VII. Historians’ Ranking (2008) of First Ladies who Served from 1900 to 2009
Index
Abell, Bess, 246
Adams, Abigail Smith, xiv, 6–11, 12, 14, 16, 22, 26, 27, 30–32, 35, 45, 51, 52, 62, 67, 69, 203, 265
accusation against, 8
marriage, 8
as “minister without portfolio,” 9
in Philadelphia, 9–10
Adams, Ansel, 266
Adams, Charles Francis, 27
Adams, Henry (Democracy), 94
Adams, John Quincy, xvii, xviii, 4, 9, 10–12, 14, 19–24, 40, 47, 62
anniversary of Andrew Jackson’s victory (1815), 21
Declaration of Independence, 24
as secretary of state, 19–21
Adams, Louisa Johnson, xiv, xviii, 19–24, 26, 29, 35, 46, 181
“Adventures of a Nobody,” 23–24
courage, xiv
health, 22
in Paris, 30
St. Petersburg, 29, 30
Addams, Jane, 129, 136
age, 41–42
“rounding off,” 40–41
Agnew, Spiro, 263
Agricola’s De Re Metallica (Bauer), 180
Alexander, Shana, 247
All Our Children: Families Under Pressure
in the United States (Carnegie Council), 301
American Heritage Dictionary, The, 361n7
American Historical Review, The, 387n102
American Magazine, 69
American Wife (Sittenfeld), 333
American Women’s Committee, 180
America’s Treasures Act, 332
Ames, Mary Clemmer, xv, 88, 93
Anderson, Judith Icke, 132
Anderson, Marian, 202
“Angels’ Jail,” 116
An Invitation to the White House (Clinton), 318
Anthony, Susan B., 95
Arthur, Chester, 86, 104, 228, 362n15
presidency, 104
Astaire, Fred, 267
Atlantic, 294
Atlantic Monthly, 257
Auchincloss, Hugh, 226
Austin’s Habitat for Humanity, 324
Babbitt, Harriet, 303
Babcock, Orville E., 84
Babson, Roger W. (Cox: The Man), 384n13
Balanchine, George, 227
Baldrige, Letitia, 227, 257, 277, 362n9
Banner, Lois, 196
Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy, 291
Bayh, Marvella, 240, 261
Beecher, Catharine
on female debility, 51, 52, 370n82
Begin, Menachem, 273
Belknap, William, 84–85
Bell, John, 72
Bennetts, Leslie, 313
Bergman, Ingrid, 214
Bernhardt, Sarah, 79
Beschloss, Michael, 316
Bethune, Mary McLeod, 201
Better Homes and Gardens, 219, 220
Biden, Jill, 303, 345
Biden, Joe, 344, 345
Bird, Lady Isabella Lucy, 53
Black, Ruby, 201
Blaine, James G., 16, 102
Blanton, Margaret, 58
Bliss, Bettie Taylor, 40, 49
Bones, Helen, 145, 147
Boston Globe, 347
Bradwell, Myra, 79
Breckinridge, John, 72
Briggs, Emily, xv, xvii
Britten, Nan, 163
The President’s Daughter, 164
Brooke, Edward, 300
Brown, Jerry, 305
Brown, John, 45
Bruck, Connie, 313
Bryan, Mary Baird, 111–12, 115–16, 307, 320
marriage, 116
Bryan, Ruth, 117–18
Bryan, William Jennings, 115–16, 131, 142
“cross of gold” oration, 115
death, 117
marriage, 116
Buchanan, James, xvi, 36, 69
presidency, 43
Buckley, James L., 264, 310
Bumiller, Elisabeth, 326
Bundy, McGeorge, 246
Bunner, Rudolph, 65
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 177
Burr, Aaron
vice presidency, 12
Burros, Marian, 309
Bush, Barbara Pierce, 260, 285, 295, 296, 324
early years, 285–86
as First Lady, 289–93
illness, 290
married life, 286–89
studies, 295
work, 295
Bush, Dorothy, 323
Bush, George Herbert Walker, 286–93
as chairman of Republican National Committee, 288
studies, 286–87
marriage, 286
as Permanent U.S. Representative to the United Nations, 288
presidential campaign, 288–89
presidency, 289–93
as head of U.S. Liaison Office, 288
Bush, George W., 287, 295, 303, 309, 321–34, 340, 362n15
