56 Chronicles of London, ed. Kingsford, pp. 192–3.
57 CC, p. 177.
58 TNA, PSO1/60/3116.
59 BL, Har 433 II, p. 222. 12 May 1485.
60 BL, Har MS 787, fo. 2r.
61 PL, vol. VI, pp. 81–4.
62 BL, Har MS 433 II, pp. 228–9.
63 CLRO, Journal IX, fo. 78v.
64 Lyell and Watney (eds.), Acts of Court, p. 180.
65 CLRO, Journal IX, fos. 81v–82r.
66 Foedera, ed. Rymer, vol. XII, pp. 271–2.
67 CCR, 1476–1485, nos. 1454, 1457, 1458.
20. ‘INTENDING OUR UTTER DESTRUCTION’
1 Bennett, Battle of Bosworth, p. 83.
2 ‘Y mae hiraeth am Harri /Y mae gobaith I’n hiaith ni’: H. T. Evans, Wales and the Wars of the Roses, Stroud, 1995, pp. 218–23.
3 CC, p. 177; Bennett, Battle of Bosworth, p. 157. Richard was informed that a messenger sent by Richard Williams, the constable of Pembroke Castle, had arrived at his court. He had ridden uninterrupted throughout the day and night, using post horses stationed along the way to make his 150-mile journey from Pembroke to Nottingham. The messenger brought news from his master that Richard had been expecting. Henry Tudor had landed, he informed the king, at Angle, on the eastern side of Milford Haven. Williams’s information was evidently wrong, though it can be explained by the fact that Angle was the first in a network of beacons established to signal the alarm of Tudor’s arrival that, once lit, triggered off a chain of further beacons being lit along the Haven, until the news had reached Pembroke Castle itself. Williams was not to know that Tudor had in fact landed on the western side of the Haven; nor was the official who had been given the task of lighting the beacon at St Anne’s Head, near Dale, for Tudor’s forces had chosen the site of their landing at Mill Bay well, it being obscured from view and from any guards on duty. Perhaps the flotilla of ships floating into the harbour had been spotted first, triggering the beacon at Angle to be lit first; nevertheless it would prove a crucial piece of misinformation, leading Richard to believe that Tudor was cut off in the southern region of the Haven. This might explain the accounts of Richard’s initial reaction to Tudor’s landing. O. D. Harris, ‘The Transmission of the News of the Tudor Landing’, The Ricardian, vol. 4, no. 55 (1976).
4 CC, pp. 177–9.
5 HMC, 12th Report, Rutland MSS I (1888), p. 7.
6 TNA, C82/5.
7 PL, vol. III, p. 320.; TNA, PROB11/8, fos. 17d–18; CIPM, Henry VII, I, pp. 13–14.
8 Molinet, Chroniques, p. 407: ‘il avoit donne sept cents livres sterlins a un riche nomme Thomas pour lever gens d’armes; et se debvoit trouver avecs le seigneur de Herbat et aultres, pour resister a la descente; mais ils firent le contraire’.
9 Vatican, MS Urbs Lat 498, fo. 232r.
10 Molinet, Chroniques, p. 407: ‘Le roy Richard se vouloit joindre avecq les seigneurs d’Angleterre, pour ester a la descente, mais ils lui manderent: “Ne vous bougez, nous ferons bien.”‘
11 GC, p. 237.
12 YCR, I, pp. 117–18; YCA House Books 2/4 fos. 169–169v.
13 YCR, pp. 117–18.
14 When John Nicholson returned to report back on 19 August, it was resolved that the city would send just eighty men ‘defensibly arrayed’ with John Hastings, gentleman to the Mace, acting as captain, and ‘should in all haste possible depart towards the King’s grace for the subduing of his enemies foresaid’. Each soldier was to be paid twelve pence a day in wages for only ten days, totalling ten shillings each. The council resolved that they should meet at two o’clock that same afternoon at the Guildhall to appoint persons to ‘take wages’. Finally, the next day, men from York set out on the 120-mile journey to the king’s court at Nottingham. Few could doubt their loyalty: on 20 August 1485, the Yorkshire squire Robert Morton of Bawtry made his will, in which he stated proudly he was ‘going to maintain our most excellent king Richard III against the rebellion raised against him in this land’. Unfortunately, Morton and his Yorkshire contingent had left their departure far too late to reach Richard’s forces in time.
