14. Don’t bury your dead or look back
15. The good Samaritan
Outside of Jerusalem
16. Knocking on the door
17. The house of Satan divided against itself
18. Man in armor who will be overcome
19. The crowds increase
20. Lying in wait
21. The woe-saying Jesus
22. Innocent beaten worse than the guilty
23. Divide the group 3 for 2
24. Cut down the fruit tree
25. The narrow gate and the shut door
26. How to build a tower
27. Send a delegation
Inside the city
28. The triumphal entrance and the stones that cried out
29. Jerusalem encircled with a wall
30. Drive out the thieves from the temple
31. The Abomination of Desolation
This sequence in Luke then continues with the events in the Gospels that were linked to Titus’ campaign, that were already covered.
32. Son of Mary who was a human Passover lamb
Outside Jerusalem
33. Three crucified one survives, taken down by Joseph of “Arimathea”
34. Simon condemned – John spared
In the analysis of parallels, I have included the citations of the passages so that the reader may follow along with the precise sequence of the typological mapping.
GALILEE
1) Fishing for men at the Sea of Galilee
Josephus and Luke each record a “catching” of men at the Sea of Galilee. The typological linkage is obvious and covered in depth in Chapter 2 above.
While at the Sea of Galilee, Jesus predicted that his followers would fish for men.
“From now on you will catch men."
Luke 5:10
Titus’ followers then fish for men on the Sea of Galilee.
And for such as were drowning in the sea, if they lifted their heads up above the water, they were either killed by darts, or caught by the vessels.
Wars of the Jews, 3, 10, 527
2) Easier to say “get up and walk” than “your sins are forgiven”
Following the “fishing for men” passage in Luke, there is a story in which Jesus asks the question “Which is easier, to say, 'Your sins are forgiven you,' or 'Rise up and walk'?” This question is satirically answered by Josephus below. Notice in Luke’s story that Jesus is established as a judge who can forgive, just as Vespasian is in the linked passage in Josephus. Below is the entire passage in Luke:
Then behold, men brought on a bed a man who was paralyzed, whom they sought to bring in and lay before Him.
And when they could not find how they might bring him in, because of the crowd, they went up on the housetop and let him down with [his] bed through the tiling into the midst before Jesus.
When He saw their faith, He said to him, "Man, your sins are forgiven you."
And the scribes and the Pharisees began to reason, saying, "Who is this who speaks blasphemies? Who can forgive sins but God alone?"
But when Jesus perceived their thoughts, He answered and said to them, "Why are you reasoning in your hearts?
“Which is easier, to say, 'Your sins are forgiven you,' or to say, 'Rise up and walk'?
“But that you may know that the Son of Man has power on earth to forgive sins" -- He said to the man who was paralyzed, "I say to you, arise, take up your bed, and go to your house."
Immediately he rose up before them, took up what he had been lying on, and departed to his own house, glorifying God.
And they were all amazed, and they glorified God and were filled with fear, saying, "We have seen strange things today!"
Luke 5:18-26
Jesus’ question is answered in a witty manner in Josephus’ version of the story. Vespasian, who has the “power on earth to forgive sins,” was sitting in his tribunal seat wondering what punishment he should give to a group of rebellious Jews. His inclination is to spare them, but he is talked out of it by his commanders. He then provides an ironical answer to Jesus’ question in Luke 5. In other words, it was easier for Vespasian to say “Rise and walk” than to forgive. The typology between the passages is a good example of both the rich wit and viciousness behind the Gospels’ “Jesus” character. Notice that the townspeople took their “effects” with them as they walked away – just as the paralytic did with his mat in Luke.
After this fight was over, Vespasian sat upon his tribunal at Taricheae, in order to distinguish the foreigners from the old inhabitants; for those foreigners appear to have begun the war. So he deliberated with the other commanders, whether he ought to save those old inhabitants or not …
Vespasian acknowledged that they did not deserve to be saved, and that if they had leave given them to fly away, they would make use of it against those that gave them that leave. But still he considered with himself after what manner they should be slain;
for if he had them slain there, he suspected the people of the country would thereby become his enemies; for that to be sure they would never bear it, that so many that had been supplicants to him should be killed; and to offer violence to them, after he had given them assurances of their lives, he could not himself bear to do it.
However, his friends were too hard for him …
So he permitted the prisoners to go along no other road than that which led to Tiberias with their effects …
… the Romans seized upon all the road that led to Tiberias, that none of them might go out of it, and shut them up in the city.