governorship, 324
Iraq War and, 331, 332
marriage, 323
PEPFAR and, 328
presidency, 324–34
terrorist attacks on September 11, 326
trip to Afghanistan, 329
Bush, Jeb, 287
Bush, Jenna, 324
Bush, Laura, 321–34, 336
as ambassador for The Heart Truth, 332
on Burma’s oppressive government, 329
early years, 321–22
as First Lady, 324–34
honorary chairmanship of U.S.-Afghan Women’s Council, 329
Iraq War and, 331, 332
marriage, 323
in National Book Festival, 325–26
PEPFAR and, 328
“Poetry and the American Voice” and, 330
on Taliban’s oppression against women and children, 327
teaching in Houston, 322–23
terrorist attacks Sept. 11, 2011 and, 326
Texas life, 324
trip to Afghanistan, 329
trip to Mae La refugee camp, 329
Whatever the Wind Delivers, 321
Bush, Robin, 287
Butler, Nicholas Murray, 169
Butt, Archibald, 124
Calhoun, Floride, 63
Calhoun, John, 35
Campbell, Karlyn Kohrs, 328, 341
Carnegie Council, 301
Caro, Robert, 237, 239
Carpenter, Liz, 213, 245, 246, 344
Carson, Rachel, 243
Carter, Amy, 353
Carter, Jimmy, 267–77, 305
Georgia governorship, 267
political career, 269
presidency, 267, 271–77
presidential campaign, 270–71
U.S. Naval Academy, 268
Carter, Rosalynn Smith, xviii, xix, 67, 134, 260, 263, 267–77, 283, 289, 310, 311, 336, 343
as First Lady, 267, 271–77
in 1976 election, xix
“People, Parties and Protocol,” 275
studies, 268
trip to Central and South American countries, 271–72
trip to Thailand, 273
work with President’s Council on Mental Health, 272–73
Cassatt, Mary, 138
Cassini, Oleg, 227
“cave dwellers,” 36, 50, 52, 56, 59, 73, 85
CCC. See Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Center for Puerto Rican Studies, 306
Century, 113–14
Chase, Kate, 75
Chicago Exposition (1893), 140
Children’s Defense Fund, 306
Chisholm, Shirley, 338–39
Churchill, Winston, 208
Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints, 96
Citizens’ Suffrage Association of Philadelphia, 89
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 195, 196
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 247
Civil War, xv, 44, 69, 72, 78, 80, 81, 90, 99, 107, 192
Clapper, Raymond, 199
cl
ass, 326–27
Clay, Henry, 64, 71
Cleveland, Esther, 108
Cleveland, Frances Folsom, 105, 106, 122, 230
death, 108
as First Lady, 106, 111
marriage, 105
remarriage, 108
temperance, 107
Cleveland, Grover, 86, 105–6, 146, 356
death, 108
marriage, 105
presidency, 106, 107–8, 111
presidential campaign, 107
Cleveland, Rose, xx, 105
Clinton, Bill, xviii, 297–320
campaigning for wife’s candidacy, 336, 337, 340–41, 342
Linda Tripp and, 315
Monica Lewinsky and, 315
presidency, 295–96, 308–20
presidential campaign, 303–5
re-election, 315
in television programs, 304
Whitewater investment, 311
Clinton, Chelsea Victoria, 295–96, 303, 314, 341
Clinton, DeWitt, 15
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, xix, 294, 297–320, 333, 340, 341, 342, 343–44
on Afghan women’s rights, 328
An Invitation to the White House, 318
Children’s Defense Fund and, 306
directorship of New World Foundation, 305–6
early life, 297–303
studies Standards Committee and, 308
as First Lady, 308–20
Fourth World Conference on Women (United Nations), 314
glamor, 311
It Takes a Village and Other Lessons Our Children Teach Us, 314
