Hopkins wrote the first published (and positive) review of Warhol’s soup-can exhibition for Artforum. He was also the first to purchase a word painting by Ruscha: Sweetwater. It came to a tragic end when a student took it from Hopkins’s office and painted over it. (Hopkins frequently told this story to the amusement of many but without much real forgiveness.)
Soaring from the attention that came with Common Objects, the following year Ruscha and Goode decided to hitchhike to New York. They rode with amphetamine-fueled truckers and, when no cars offered rides, they took a bus that was so crowded that Goode slept on the floor. Then they had an experience that could have been lifted from a cheesy porn film. A young woman stopped and, after a brief chat, asked if she should get her friend and show them the sights in the nearby small town. That sounded like a great idea. At her suggestion, they took off their clothes to go swimming in a pond while waiting for her return, which, rather predictably, she never did.
When they finally reached New York, Goode agreed with Ruscha that it would be impossible to make art there. “One of the great things about working [in Los Angeles] was that most artists didn’t care about what was happening in New York,” Goode said. “What Irwin stressed is what everybody out here believed. You can do what you want and this idea of having a theory tied around your work, you don’t have to do that. That is what I really liked. It always looked stifled to me, New York art, because of the heavy reliance on European art.”41
In New York, Larry Rivers took them to the Five Spot to hear Thelonious Monk. Warhol invited them to lunch, and Ruscha showed him his first book of black-and-white photographs, Twentysix Gasoline Stations: Standard stations, Texacos, and so forth, with no essay, in a five-by-seven-inch paperback. Warhol looked through the book with his deadpan serious expression. “Ooh, I love that there are no people in them.”42
Not long after, Ruscha painted Standard Station, Amarillo, Texas, a long horizontal canvas roughly five feet tall and ten feet long in flatly commercial shades of red, black, and white. “I think they become more powerful without extraneous elements like people, cars, or anything beyond the story.… I wanted something that had some industrial strength to it.”43 Dennis and Brooke Hopper bought that painting, which made sense in that Hopper had taken an iconic photograph of two Standard signs at a gas station on the corner of Santa Monica Boulevard and Melrose Avenue as seen through the windshield of his car: Double Standard. In the 1960s, gas stations could be slightly exotic. Tom Wolfe described the Union 76 in Beverly Hills as a “Futurama Pagoda” designed by Jim Wong of Pereira and Associates: “What Wong has done here with electric light sculpture—as an artist—goes so far beyond what serious light sculptors like Billy Apple and Dan Flavin (and serious architects, for that matter) have yet attempted; it poses a serious question for art historians.”44
Ruscha knew intuitively that there was something unsettlingly special about his small book of gas station photographs even if Philip Leider, the editor of Artforum, wrote that he found himself “irritated and annoyed” by it. Ruscha showed it to his sometime girlfriend Eve Babitz, who went on to write a series of scandalously funny memoirs beginning with Eve’s Hollywood.
“We were driving down to have dinner at La Esperanza in the Plaza,” she recalled. “We used to get enchiladas rancheras with sour cream, melted cheese, avocado.… So I look at this book and said, ‘Why did you make this book?’ He said, ‘Somebody had to do it.’”45
Ruscha became a regular at the unruly but warm Babitz household in Hollywood, where her violinist and musicologist father, Saul Babitz, and artist mother entertained the Igor Stravinskys and other Europeans visiting or relocating to the city. Ruscha became friends with the entire family. “He would come over to our house all the time. And for Thanksgiving. My mother would make these huge meals. Ed’s thing was ‘May Babitz sure is good to her boys.’ He was my boyfriend for a long time.”46
Babitz’s portrait was included in a Ruscha project for the 1970 Design Quarterly called Five 1965 Girlfriends. Another girlfriend was the slim and stylish Danna Knego. Ruscha had met her at Hanna-Barbera studio, where she worked as an artist inking the line drawings of animators.
Meanwhile, Goode’s marriage had crumbled under the strain of poverty and creative ambition. After divorcing his wife Judy in 1964, Goode dated Eve’s sister, Mirandi, who introduced him to the music of the Beatles. Both daughters were regulars at the clubs proliferating on the Sunset Strip. Goode remembered going with Mirandi to hear Donovan perform and seeing John Lennon hop on the stage for an impromptu jam.
