 1939–45 War, Series 1 (Army) Volume IV: Records of Lionel Wigmore

  Item 2, Letter, Gavin Long to Lionel Wigmore, 1 August 1950

  Item 5, Letter, Gavin Long to Lionel Wigmore, 23 May 1949

  Item 46, Notes of interviews Lionel Wigmore with Brigadier Taylor, August 1949; Brigadier Rourke, June 1952; Brigadier Mawwell, December 1946

  Item 51, Notes of interview with Major-General F. Galleghan, 1 February 1950

  Item 59, Extracts from a letter from Wilfred Kent Hughes to McBride (AWM) 24 January 1952

  Item 71, Notes of an interview of General Bennett with Lionel Wigmore

  AWM 93

  AWM CORRESPONDENCE FILES, 1951–58

  419/54/101 Lieutenant-Colonel C.H. Kappe

  50/2/23/64 L.N. Roach

  50/2/23/136 Colonel J.J. Scanlan

  50/2/23/224 Colonel B.J. Callinan

  50/2/23/280 Brigadier W.C.D. Veale

  50/2/23/294 Brigadier Duncan Maxwell

  50/2/23/461
Lieutenant-Colonel H.H. Carr

  50/2/23/480 Colonel J.H.Thyer

  50/2/23/482 Captain W.B. Bowring

  50/2/23/518 Lieutenant-General V.A.H. Sturdee

  50/2/23/542 Records of the War 1939–45. Hon. W.S. Kent Hughes

  50/2/23/551 Lieutenant-Colonel W.E. Fraser

  50/2/23/554 Lieutenant-Colonel R.F. Oakes

  50/2/23/563 Lieutenant-Colonel W.J.K. Scott

  50/2/28/2A Report on Operations of 8 Div in Malaya (Correspondence)

  50/9/3/3/4B Volume IV Wigmore, Source Material

  AWM 113

  Military History Section files and historical records, 1923–45

  4/1/11 (parts 1, 2, 3)

  1/5/17 Correspondence dealing with missing files from Malayan Campaign

  AWM PERSONAL RECORDS

  PR00016 Papers of Major A. Thompson 92/0049 (in 4 parts)

  Brigadier Varley Diary, 3DRL/2691 Folders 1–3

  National Library of Australia, Canberra

  Mitchell Library, Sydney

  Bennett Papers, MSS 807

  Moses Papers (held by Neil McDonald in Sydney: various parts kindly copied and given to the author October 2004)

  NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA, CANBERRA

  Papers of Sir Wilfred Kent Hughes (1895–1970), MS 4856

  UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS AND PAPERS

  Blackburn, Brigadier Arthur, a copy of his Diary in captivity, 1942–44, most kindly lent to the author by his biographer, Andrew Faulkner, 14 December 2008

  Brand, Captain V., Section of Diary concerning his service at Tamarompat, Thai–Burma Railway, (copy given to the author by Mr Bob Christie, 2/29th Battalion Association, October 2006)

  Ellerman, Lieutenant Austin, 2/29th Battalion, a copy of his reminiscences, kindly given to the author by his son, Andrew Ellerman, 26 February 2008

  Haynes, Gunner Richard, 2/10th Field Regiment, a three-part account of his experiences of the fall of Singapore; Changi and various work parties, and the Thai–Burma Railway. This document was most kindly given to the author by historian Janet Uhr in Canberra on 6 April 2010

  Lancaster, W.E., Straits Settlements Volunteer Forces, an account of his time in action and as a POW. The original exercise books kindly lent to the author by his widow, Mrs Kathie Lancaster, 17 March 2007

  McNamara, H.J., Nor All Thy Tears

  Menz, Captain A. (Alf ), 8th Australian Division Provost Company, Diary, copy most kindly lent to the author, by his sister, Muriel Yates 10 March 2007

  Nimbs, E.G. (Joe), Survival Changi (copy and original diaries kindly given to the author by his son, Joe Nimbs)

  Pond, Lieutenant-Colonel S.A.F., (the following material kindly given to the author by Mr Bob Christie, 2/29th Battalion Association, October 2006):

  Report on F Force Working Party In Thailand

  Written evidence for the War Crimes Trial of Captain Murayama

  General notes taken from Pond’s Diary kept while POW, with some additional comments