15 CCR, 1476–1485, nos. 1454, 1457, 1458.
16 CC, p. 179.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.; Jones, Bosworth 1485, pp. 57–8.
19 CC, p. 179.
20 Ibid.
21 Vatican, MS Urbs Lat 498, fo. 232r.
22 CC, p. 179; Bennett, Battle of Bosworth, pp. 157–8.
23 GC, pp. 237–8.
24 The History of the Gwydir Family, Written by Sir John Wynn, ed. J. Ballinger, Cardiff, 1927, p. 28.
25 G. Grazebrook, ‘An Unpublished Letter by Henry Earl of Richmond’, Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica, 4th Series, vol. V (1914), pp. 30–39; Horrox, ‘Henry Tudor’s Letters’, 1983 pp. 155–8.
26 Vatican, MS Urbs Lat 498, fo. 231r.
27 Vatican, MS Urbs Lat 498, fo. 232v.
28 Great Chronicle, ed. Thomas and Thornley, pp. 237–8; see also Vatican, MS Urbs Lat 498, fo. 232r.
29 CC, pp. 179–81.
30 Ibid., p. 179.
31 Vatican, MS Urbs Lat 498, fo. 232v.
32 Halle, Union of the Two Noble and Illustrious Families, fos. 29d–35; Bennett, Battle of Bosworth, p. 169.
33 RP, vol. I, p. 328.
21. ‘AN END EITHER OF WARS OR OF HIS LIFE’
1 CC, p. 181; Bennett, Battle of Bosworth, p. 157.
2 Vatican, MS Urbs Lat 498, fo. 233r.
3 BL, Additional MS 12,060, fo. 19v–20r.
4 CC, p. 181. Bennett, Battle of Bosworth, pp. 157–8.
5 W. Hutton, The Battle of Bosworth Field, London, 1813, p. 128.
6 Ibid., pp. 128–9.
7 Vatican, MS Urbs Lat 498, fo. 234r.
8 Ibid., fo. 232v.
9 Ibid., fo. 233v.
10 ‘il voult ester a pye au milieu de nous’. A. Spont, ‘La malice des francs-archers (1448–1500)’, Revue des questions historiques, vol. 59 (1897), p. 474.
11 Vatican, MS Urbs Lat 498, fo. 234r.
12 Ibid.
13 Hutton, Battle of Bosworth Field, p. 129.
14 G. Doutrepont and O. Jodogne (eds.), Chroniques de Jean Molinet, Brussels, 1935–7, vol. I, pp. 434–6; Vatican, MS Urbs Lat 498, fo. 234r.
15 Ibid., fo. 234v.
16 Bennett, Battle of Bosworth, p. 161; translation of G. Doutrepont and O. Jodogne (eds.), Chroniques de Jean Molinet, Brussels, 1935–7, vol. I, pp. 434–6.
17 BL, Har MS 367, fos. 89–100, printed in Bishop Percy’s Folio Manuscript, vol. III, pp. 319–63.
18 CC, p. 181.
19 Vatican, MS Urbs Lat 498, fos. 234r–234v.
20 CC, p. 183; Bennett, Battle of Bosworth, p. 158.
21 Bennett, Battle of Bosworth, p. 161.
22 The Chronicle of Fabyan, London, 1559, pp. 519–20; Bennett, Battle of Bosworth, p. 163.
23 Bennett, Battle of Bosworth, p. 160. See text in E. Nokes and G. Wheeler, ‘A Spanish Account of the Battle of Bosworth’, The Ricardian, vol. 2, no. 36 (1972), pp. 1–5. A later Scottish chronicle, written by Robert Lindsay of Pittscottie, but drawing heavily on the oral tradition of Scottish warriors present at the battle, similarly described how Richard’s forces ‘that should have opposed’ the march of Tudor’s army ‘gave them place and let them go by’, while ‘themselves turned around and faced King Richard as if they had been his enemies’. Mackay (ed.), Historie and Chronicles of Scotland …, pp. 190–99; Bennett, Battle of Bosworth, p. 162.
24 Bennett, Battle of Bosworth, p. 160.
25 Tudor had previously sought Northumberland’s support when he had sent Christopher Urswick on a mission to England earlier in the year; while Urswick was supposedly unable to make contact with Northumberland; nevertheless the earl and Tudor had been childhood acquaintances, growing up at Raglan Castle together at the court of William Herbert, earl of Pembroke. Vatican, MS Urbs Lat 498, fo. 230r.