Knego, a slender twenty-one-year-old with high cheek bones and clearly set brown eyes, was living at home with her mother. Her father, who had left the family when she was eight, had been an actor, and a close friend of Robert Mitchum. Knego and Ruscha shared a passion for the stories and remnants of old Hollywood and the historic city. “We’d drive around L.A and look at different things and feel the nostalgia even then for the old buildings,” she said.47
Many such buildings could be found in Echo Park on the east side of the city where stucco bungalows nestled on the hills that rose around a large pond with blooming lotus plants. In 1964, Ruscha had moved to a small house on Vestel Avenue. He preferred to live near his circle of Oklahoma friends on the east side of town rather than follow the rest of the Ferus artists as they moved to Venice Beach.
CHAPTER SIX
Bell, Box, and Venice
Irving Blum honed his relationship with Leo Castelli in order to exhibit New York–based artists Frank Stella, Ellsworth Kelly, and others who were celebrated for their clean geometric abstractions. In many ways, the work was not unlike that being done by Karl Benjamin, Lorser Feitelson, John McLaughlin, Frederick Hammersley, Helen Lundeberg, and June Harwood, an older and more established group of Los Angeles artists supported critically by Harwood’s husband Jules Langsner. But Blum wanted to expand his New York network, and he added no more Los Angeles artists to the gallery apart from Larry Bell.
Bell was born in Chicago in 1939 but raised after 1945 in the sprawling L.A. suburb of the San Fernando Valley. His father sold insurance. His mother helped but was creative and eventually went back to school to study art. Bell was an attractive, wisecracking kid and a mediocre student at Birmingham High School in Van Nuys. “I was a flake of a student,” he said.1 Yet, his ability to draw cartoons got him a PTA scholarship to attend Chouinard during summer school. He enrolled full-time in 1958 with the vague notion of becoming an animator. He rented a room four blocks away from the school in a bright pink boardinghouse, the Shalimar, which once belonged to Charlie Chaplin.
Larry Bell
Photograph by Dennis Hopper, © The Dennis Hopper Trust, courtesy of The Dennis Hopper Trust
Bell was partially deaf, though the condition was not diagnosed correctly until he was forty-six. He felt overwhelmed by the pressure at Chouinard and dropped all of his classes, apart from a watercolor course at night with Robert Irwin, who encouraged his splashy efforts. “He was the first person to take a real interest in what I was doing,” Bell recalled later.2
Irwin was renowned for his Socratic method. “My ideal of teaching has been to argue with people on behalf of the idea they are responsible for their own activities,” Irwin asserted. “Because once you learn how to make your own assignments instead of relying on someone else, then you have learned the only thing you really need to get out of school, that is, you’ve learned how to learn. You’ve become your own teacher.”3
Inspired by Irwin, Bell returned to Chouinard in 1959 and began making odd geometric paintings with two opposing corners removed from a square or rectangle. Herb Jepson, who had joined the Chouinard faculty, taught drawing. In the class, Bell did not draw the figure as assigned but repeatedly drew squares and rectangles. When asked about this, Bell innocently explained that he was transcribing the metaphysical aspect of the assignment. Jepson suggested Bell visit the school’s “aesthetic advisor.”
