5 Dowdey, Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, 452-53.
6 Andrews, North Reports the Civil War, 370.
7 Philo B. Buckingham to Mrs. Buckingham, May 16, 1863, Manuscript Collection, AAS.
8 Thomas Sherman to William Carthell, May 25, 1863, Civil War Papers, Box 1, Folder 6, AAS. For a discussion of religious themes in soldiers’ letters, see McPherson, For Cause and Comrades, 62-76.
9 Quoted in McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 645.
10 Quoted in Andrews, The North Reports the Civil War, 369.
11 Religious Herald, May 14, 1863.
12 Quoted in William C. Davis, Jefferson Davis, 501.
13 Richmond Daily Dispatch, May 11, 1863.
14 See Stowell, “Stonewall Jackson and the Providence of God,” in Randall M. Miller et al., Religion and the American Civil War, 187-207.
15 Putnam, Richmond during the War, 223-24.
16 John Randolph Tucker, Southern Church Justified in Its Support of the South, 33.
17 Ibid., 34.
18 Christian Instructor and Western United Presbyterian, May 23, 1863.
19 New York Evangelist, May 21, 1863.
20 In Jefferson Davis, 175, Eaton argues that had Davis been a more forceful commander and not yielded to Lee’s local focus, the Army of the Potomac would have been shifted to reinforce Vicksburg. Instead the Confederacy lost both Gettysburg and Vicksburg.
21 Howard Prince to My Dear George, June 6, 1863, Civil War Papers, Box 1, Folder 10, AAS.
24. GETTYSBURG: “FIELD OF BLOOD, AND DEATH”
1 In later reports on Gettysburg, the Southern Illustrated News used the “conduct of the Confederate troops” to civilian property as a “victory” of sorts in contrast with “the scandalous outrages committed by Northern troops in Southern territory” August 29, 1863. This report ignored the fact that Confederate troops burned Thad Stevens’s factory and attempted to enslave free blacks. See Mitchell, Civil War Soldiers, 155-56.
2 William S. Christian to Wife, June 28, 1863, reprinted in Moore, Rebellion Record, vol. 7, 325.
3 See McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 659, and Catton, Never Call Retreat, 185.
4 Quoted in Trulock, In the Hands of Pravidence, 144-45.
5 Catton, Never Call Retreat, 190.
6 Dunn quoted in Hess, Pickett’s Charge, 246.
7 John E. Anderson, Reminiscence, Civil War Papers, Box 1, Folder 2, 112, AAS.
8 Charles Ward to Mother, 1863, Civil War Papers, Box 2, Folder 6, AAS.
25. “FOR THE SAKE OF THE CAUSE”
1 New York Evangelist, July 9, 1863.
2 On the cultural significance of flags and ritualized violence, see Bonner, Colors and Blood, and, more generally, Marvin and Ingle, Blood Sacrifice and the Nation.
3 Christian Intelligencer, July 16, 1863. Presbyterian Historical Society.
4 Ibid., July 23, 1863.
5 Independent, July 9, 1863.
6 Ibid., August 27, 1863.
7 William Thompson Lusk to “Dear Cousin Lou,” reprinted in Commager, Civil War Archive, 437.
8 Philadelphia Inquirer, July 6, 1863.
9 New York Times, July 6, 1863.
10 Preface to “Angel Mother I’m Coming Home,” Union Imprint Song Sheets, John Hay Library, Brown University.
11 Basler, Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings, 709-10.
12 Ibid., 712.
13 Meade quoted in Christian Herald, July 16, 1863.
14 John E. Anderson, Reminiscence, Civil War Papers, Box 1, Folder 2, AAS.
15 John Francis Gleason to Father, July 29, 1863, Civil War Papers, Box 1, Folder 1, AAS.
16 The experiences recounted in the unknown Union woman’s diary were reprinted in Cable, “A Woman’s Diary of the Siege of Vicksburg,” 767-75.
17 Christian Intelligencer, July 9, 1863.
18 Philadelphia Inquirer, July 8, 1863.
19 President Davis agreed. He had Lee in the East, but no one in the West. He too recognized the crucial importance of great generals in a letter to his brother Joseph: “A General in the full acceptation of the word is a rare product, scarcely more than one can be expected in a generation, but in this mighty war in which we are engaged there is need for half a dozen.” Quoted in William C. Davis, Jefferson Davis, 504.