  INTERVIEWS

  Baker, Sergeant F.J. (Frank), 2/20th Battalion, Sydney, 9 January, 10 January 2006

  Barron, Private W.V., 2/19th Battalion, Sydney, 30 September 2004

  Beattie, Rod., Historian and Manager of Commonwealth War Graves, Kanchanaburi, Thailand, interview Kanchanaburi, 13 January 2008

  Boehm, Private J.W., 2/29th Battalion, Barwon Heads, Geelong, 28 December, 29 December 2005

  Brand, Captain V., 2/29th Battalion, Melbourne, 5 January 2005

  Christie, Corporal R.W., 2/29th Battalion, Melbourne, 4 January, 5 January, 6 January 2005, 6 January 2006, 10 October, 11 October 2006

  Clarke, Private L.G. (Leo), 2/29th Battalion, Barwon Heads, Geelong, Victoria, 28 December 2005

  Coffee, Private J., 2/29th Battalion, Melbourne, 9 October 2006

  de Loas, Sergeant R., 2/19th Battalion, Bomaderry, New South Wales, 13 January 2005

  Donaldson, Sergeant Bert, 2/19th Battalion, Temora, New South Wales, 8 October 2005

  Edwards, Private C.A. (Charles), 2/19th Battalion, Melbourne, 17 February 2007

  Farlow, Lance-Corporal C., 2/19th Battalion, Hay, New South Wales, 17 January 2005

  Farr, Lieutenant A. I., 2/30th Battalion, Sydney, 17 April 2007

  Forbes, Sergeant J., 2/19th Battalion, Sydney, 20 April 2005

  Glossop, Private V.E., 2/29th Battalion, Melbourne, 10 October, 2006

  Gooley, Private L.W., 8th Division Ammunition Sub Park, Adelaide, 18 July 2005

  Grant, Private R.L., 2/19th Battalion, Sydney, 2 October 2004

  Halloran, Private A.J., (Gus), 2/19th Battalion, Port Macquarie, New South Wales, 29 September 2004, 18 April, 19 April 2005

  Harvey, Sergeant C., 2/19th Battalion, Sydney, 4 October 2004

  Howard, Lieutenant J.A., 2/19th Battalion, Port Macquarie, New South Wales, 28 September, 29 September 2004

  Isaac, Corporal Arthur, 2/30th Battalion, Sydney, 17 April 2007

  Kennedy, Corporal J., 2/29th Battalion, Albury, New South Wales, 10 January, 5 October, 6 October, 7 October, 2005

  Kerr, Gunner Jim, 4th Anti-Tank Regiment, Melbourne, 20 April 2007

  Ling, Private J.M., 8th Division Signals, Sydney, 14 July, 15 July 2006

  Mettam, Warrant Officer 2 Bert, 2/29th Battalion, Adelaide, 6 March, August 2005, 22 October 2006, 22 July 2007

  Moses, Sir Charles, 8th Division Headquarters, interviews by Neil McDonald, Sydney, 6 February 1985, 22 August 1986, copies kindly given to the author by Neil McDonald, October 2004 and January 2010

  O’Toole, Private L.J. (Paddy), 2/29th Battalion, Melbourne, 4 January, 5 January, 6 January 2006

  Parkes, John, 8th Division Signals, Sydney, 14 July 2006

  Patterson, Private W.G., 8th Division Ammunition Sub Park, Adelaide, 18 July 2005

  Pearson, Private A.T., 2/19th Battalion, Sydney, 1 October 2004

  Perceval, Private R.L., 2/19th Battalion, Temora, New South Wales, 14 January 2005

  Piggott, Private R.P., 2/19th Battalion, Sydney, 3 October 2004

  Richards, Captain Rowley, RMO 2/15th Field Regiment, Sydney, 16 April 2007

  Riley, Private Neville, 2/30th Battalion, Sydney, 17 April 2007

  Roxburgh, Lance-Corporal J., 2/29th Battalion, Albury, New South Wales, 10 January 2005, 5 October, 6 October, 7 October 2005

  Sanderson, Private J., 2/19th Battalion, Sydney, 4 October 2004, 22 April 2005

  Sizeland, Private F.J.R. (Fred), 2/29th Battalion, Geelong, Victoria, 28 December 2005