Bell dutifully showed up fo
r several sessions with this advisor to explain his art, which had grown more abstract and sophisticated. Bell was perfectly pleased with this arrangement until his roommate let on that the advisor was a psychologist employed by Walt Disney, adding, “the school hired him to weed out the weirdos.” Bell said, “I had thought that for once I was making decisions about my work and where I was going and this guy had just set me up because he thought I was some kind of nut. I went back to the school, took out all my stuff, and I never went back.”4
Bell used his tuition money to rent a studio and got a job at a framing shop in the Valley. He attached leftover pieces of mirror to his paintings of geometric shapes to add the element of reflection to the illusion of dimension. Over the next two years, he transformed those geometric paintings into “constructions,” boxes made of mirror or glass that dovetailed perfectly with the glossy work being made by Kauffman and Bengston. “I realized I’d been making illustrations of volumes when what I really wanted to do was make the volumes themselves,” he said later. “At that point, I became a sculptor.”5
In 1962 he discovered a small manufacturer who had the equipment to coat a clear glass surface with a prismatic mist that lent his boxes a transcendent glow. Bell recalled, “I found this guy who did this vacuum coating process. I remember when I looked at the piece I just couldn’t believe it. It was the most fantastic thing I’d ever seen in my life. Bengston was a little bit jealous.”6
Irwin introduced him to Hopps and Blum. Bell so wanted to be part of the Ferus scene that he decided to play upon their sympathies to get his first show: “I actually thought I was going to get drafted into Vietnam in 1961. I went to see Walter Hopps and said ‘Walter, I think I’m going to have to go into the army. I’d like to have a show.’ He and Irving came down and looked at my stuff and said OK. I did a show the following year. As it turned out, I did get drafted, but I was rejected. When I came back from the induction place down on Olive and Olympic, I went banging on Bengston’s door. He opened the door and starting laughing. ‘Man, I knew they weren’t going to take you!’”7
After Bell’s grand opening at Ferus on March 27, 1962, the gang adjourned to Barney’s. “I was twenty-two. I walked in and Barney said ‘Congratulations, I’m buying you a drink. What do you want?’”8 Bell was stunned by the gesture. “That guy was so tight his asshole squeaked when he walked.”9 They closed down the bar that night at two in the morning as Barney called out, “‘Last call, last call for al–ca–hol.’”10
* * *
Later that year, just before Christmas, Bell received an unexpected check for $2,000 from the Copley Foundation that not only provided validation but also enabled Bell to produce larger boxes of coated glass.
Copley also brought Marcel Duchamp to visit Price, Irwin, and Bell. No one bothered to tell Bell, so when he heard the knock at the front door, he assumed it was a building inspector. (It was illegal to live in working studio spaces in those days.) After the persistent pounding continued, he peered through the window and saw three men in suits. He recognized Copley, who introduced Duchamp and Richard Hamilton. Bell often did not hear parts of conversations, and on that occasion he did not realize that his visitor was the great Duchamp. He chatted away in a relaxed and irreverent manner until he overheard Copley say something to “Marcel.” From that moment on, Bell was intimidated; he could barely utter a word. The trio left, but not before Duchamp, who once said, “I don’t believe in art, I believe in artists,” invited him to visit when in New York.11 A year later, in 1964, Bell accepted the offer.
“Teeny took me into the parlor and brought in a tray with tea and cookies. She closed the door and there I was with the great man all by myself. There were Picabias, Magrittes, and a Brancusi wooden blonde Negress up on the armoire. It was a heavy moment. When I asked what he was doing, he said, ‘I’m working on a show of early work.’ I said, ‘Really, how early?’ He said, ‘Oh, I was four or six.’”12
It was at the Duchamp opening at the Pasadena Art Museum that Bell met his future wife, Gloria Neilsen, who was twelve years younger than her sister Shirley Hopps and just as pretty. The two blondes went to Western Costume in Hollywood and rented laced bodices and short skirts in red, white, and blue to attend the black-tie event. “They both looked so cute, and Gloria in particular just knocked me out,” Bell recalled.13 Bell and Neilsen were married three years later in a Las Vegas drive-through chapel.