26 Ibid., fo. 235r.
27 Salazar’s pleas for Richard to flee that battle can be compared to the prose accou
nt of ‘Richard the Third, his Deathe, which records how an unnamed knight requests that Richard depart the battlefield before it is too late, to which Richard replies: ‘Bring me my battle axe in my hand, and set the crown of gold on my head so high; for by him that shape both sea and sand, King of England this day will I die.’ BL, Har MS 542, fo. 34.
28 CC, p. 181.
29 Vatican, MS Urbs Lat 498, fo. 235r.
30 Ibid., fo. 234v.
31 Riley (ed.), Ingulph’s Chronicle of the Abbey of Croyland, p. 504.
32 Vatican, MS Urbs Lat 498, fo. 234v.
33 Ibid.
34 Ibid.
35 Hutton, Battle of Bosworth Field, p. 129.
36 Ibid., p. 129.
37 Molinet, Chroniques, p. 409: ‘mais quand il vit ceste desconfiture et se trouva seul sur le camp, il cuida courre après les autres’.
38 Ibid., p. 409: ‘son cheval saulta en un palud duquel ne se povoit ravoir; et lors fut approche d’un de ceulx de Galles’.
39 CC, p. 183.
40 ‘Lladd y baedd, eilliodd ei ben’; R. Griffith, Sir Rhys ap Thomas and His Family: A Study in the Wars of the Roses and Early Tudor Politics, Cardiff, 1993, p. 43.
41 CC, p. 183.
42 Hanham, Richard III and His Early Historians, p. 123.
43 Vatican, MS Urbs Lat 498, fos. 234v–235r.
EPILOGUE: ‘HIS FAME IS DARKENED’
1 CC, p. 183.
2 Great Chronicle, ed. Thomas and Thornley, pp. 237–8.
3 York City Archives, House Book B2-4, fo. 169v.
4 D. T. Williams, The Battle of Bosworth, 22 August 1485, 1975, p. 49.
5 Vergil; Vatican, MS Urbs Lat, fo. 235r: ‘Iterim corpus Ricardi omnibus indumentis nudatum ac dorso equi resupinum impositum una ex parte equi capite cum brachiis et ex altera tibiis pendentibus Leycestram deportatur’. For Molinet, see Bennett, Battle of Bosworth, p. 161. CC, p. 183.
6 GC, pp. 237–8.
7 BL, Additional MS 7099, fo. 129; TNA, C1/206/69; W. Burton, The Description of Leicester Shire (1622), p. 163; D. Baldwin, ‘King Richard’s Grave in Leicester’, Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society, lx (1986), pp. 21–4.
8 Tudor-Craig, Richard III, p. 95.
9 YCA, B6, fo. 23r; YCR, vol. I, p. 160.
10 Hanham, Richard III and His Early Historians, pp. 118–24; BL, Additional MS 48,976; C. Ross, The Rous Roll, Gloucester, 1980.