Then came Vespasian, and ordered them all to stand in the stadium, and commanded them to kill the old men, together with the others that were useless, which were in number a thousand and two hundred.
Wars of the Jews, 3, 10, 532-539
3) Keep holy the Sabbath by restoring the “right hand”
Continuing with the typological mapping, we next find a story in Luke that features the restoration of a “right hand” and a discussion of who knows best how to keep the Sabbath holy – Jesus or his accusers.
Now it happened on the second Sabbath after the first that He went through the grain fields. And His disciples plucked the heads of grain and ate [them], rubbing [them] in [their] hands.
And some of the Pharisees said to them, "Why are you doing what is not lawful to do on the Sabbath?"
But Jesus answering them said, "Have you not even read this, what David did when he was hungry, he and those who were with him:
how he went into the house of God, took and ate the showbread, and also gave some to those with him, which is not lawful for any but the priests to eat?"
And He said to them, "The Son of Man is also Lord of the Sabbath."
Now it happened on another Sabbath, also, that He entered the synagogue and taught. And a man was there whose right hand was withered.
So the scribes and Pharisees watched Him closely, whether He would heal on the Sabbath, that they might find an accusation against Him.
But He knew their thoughts, and said to the man who had the withered hand, "Arise and stand here." And he arose and stood.
Then Jesus said to them, "I will ask you one thing: Is it lawful on the Sabbath to do good or to do evil, to save life or to destroy?"
And when He had looked around at them all, He said to the man, "Stretch out your hand." And he did so, and his hand was restored as whole as the other.
But they were filled with rage, and discussed with one another what they might do to Jesus.
Luke 6:1-11
Josephus then records a transparent and witty parallel to Luke 6:1-11. In Josephus’ version, a group of rebels asks Titus to extend to them the “right hand” of Roman peace. Titus decides to “save life” rather than “destroy” on the Sabbath. In the story, Titus is a parallel to Jesus in that, unlike the Jews, he was the one who really kept the Sabbath “holy”.
Now Titus, as he rode out to Gischala, found it would be easy for him to take the city upon the
first onset; but knew withal, that if he took it by force, the multitude would be destroyed by the soldiers without mercy. (Now he was already satiated with the shedding of blood, and pitied the major part, who would then perish, without distinction, together with the guilty.) So he was rather desirous the city might be surrendered up to him on terms.
Accordingly, when he saw the wall full of those men that were of the corrupted party, he said to them, - That he could not but wonder what it was they depended on, when they alone staid to fight the Romans, after every other city was taken by them;
especially when they have seen cities much better fortified than theirs is overthrown by a single attack upon them; while as many as have intrusted themselves to the security of the Romans' right hands, which he now offers to them, without regarding their former insolence, do enjoy their own possessions in safety;
for that while they had hopes of recovering their liberty …
But John returned Titus this answer: That for himself he was content to hearken to his proposals, and that he would either persuade or force those that refused them.
Yet he said that Titus ought to have such regard to the Jewish law, as to grant them leave to celebrate that day, which was the seventh day of the week, on which it was unlawful not only to remove their arms, but even to treat of peace also;
and that even the Romans were not ignorant how the period of the seventh day was among them a cessation from all labors; and that he who should compel them to transgress the law about that day would be equally guilty with those that were compelled to transgress it;
and that this delay could be of no disadvantage to him; for why should any body think of doing any thing in the night, unless it was to fly away? which he might prevent by placing his camp round about them;
and that they should think it a great point gained, if they might not be obliged to transgress the laws of their country; and that it would be a right thing for him, who designed to grant them peace, without their expectation of such a favor, to preserve the laws of those they saved inviolable.
Thus did this man put a trick upon Titus, not so much out of regard to the seventh day as to his own preservation, for he was afraid lest he should be quite deserted if the city should be taken, and had his hopes of life in that night and in his flight therein.
Now this was the work of God …
Wars of the Jews, 4, 2, 92-104
4) Cast out the supporters of the Son of Man
Luke then goes on and describes individuals who try and promote the “son of man” but are “hated” and “cast out” for their efforts.
“Blessed are ye, when men shall hate you, and when they shall separate you from their company, and shall reproach you, and cast out your name as evil, for the Son of Man's sake.”
Luke 6:22
Josephus links to Luke 6 with a story of two pro-Roman priests - Jesus and Ananus who maintain the same vision of the future as the Jesus in the Gospels. They predict that if the Jews do not repent they will be destroyed. In the lengthy story the two priests attempt to turn the Jews away from the rebellion and back to obedience to the true “Son of Man”, the Flavian Caesar. But for their efforts they were – as Jesus predicted in Luke 6:22 – “hated” and “cast out”.