20 New York Evangelist, July 9, 1863.
21 DuBois, Gift of Black Folk, 82. I am indebted to Professor Edward J. Blum for calling this to my attention.
22 For an outstanding account of the riots see Cook, Armies of the Streets.
23 Christian Intelligencer, July 16, 1863. Presbyterian Historical Society.
24 Philo Buckingham to Wife, July 17, 1863, Civil War Papers, AAS.
25 John E. Anderson, Reminiscence, Civil War Papers, 118, Box 1, Folder 2, AAS.
26 Strong and Daly quoted in Linden and Pressly, Voices from the House Divided, 117, 119-20.
27 See, for example, New York Evangelist, July 16, 1863.
28 Ibid., July 23, 1863.
29 Philadelphia Inquirer, August 5, 1863.
26. “A POLITICAL WORSHIP”
1 American Presbyterian, August 6, 1863.
2 Philadelphia Inquirer, August 7, 1863.
3 This theme is discussed in Clebsch, “Christian Interpretations of the Civil War,” 212-30.
4 Bushnell, “Doctrine of Loyalty,” 573.
5 Schaff quoted in Clebsch, “Christian Interpretations of the Civil War,” 220. In addition to Clebsch, see Noll, America’s God, 418-19.
6 North Carolina Standard, July 7, 1863; Central Presbyterian, July 9, 1863. For similar optimistic assessments, see, for example, Daily Sun (Columbus, GA), July 11, 1863; Richmond Religious Herald, July 9, 1863.
7 Christian Observer, July 16, 1863.
8 Southern Illustrated News, August 1, 1863.
9 Christian Observer, July 9, 1863.
10 North Carolina Standard, July 10, 1863.
11 Myers, Children of Pride, 383.
12 Southern Churchman, May 15 and July 17, 1863.
13 Central Presbyterian, September 17, 1863. For a similar account, see Richmond Christian Advocate, September 3, 1863.
14 Bunting’s letter of July 30, 1863, was written for the Houston Tri-Weekly Telegraph, August 31, 1863, and is preserved in the Robert Franklin Bunting Papers, Barker Center for Texas History, University of Texas.
15 J. B. Jones, Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, 388-89.
16 Ibid., 390.
17 Richmond Christian Advocate, August 20, 1863; Southern Churchman, September 11, 1863. Leroy Lee’s sermon was extracted in the October 8, 1863, issue of the Richmond Christian Advocate. See also Christian Observer, August 20, 1863; Richmond Religious Herald, August 20, 1863; and Central Presbyterian, July 30, 1863.
18 Richmond Daily Whig, August 21, 1863.
19 Robert Franklin Bunting, “Letter to Editor,” August 23, 1863, Robert Franklin Bunting Papers, Barker Center for Texas History, University of Texas.
20 Ibid.
21 See, for example, the widely circulated soldier’s tract by Lee, Our Country-Our Dangers—Our Duty, 13, 21.
22 Slaughter, Coercion and Conciliation, 7.
23 Richmond Daily Dispatch, July 16 and July 28, 1863.
24 Richmond Daily Whig, July 10, 1863.
25 Examiner, August 2, 1863.
26 Ibid. This theme is amplified in McPherson, “Antebellum Southern Exceptionalism,” 230-44.
27 Richmond Examiner, July 17, 1863.
28 Ibid., August 6, 1863.
29 Ibid., August 24, 1863.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
27. “THE ROCK OF CHICKAMAUGA”
1 Richardson, Messages and Papers of Jefferson Davis, 343-44.
2 Shaw quoted in Commager, Civil War Archive, 335-36.
3 Richardson, Messages and Papers of Jefferson Davis, 343-44.
4 See Thomas Goodrich, Bloody Dawn.
5 Christian Intelligencer, August 27, 1863.
6 Sutherland, “Guerril
la Warfare, Democracy, and the Fate of the Confederacy,” 290-91.
7 Basler, Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings, 722.
8 Ibid., 701-2.
9 Richmond Daily Dispatch, September 4, 1863.
10 For accounts of the battle of Chickamauga, see Glen Tucker, Chickamauga.
11 Quoted in McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War, 215.
12 Quoted in McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 675.
13 William C. Davis, Jefferson Davis, 518—21.
14 Two recent military histories recount the battles around Chattanooga: Cozzens, Shipwreck of Their Hopes, and Sword, Mountains Touched with Fire.