marital life, 303
presidential campaign, 335, 344
as secretary of state, 347
studies, 295, 298–300, 301
in television programs, 304
United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women (Beijing 1995), 347
work, 295, 302, 305–8
clothing design, 41, 330
CNN, 332, 341
Cocke, John, 19
Collier, Peter
The Kennedys: An American Drama, 362n9
Collingswood, Charles, 229
Collins, Frederick, 182
Comerford, Cristeta, 330
Commager, Henry Steele, 80
Commission of Fine Arts, 227
Commission on the Status of Women, 233
Committee for a More Beautiful Capital, 243
Committee in Support of the People of El Salvador, 306
Commoner, 117
Conkling, Roscoe, 102
Constantia. See Murray, Judith Sargent
Consumers’ League, 201
Coolidge, Calvin, xvi, 157, 170–76
death, 176
presidency, 174–75
vice presidency, 174
Coolidge, Calvin, Jr., 175
Coolidge, Grace Goodhue, 157, 158, 170–76, 182, 228
studies, 158–59
as First Lady, 174–75
marriage, 159
“The Real Calvin Coolidge,” 176
teaching the deaf, 159
“Watch Fires,” 175–76
widowhood, 176
Coolidge, John, 171, 175
Cooper, Thomas, 47
Corcoran Gallery of Art, 44
Council of Economic Advisers, 246
Couric, Katie, 345
Cox, James M., 157, 159
Cox, Margaret Blair, 157
Crawford, William, xviii
Croly, Jennie June, 87
Current Opinion, 142
Daley, Richard, 350
Dallas, George, 65
DAR. See Daughters of the American Revolution
“Darby and Joan,” 9
Daugherty, Harry, 168, 169
Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), 198, 202, 214
Davis, Elizabeth, 96
Davis, John, 229–30
Dayton, Katharine, 362n7
Dear Bess, 208
Deaver, Michael, 280
de la Renta, Oscar, 330
Dellums, Ron, 339
Democracy (Adams), 94
Dent, Frederick, 81, 82
DePriest, Jessie, 186, 353
DePriest, Oscar, 186
De Wolfe, Henry A., 160
Dewson, Molly, 195, 196, 198, 201
Dickens, Charles, 87
Dickerson, Nan, 232, 235, 240
Dickinson, Anna, 103
Dies, Martin, 199
Dillon, Douglas, 227
Dixon, Jane, 166
Dole, Elizabeth, 340
Dole, Robert, 285
Donelson, Emily, 40, 42, 93
Donelson, John, 38
Doud, Elivera Carlson, 220
Douglas, Helen Gahagan, 213, 251
Douglas, Michael, 322
Douglas, Stephen, 72
Douglass, Frederick, 338
Dreams from My Father (Obama), 351
Dress Institute, 218
Drown, Helene, 256
Duchess of Windsor, 53
due process, 301
Dukakis, Kitty, 303
Eaton, John, 37, 62
Eaton, Peggy, 62
Economy Act of 1933, 195
Edelman, Marian Wright, 300
Education Standards Committee, 308
Edwards, Elizabeth, 336–37
Edwards, India, 232
Edwards, Puritan Jonathan, 120
Ehrlichman, John, 254
Eisenhower, Dwight, 216, 232, 252
Chief of Staff, 217
Commander of NATO forces, 217
President of Columbia University, 217
Eisenhower, John, 222
Eisenhower, Julie Nixon, 257–58
Eisenhower, Mamie Doud, xvi, 215, 225, 227, 336
claim to fashion fame, 219
World War II, 216
election process, xix
Elle, 312
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 201, 263, 264–65, 275, 271
Equal Rights Party. See National Equal Rights Party
ERA. See Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Exner, Judith, 163–64
Faircloth, Michael, 330
Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, 306
Fall, Albert, 152, 168
Family Circle, 308
Farley, James, 197
Federal City, The, 80
Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 196
Federal Farm Board, 177