11 GC, p. 238.
12 CC, p. 185.
13 Ibid., p. 189.
14 Ibid., p. 191.
INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Act of Attainder
Albany, Alexander, duke of
Allington, William
Anglia Historica (Vergil)
Anne Neville, Queen
and coronation
and death
and flight
Anne of Beaujeu
Argentine, John
Arras, treaty of
Arundel, Sir Thomas
Arundel, William, earl of
Ashton, Sir Ralph
Audley, John, Lord
Baker, Matthew
Bannister, Ralph
Barnet, battle of
Barowe, Thomas
Basin, Thomas
Baynard’s Castle
Beauchamp, Anne
Beauchamp, Richard
Beaufort, Margaret
Bedford, George Neville, duke of
Beja, Manuel, duke of
Bell, Richard
Berkeley, Edward
Berkeley, William, Lord
and rebellion
Berkeley of Beverstone, Sir William
Berners, John, Lord
Bigod, Ralph
Blake, Thomas
Blamehall, John
Blore Heath, battle of
Blount, Sir James
Bolman, Robert
Bolton, William
Bonville, Cecily
Book of Hours
Booke of Gostlye Grace, The (Mechtild of Hackeborn)
Bosworth, battle of
Boughton, Richard
Bourchier, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury
and Richard of Shrewsbury
Bourchier of Barnes, Sir Thomas
Brackenbury, Sir Robert
Brampton, Sir Edward
Brandon, Sir William
Brandon, Thomas
Bray, Reginald
Brittany
Browne, Sir George
Buck, Sir George
Buckingham, Anne, duchess of
Buckingham, Henry Stafford, duke of
and conspiracy
and coronation
and Edward V
and Hastings
and Henry Tudor
and rebellion
and Richard III
and Shaa
Burdett, Thomas
Burgh, Sir Thomas
Burgundy
Burton, William
Butler, Lady Eleanor
Bylsby, Thomas
Calais
and Hastings
Carleon, Lewis
Carmeliano, Pietro
Catesby, William
and Elizabeth of York
and execution
Cato, Angelo
Cecily, duchess of York
and adultery
and Richard III
Cecily of York
Cely, George
Cely, Richard
Chandée, Philibert de
Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy
and Edward IV
Charles VII of France, King
Charles VIII of France, King
and Henry VII
Cheyne, Sir John
Cheyne, William
Cheyney, Humphrey
Clarence, George, duke of
and Anne Neville
and Burgundy
and Edward IV
and execution
and marriage
Clarence, Isabel Neville, duchess of
Clarence, Lionel, duke of
Clifford, Sir Robert
Coke, William
colleges
Collingborne, William
Colyns, Christopher
Commynes, Philippe de
Conway, Hugh
Conyers, Sir John
Corpus Christi
Cotington, John
Coton, Sir Roger
Courtenay, Henry
Courtenay, Peter, bishop of Exeter
Cousin, Robert
Crèvecoeur, Philippe de
Croft, Sir Richard
Crowland Chronicle
and Bosworth
and Edward IV
and Richard III
and Scotland
Curteys, Piers
Dacre, Richard, Lord
Dafydd Llwyd ap Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
Dagsell, Thomas
Danvers, Henry
Daubeney, Sir Giles
Daubeney, William
Debenham, Sir Gilbert
Desmond, earl of
Devon, Humphrey Stafford, earl of
Devon, John Beaufort, earl of
Dhu, Robin
Digby, Simon
Dokett, John
Donne, Sir John
Dorset, Thomas Grey, marquess of
and Brittany
and Henry VII
and rebellion
Douglas, James, earl of
Dudley, Katherine
Dudley, William, bishop of Durham
Duke of Buckingham’s Rebellion
Dymock, Sir Robert
Dynham, John, Lord
Ebbchester, Robert
Edgecombe, Richard
Edgecote, battle of
Edward, earl of March see Edward IV
Edwa
rd III of England, King
Edward IV of England, King
and battle
and brothers
and Burgundy
and claim to throne
and Clarence
and coronation
and court life
and death
and Edgecote
and Edward V
and family
and finances
and flight
and France
and funeral
and grants
and health
and Henry VII
and illegitimacy
and land
and marriage
and restoration
and Richard III
and Scotland
and Tewkesbury
and Warwick
and will
Edward V of England, King
and birth
and council
and death
and Hastings
and legitimacy
and Richard III
and Tower of London
Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales
Edward, Prince of Wales
Elizabeth of York
Elizabeth Woodville, Queen
and Clarence
and conspiracy
and Edward V
and family
and Henry Tudor
and marriage
and regency
and Richard, duke of York
and sanctuary
Fabyan, Robert
Fastolf, Sir John
Fastolf, Thomas
Fauconberg, Bastard of
Ferrers, Sir John
Fiennes, Thomas
Fitzhugh, Richard, Lord
Fitzwarin, John Bourchier, Lord
Fogge, Sir John
Forssa, Bernard de la
Forster, John
Forster, Rowland
Fortescue, Sir John
Fotheringhay Castle
Fowler, Richard
Fox, Richard
France
and Henry VII
and invasion
and marriage alliances
and Richard III
and Scotland
see also Brittany; Burgundy; Calais; Louis XI
Francis II, duke of Brittany
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
Fulford, Sir Thomas
Gaynesford, Nicholas
Gigur, John
Gloucester, duke of see Richard III
Goddard, Dr John
Goldsborough, Edward
Gower, Edward
Gowle, Richard
Grayson, Thomas
Great Chronicle of London, The (Fabyan)
and Bosworth
and Buckingham
and Collingborne
and Edward V
and Hastings
and Henry VII
Richard III Page 53