28. “IN THAT IMMORTAL FIELD”
1 See Reardon, Pickett’s Charge in History and Memory, and Desjardin, Those Honored Dead.
2 Banner of the Covenant, December 3, 1863.
3 Presbyter, November 25, 1863.
4 Times (London), December 4, 1863.
5 Banner of the Covenant, March 23, 1861.
6 Basler, Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings, 737.
7 Edmund Wilson, “The Union as Religious Mysticism,” 126. In Fate of Liberty, Neely takes issue with Wilson, arguing that Lincoln remained a steely-eyed constitutionalist. While there is much accuracy to this in terms of Lincoln’s restraints on issues of habeas corpus and civilian arrests, it ignores the primacy Lincoln granted to the Declaration of Independence, and his increasingly mystical faith in a redeemer nation dedicated to the proposition that “all men are created equal.”
8 See especially Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg.
9 Christian Recorder, November 28 and November 7, 1863.
10 Basler, Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings, 730.
11 New York Evangelist, October 8, 1863.
12 Fish, Valley of Achor, 18-19.
13 M‘Leod, Our Country Worth Saving, 1.
14 Ibid., 3, 11, 16. For similar sentiments, see Rufas W. Clark’s Thanksgiving sermon, Unity of the American Nationality, 11.
15 Banner of the Covenant, December 3, 1863.
16 Wharton, Willing Reunion Not Impossible, 21-22.
17 Coxe, Unjust Reproaches, 5-7.
18 Carey, God Doing Wonderful Things, 13. For similar sentiments, see Lillie, Discourse Delivered in the Second Reformed Dutch Church, 14.
19 Schenck, Songs in the Night, 9, 12-13.
20 Richmond Daily Whig, August 21, 1863.
21 Benjamin M. Palmer, Discourse before the General Assembly of South Carolina, 3, 6, 15, 23.
22 Richmond Daily Dispatch, January 28, 1864.
23 Ibid., January 13, 1864. On the text in the American Revolution see Stout, New England Soul, 282-311.
24 Andrews, The South Reports the Civil War, 383.
25 On the divisive issue of states’ rights within the Confederacy, see Rable, Confederate Republic, 256-63.
26 Richmond Examiner, September 18, 1862; April 4, 1864.
27 Charleston Daily Courier, April 6, 1864.
29. “THE PRESENT UNHOLY WAR”
1 See Klement, Limits of Dissent, 243-45.
2 Silbey, Respectable Minority, 72.
3 Cox, Eight Years in Congress, 241-42.
4 Ibid., 276.
5 On foreign-born underrepresentation in the Union armies, see McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 606.
6 Curran, Soldiers of Peace, 89. On the refusal of the American Peace Society to join with the far smaller Universal Peace Union in opposition to the war, see Curran, 111-14.
7 Page, Speech of Moses B. Page, 13-14.
8 Cox, Eight Years in Congress, 243.
9 Ibid., 244.
10 See especially Litwack, North of Slavery; Voegeli, Free but Not Equal; and Wood, Black Scare.
11 Hancock, Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock, 94.
12 Jean H. Baker, Affairs of Party, 213. In terms of rioting, Baker recognizes that rioters included white Republicans as well as Democrats, “but Democrats, as the most vehement public opponents of racial change, were found more often than Republicans in the anti-Black mobs that physically and verbally abused Negroes. They were also more likely to organize such affairs and to lead campaigns to exclude blacks from politics” (248).
13 See, for example, Toll, Blacking Up; Wittke, Tambo and Bones; and Nathan, Dan Emmett and the Rise of Negro Minstrelsy.
14 Jean H. Baker, Affairs of Party, 221.
15 Samuel S. Cox, Eight Years in Congress, 357-58. On the miscegenation controversy, see Wood, Black Scare, 53-79. For a description of the “science” that denied mulattos could procreate, see Louis Menand, Metaphysical Club.
16 LeBeau, Currier & Ives: America Imagined, 96. For a more extended treatment of Currier & Ives’s denigrating treatment of African Americans in general, see LeBeau 215-56. The “Irrepressible Conflict” is reproduced in Peters, Currier & Ives, plate 157. See also Holzer, Baritt, and Neely, The Lincoln Image, 34-43.
17 On Jacksonian religion, see Carwardine’s Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America.
18 The best treatment of the Bible in political debates is Noll, America’s God. See also Noll’s “The Bible and Slavery,” in Randall M. Miller et al., Religion and the American Civil War, 43-73.