  Stanton, Private R., 2/19th Battalion, Bega, New South Wales, 12 January 2005

  Stewart, Private J.T., 2/19th Battalion, Sydney, 1 October 2004, 12 July, 13 July 2006

  Thompson, Warrant Officer 2 S.W., 2/19th Battalion, Sydney, 1987, interview by Ivan Chapman, copy most kindly given to the author by Neil McDonald, October 2004

  Webb, Dr Mark, interview Adelaide, 17 November 2006

  Williams, Private W., (Wal), 2/19th Battalion, Sydney, 30 September 2004, 22 April, 23 April, 24 April 2005

  CORRESPONDENCE: DIARIES, QUESTIONNAIRES, LETTERS, TAPES

  Browning, Neville, Historian, 2/4th Machine Gun Battalion, copies of letters June 1984 from A.J. Gough, 2/4th Machine Gun Battalion to Historian Don Wall

  Christie, Corporal R.W., 2/29th Battalion, letter from Melbourne, 2 November 2006; letter, July 2007

  Edwards, Private Charles, letter from Melbourne, 11 March 2008

  Halloran, Private A.J., copy of F Force Report, from Sydney, 5 July 2007

  Ling, Private J.M., 8th Division Signals, letter from Sydney, July 2007

  Richards, Dr R., questionnaire reply, received from Sydney, 17 August 2007

  Roxburgh, Lance-Corporal J., 2/29th Battalion, Diary written shortly after the end of the war. Copy most kindly given to the author, January 2005

  Williams, Private W., (Wal), 2/19th Battalion, letter from Sydney, 22 December 2004

  BOOKS

  Allbury, A.G., Bamboo and Bushido, Robert Hale Ltd, London, 1955

  Arneil, Stan
, Black Jack, The Life and Times of Brigadier Sir Frederick Galleghan, MacMillan, Melbourne, 1983

  —— One Man’s War, Sun Books, South Melbourne, 1982

  Attiwell, Kenneth, The Singapore Story, Frederick Muller Ltd, London, 1959

  Australian Army (Headquarters Training Command), The Fundamentals of Land Warfare, Sydney, 1993

  Beasley, W.G., The Rise of Modern Japan, St Martin’s Press, New York, 1995

  Beattie, Rod, The Death Railway, A Brief History, Image Makers Co, Ltd, Bangkok, 2006

  Bell A.C., History of the Manchester Regiment, The First and Second Battalions, 1922–1948, John Sherratt and Son, Altrincham, 1954

  Bennett, H. Gordon, Why Singapore Fell, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 1944

  Bergamini, David, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy, William Morrow and Company, New York, 1971

  Boi, Lee Geok, The Syonan Years, Singapore Under Japanese Rule, 1942–1945, National Archives of Singapore and Epigram Pty Ltd, Singapore, 2005

  Bose, Romen, Secrets of the Battlebox, The History and Role of Britain’s Command HQ in the Malayan Campaign, Marshall Cavendish, Singapore, 2005

  Bowden, Tim, Changi Photographer: George Aspinall’s Record of Captivity, ABC Books, Sydney, 1984

  Braddon, Russell, The Naked Island, Werner Laurie, London, 1952

  Chapman, Ivan, Tokyo Calling: The Charles Cousens Case, Hale & Iremonger, Sydney, 1990

  Christie, R.W., (editor), A History of the 2/29th Battalion—8th Division AIF, High Country Publishing, Melbourne, 1985

  Christie, R.W., (edited John Lack), Surviving Captivity, The Campaign and POW Diary of Bob Christie 2/29th Battalion AIF 1942–1945, Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne, 2010

  Churchill, Winston S., The Second World War, Cassell, London, six volumes, 1948–54

  Clisby, Mark, Guilty or Innocent?: The Gordon Bennett Case, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1992

  Cody, Les, Ghosts in Khaki, The History of the 2/4 Machine Gun Battalion, 8th Division A.I.F., Hesperian Press, Perth, 1997

  Connell, John, Wavell: Supreme Commander, Collins, London, 1969

  Cook, Haruko Taya and Theodore F., Japan at War, An Oral History, Phoenix Press, London, 2000

  Daniel, David Scott, History of the East Surrey Regiment, Ernest Benn Ltd, London, 1957

 

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