Unlike Ruscha, who did not integrate his social life with that of the older Ferus artists, Bell made a point of ingratiating himself with Bengston, Kauffman, and Altoon. He said, “I come from a lower-middle-class family in the San Fernando Valley. I didn’t know shit about anything. I lived vicariously off these sophisticated young men.”14
Bell followed the migration of Bengston, Price, Altoon, and Irwin to the beach. Initially, some lived in Ocean Park but most moved to the less expensive environs of Venice. Bell rented three thousand square feet of studio space for seventy-five dollars a month on Marine Street, two blocks from the ocean, in what had once been, in the early decades of the twentieth century, a resort with colonnades and canals built in simulation of Venice, Italy. By the 1960s, the beach was lined with oil derricks and the neighborhood had grown dangerous and dirty, “where the debris meets the sea.” Yet it was a magnet for struggling artists and poets. The Beats had taken over the Venice West coffee house for marijuana-stoked poetry readings. The Ferus crew continued to drive into town to drink at Barney’s, but they had breakfast together at a café on Pacific and Windward. Asked what profound topics of discussion might have engaged them, Bell replied with practiced nonchalance: “Pussy.”15
Altoon lived next door to Bell, and Irwin was one block to the south, not far from Bengston and Price. New York transplant John Chamberlain shared a nearby space with Neil Williams. Other younger artists experimenting with the properties of pure light, Doug Wheeler, James Turrell, and DeWain Valentine, soon moved into the same neighborhood. “The reason was it was cheap,” Bell recalled.16 (In 1966, Bell bought a nearby building at 74 Market Street for $6,000 and the bank balked at giving him a loan, protesting that it wasn’t worth $6,000.) “Every commercial storefront was empty and had been for a couple of years.”17
The artists’ proximity to one another accelerated their growing interest in the properties of light, the nature of perception, and how those factors might be utilized in their art. It was easy to overlook their run-down environs when the sky shifted daily from the soft, gray dawn to a perfect clear blue to a vibrant tangerine and pink sunset. The magical light flooded into their studios, accompanied them on their strolls along the beach, and led them to reflect upon the best ways to capture the experience.
This obsession with light was a historic preoccupation in Los Angeles and the principal reason that the movie studios had moved there from the gloomy East Coast. Directors valued the smooth, golden quality of early morning light as the most flattering for their leading ladies. As it had for the Impressionists in the south of France, sunlight inspired a new crop of plein air painters in the 1920s known as the Eucalyptus School, who captured the whitecaps on the Pacific Ocean and fields of poppies near the Pasadena arroyo. Later, Modernist architects such as the Viennese Richard Neutra devised houses with entire walls of glass to take advantage of the light and the steady climate.
These artists were not stuck in the European past; they sought out new materials that would best serve contemporary explorations. Glass, plastic, and acrylic replaced canvas and paint. Precious little time was spent discussing their art, though they took note of one another’s discoveries. Irwin, Kauffman, Bell, and Bengston especially were light-years and a continent away from their chatty predecessors at the Cedar Tavern in New York.
Bell grew closest to the caustic Bengston. “You could hang with this group if you were serious about what you did. You had to take a lot of shit and be ready to dish it right back. But it was all based on a profound love and sense of humor. Nobody thought there was any money in doing th
is stuff.”18
Bell was rarely seen without an outlandish hat, tie, or shoes. Walter Hopps used to call Bell “luxury” because Bell and Bengston would haunt cheap thrift stores and buy a whole suit for a dollar. Often the “luxe” clothes were handmade, such as silk ties from Sulka with seven folds. Bengston made belts with stitched-in nicknames for each of the Ferus artists. Bell was “Luxe” while newcomer Ruscha got the insulting name of “Waterboy.” Later, when Ruscha was showing throughout Europe and New York, Ed Moses teased Bengston: “Who is the waterboy, now?”19
Bell’s work sold but, like the other artists, he did not make much money at first. According to Blum, “The gallery was very much like a club. We shared whatever money we had.… I mean me and the artists … would see each other several times a week and share meals and scratch to get by.”20 The gallery was consistently helped along by Shirley Hopps’s paycheck from the University of California–Riverside, where she was assistant professor of art history. Walter’s salary as director of the Pasadena Art Museum was modest.
Collector Betty Asher and her physician husband Leonard helped to support the gallery and were the first to buy one of Bell’s mirrored boxes. They lived in a Spanish-style house in Brentwood, where they often had Blum and the artists for dinner and held charity poker games, letting the poorest artist win. Their son, Michael Asher, became an artist whose Minimalist work was in the spirit of Kauffman and Irwin. Today he is better known as a Conceptual artist and is an influential teacher at the California Institute of the Arts.
For Bell, perception held sway over conception. His glass boxes were originally decorated with spray-painted patterns. Then, as he gained confidence, he simplified his creations. “I finally realized that it was the sensuality of the surface quality which was what I was working with, and what I was able to do with the coating process was to keep the same surface quality but enhance the way light was either reflected or transmitted.”21 As Bell’s breakthrough came at a time when Donald Judd was producing his early boxes of metal and wood, it appeared to critics that a uniquely Southern California Minimalism was being also born.
Rebels in Paradise Page 10