I should not mistake if I said that the death of Ananus was the beginning of the destruction of the city …
He was a venerable, and a very just man; and besides the grandeur of that nobility, and dignity, and honor of which he was possessed, he had been a lover of a kind of parity, even with regard to the meanest of the people;
he was a prodigious lover of liberty, and an admirer of a democracy in government; and did ever prefer the public welfare before his own advantage, and preferred peace above all things; for he was thoroughly sensible that the Romans were not to be conquered. He also foresaw that of necessity a war would follow, and that unless the Jews made up matters with them very dexterously, they would be destroyed …
Jesus was also joined with him; and although he was inferior to him upon the comparison, he was superior to the rest;
and I cannot but think that it was because God had doomed this city to destruction …
… when, they were cast out naked, and seen to be the food of dogs and wild beasts.
Wars of the Jews, 4, 5, 318-324
5) John possessed by a demon
Continuing with the Luke/Josephus typology, both authors describe a “John” with a demon. The passage in Luke is important in that it shows the basis for the Gospels’ character “John the Baptist”. Within the typological pattern, it is clear that “John the Baptist” – like the apostle “John” – is simply a “type” who “foresees” the rebel John of Gischala.
“For John the Baptist has come eating no bread and drinking no wine, and you say, `He has a demon!'
“The Son of Man has come eating and drinking, and you say, `Behold, a gluttonous man and a drunkard, a friend of tax collectors and sinners!'
“Yet wisdom is vindicated by all her children."
Luke 7:33-35
To digress, the positive light of tax collectors in the passage from Luke above, and in other passages in the Gospels, is Flavian humor. The Flavians were the best known tax collectors in Roman history.
Josephus then also describes a “John” who is possessed by a demon, though to understand this, the reader must be able to recall information Josephus has provided in another passage.
By this time John was beginning to tyrannize, and thought it beneath him to accept of barely the same honors that others had; and joining to himself by degrees a party of the wickedest of them all, he broke off from the rest of the faction.
This was brought about by his still disagreeing with the opinions of others, and giving out injunctions of his own, in a very imperious manner; so that it was evident he was setting up a monarchical power.
Now some submitted to him out of their fear of him, and others out of their good-will to him; for he was a shrewd man to entice men to him, both by deluding them and putting cheats upon them. Nay, many there were that thought they should be safer themselves, if the causes of their past insolent actions should now be reduced to one head, and not to a great many …
Now as it is in a human body, if the principal part be inflamed, all the members are subject to the same distemper …
Wars of the Jews, 4, 7, 389-391, 407
Though he does not record them in the above passage, Josephus gives the specific details indicating that rebel leader John was a “demoniac” who – like the demoniac in the Gospels - unleashed thousands of demons into the countryside at other places in his text. This was a necessary obfuscation. Because as readers may judge for themselves, if Josephus had included the above details, indicating that John was a demoniac, into his description of “John” that was followed by the battle of Gadara below, its connection to the Gospels’ story of a “demoniac of Gadara” would be so transparent that Christianity might not be a worldwide religion today. Notice that the definition of “demons” given by Josephus is the correct one for the word’s usage in the Gospels. Whenever Jesus is curing a “sickness” or exorcising a demon, he is paralleling Titus’ removing the “demon” of rebelliousness against Rome from Jewish rebels.
John … filled the entire countryside with ten thousand instances of wickedness.
Wars of the Jews, 7, 8, 263
Demons … are no other than the spirit of the wicked.
Wars of the Jews, 7, 6, 185
6) The legion of demons
Luke begins the sequence of events in the “demoniac of Gadara/Geresa” story with a description of a man possessed by a legion of demons. (I address the confusion about the two different locations of the story given in the Gospels below.)
Then they sailed to the country of the Gadarenes, which is opposite Galilee.
And when He stepped out on the land, there met Him a certain man from the city who had demons for a long time. And he wore no clothes, nor did he live in a house but
in the tombs.
When he saw Jesus, he cried out, fell down before Him, and with a loud voice said, "What have I to do with You, Jesus, Son of the Most High God? I beg You, do not torment me!"
For He had commanded the unclean spirit to come out of the man. For it had often seized him, and he was kept under guard, bound with chains and shackles; and he broke the bonds and was driven by the demon into the wilderness.
Caesar's Messiah: The Roman Conspiracy to Invent Jesus:Flavian Signature Edition Page 12