19 Hopkins, Scriptural, Ecclesiastical and Historical View of Slavery, 19, 343.
20 On federal arrests, see especially Neely, Fate of Liberty. In defending Lincoln’s critics, Klement failed to explore the role of churches and denominations in suppressing dissent; see Copperheads in the Middle West. See also Andreasen, “As Good a Right to Pray.”
21 Carwardine, “Methodists, Politics, and the Coming of the American Civil War,” 578-609.
22 Quoted in Victor B. Howard, Religion and the Radical Republican Movement, 42-43.
23 Ibid., 81-82.
30. “FROM HEAD TO HEART”
1 In Southern Cross, 5, Heyrman estimates that by the 1830s the three largest Southern denominations, Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians, amounted to at most 50 percent of white and black households.
2 Reprinted in Lexington Presbytery, A Century’s History of Presbyterianism, 15.
3 North Carolina Standard, June 4, 1864.
4 Davis’s address was reprinted in North Carolina Standard, February 12, 1864.
5 See Watson, “Religion and Combat Motivation,” 29-55.
6 Doggett, Discourse Delivered in the Broad Street Methodist Church and The War and Its Close.
7 On the desolation of the churches and spiritual malaise on the homefront, see Shattuck, Shield and Hiding Place, 43.
8 Christian Observer, October 15, 1863. On the collapse of “institutional religion” in the Confederacy, see Faust, Mothers of Invention, 184-85.
9 Central Presbyterian, June 11, 1863.
10 Myers, Children of Pride, 392.
11 Richmond Religious Herald, July 30 and September 10, 1863;
12 Southern Churchman, August 14, 1863. See also Richmond Christian Advocate, September 17, 1863.
13 Richmond Religious Herald, October 1, 1863.
14 Bunting described the army revivals in a “Letter from the Rangers on Silver Creek, near Rome, Georgia,” July 30, 1863, Robert Franklin Bunting Papers, Barker Center for Texas History, University of Texas. On Bunting’s regiment see Marks, “Bunting Trusted in God and His Comrades,” 45.
15 This is not to say that revivals did not flourish in Northern camps bracing for the spring campaigns. Indeed, reports of army revivals appeared in most Northern religious papers. But Northern army revivals did not come to assume the cultural and political significance that they enjoyed in the Confederacy. On Northern revivals in the army, see Shattuck, Shield and a Hiding Place, 73-93.
16 Central Presbyterian, February 18 and April 14, 1864.
17 Baker’s sermon is reprinted in Lexington Presbytery, A Century’s History of Presbyterianism, 213-36.
18 Anonymous, The Soldier’s Aim by a Charleston Pastor. This tract was published by the South Carolina Colportage Board and is in the possession of the So
uth Carolina Historical Society.
19 Richmond Religious Herald, February 25, 1864.
20 Ibid., April 21, 1864.
21 The “New South” orthodoxy was captured early on in the books dealing with Confederate army revivals. See especially Bennett, Narrative of the Great Revival and William J. Jones, Christ in the Camp. On the connections between Civil War revivals and the Religion of the Lost Cause, see Stout and Grasso, “Civil War, Religion, and Communications,” in Randall M. Miller et al., Religion and the American Civil War, 313-59.
31. “I CAN ONLY THINK OF HELL UPON EARTH”
1 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 802.
2 The Liberator, January 29, 1864.
3 Blight, Race and Reunion, 242-43.
4 Hesseltine, Civil War Prisons, 197.
5 Ibid. Hesseltine’s analysis of prison life in the North and South has stood the test of time and remains the only comprehensive survey, although his notions of “war psychology” have been questioned and revised.
6 Wyatt-Brown has exhaustively traced the history and cultural significance of honor in white Southern culture; see especially Shaping of Southern Culture. Though not as frequently commented on, similar mores dominated Northern culture, particularly military culture at West Point, whose motto “Duty, Honor, Country” summarized the ethic perfectly.
7 Reprinted in Denney, Civil War Prisons and Escapes, appendix 5, 380.
8 Ludlow’s letter of June 14, 1863, is reprinted in ibid., 101.
9 Butler’s letter is reprinted in O.R, series 2 vol. 7, 687-91. (War of the Rebellion ... Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies.)
10 Ibid., 105.
11 Ibid., 691.
12 James’s statement is reprinted in ibid., 117-19.
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