Federal Writers’ Project, 197
Federation of Women’s Clubs, 217
“Female Advocate,” 25
Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 278
Ferraro, Geraldine, 64, 291, 296, 307
Few, Frances, 15
Fillmore, Abigail, 36, 40, 48, 49–51, 52
as First Lady, 50–51
marriage, 50
Fillmore, Millard, 49–51, 52
marriage, 50
First Lady(ies). See also individual entries Good Housekeeping’s ranking of, 417
historians’ ranking of, 413–14, 416, 418, 419
professors’ ranking of, 415
the term, xv. See also Lady Washington; Presidentress
Fischer, David Hackett, 40, 41
Growing Old in America, 40
Fisk, Jim, 84
Fiske, Robert B., 313
Flowers, Gennifer, 304
Ford, Elizabeth Bloomer Warren (Betty), xviii, xix, 59, 165, 253, 260, 275, 276, 283, 291, 353
candor, 263, 266–67
as congressional wife, 261–62
dance career, 265–66
Equal Rights Amendment and, 263, 264–65
fellowship from National Academy of Design, 266, 381n81
as First Lady, 263–67
illness, 262
marriage, 261
Ford, Gerald, xvii–xviii, 261
congressional life, 261–62
Equal Rights Amendment and, 263, 264–65
marriage, 261
presidency, 263–67
For the
Record (Regan), 284
Forty-Two Years at the White House, 184
Foster, Vincent, 302, 312
Foundry Methodist Church, 93
Fourth World Conference on Women (United Nations), 314
Frémont, Jessie Benton, 66
Frémont, John, 66, 90
Friedan, Betty, 278
Fulton, James G., 212
Furman, Bess, 186–87, 205
Gallatin, Albert, 8, 9
Galt, Norman, 146
Gann, Dolly, 186
Gardiner, Julia, 146
Garfield, James, 86, 98–101, 152
assassination, 100–101
death, 362n15
married life, 98–100
presidency, 100
studies, 98
1872 suffrage convention and, 102
Garfield, Lucretia Rudolph, xiii–xiv, 86, 97–103
as First Lady, 100
married life, 98–100
participation in husband’s public memorial services, 101
temperance, 101–2
widowhood, 100–101
Garner, Ettie Rheiner, 195
Gary, Elbert, 134
Gates, George, 209
Geer, Emily Apt, 95
gender gap, in political consciousness, 296–97
Geneva Summit Conference 1985, xvii
George Washington University, 214
Gephardt, Jane, 303
Gibson, Charles Dana, 182
Gibson, Charlie, 345
Gilded Age, 82
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 129
Gilpin, Henry Dilwood, 65
Giuliani, Rudolph, 318
Glasgow, Ellen
The Vein of Iron, 267
Goldwater, Barry, 299, 338
Good Housekeeping, 110, 142, 171, 193, 200, 211, 222, 262, 267, 292
ranking of twentieth-century First Ladies (1980), 417
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 343
Gorbachev, Raisa, 362n13
Gordon, Meryl, 312
Gore, Tipper, 303
Gould, Jack, 229
Gould, Jay, 84
Gould, Lewis, 323
Grace of Monaco, Princess, 267
Grant, Cary, 267
Grant, Jesse, 81
Grant, Julia
Memoirs, 275
Grant, Julia Dent, xiv, xv, 60, 74, 80, 86, 91
Civil War years, 81
as First Lady, 83
marriage, 81
memoirs of, 83–84
Grant, Ulysses S., 80
Civil War years, 81
marriage, 81
presidency, 83
Whiskey Ring scandal and, 84
Grayson, Cary, 151
Great Depression, 176, 187, 185, 195
Green, Michael, 330
Greenfield, Meg, 246
Growing Old in America (Hackett Fischer), 40
Gutin, Myra, 328
Hagerty, James, 222
Hagner, Belle, 123
Haig, Alexander, 283
Hailparn, Lenore, 215
Haldeman, H.R., 254
Hamill, Sam, 330
Hamilton, Alexander, 5
Harding, Florence Kling, 59, 117, 157, 158–70, 182, 233
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