by Headlee, Kim
Owen. Brytoni farmer. Clan: Cwrnwyll, Rheged, Brydein.
Padraic, Saint. Founder of the monastery on Saint Padraic’s Isle; patron saint of Ireland (a.k.a. St. Patrick, St. Paddy).
Paul, Apostle. Paul (formerly Saul) of Tarsus, Christian missionary in the 1st century A.D.
Peredur mac Hymar. Centurio Equo, Seventh Ala, Horse Cohort, Dragon Legion of Brydein. Hymar’s son; Ogryvan’s stepson; Gyanhumara’s half-brother. Clan: Argyll, Caledon. Nickname: Per. Name origin: Scottish Gaelic pòr dùr (“stubborn seed”). Legendary name: Sir Percival.
Quintus. Late monk at Saint Padraic’s Monastery. Name origin: Latin quintus (“fifth”), a common naming convention among Roman families indicating, in this case, the fifth male child born to the same parents.
Reuel. Seannachaidh of Clan Argyll, Caledon; preserver of law and lore. Name origin: Second “R” of J.R.R. Tolkien.
Rhys (HREES). Centurion, second-in-command at Port Dhoo-Glass garrison, Manx Cohort, Dragon Legion of Brydein. Clan: Argyll, Caledon.
Riothamus. Late Franco-Brytoni warlord who governed Armorica and possibly a portion of southern Britain in the mid-fifth century. Some scholars identify him with Ambrosius or even Arthur, citing the fact that his name in Brythonic means “high king” (rigotamos). By that logic, every man named Richard (an inversion of Scottish Gaelic àrd rìgh, “high king”) also would be in contention for a crown.
Rudd (ROOTH). Former Brytoni slave at Arbroch.
Samsen. Late infant son of Dafydd the Elder.
Seumas (SHAYoo-mahs). Caledonach warrior; Ogryvan’s most trusted bodyguard. Clan: Argyll, Caledon. Name origin: Scottish Gaelic Seumas (“James”).
Sichuan. Brytoni warrior, one of Morghe’s escort whom she’d brought to Arbroch from Caerlaverock. Clan: Cwrnwyll, Rheged, Brydein.
Stefan. Brytoni monk and master of students and the library at St. Padriac’s Monastery. Latin name: Stephanus.
Suetonius. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, a late-1st- to early-2nd-century A.D. Roman historian best known for his collection of works titled De Vita Caesarum, “Of the lives of the Caesars,” biographies of the twelve consecutive Roman rulers beginning with Julius Caesar.
Talya. Wife of Dwras; mother of Gwydion. Clan: Lothian, Gododdin, Brydein. Name origin: Brythonic tal (“bright”).
Tira. Brytoni slave who chose to remain at Arbroch after being granted her freedom; Loholt’s wet nurse.
Torr. Caledonach warrior. Clan: Argyll, Caledon. Name origin: Scottish Gaelic tòrr (“conical hill”). Legendary names: Sir Tor, Sir Torre.
Ulfyn. Centurion, First Century, Badger Cohort, Dragon Legion of Brydein; Gereint’s second-in-command. Legendary name: Sir Ulfin.
Urien map Dumarec. Prefect of the Horse Cohort, Dragon Legion of Brydein. Son of Dumarec; betrothed to Morghe. Clan: Moray, Dalriada, Brydein. Legendary names: King Urien, Uriens.
Uther map Custennin. Late Dux Britanniarum (succeeded Ambrosius). Ambrosius’s younger brother; Ygraine’s second husband; father of Arthur and Morghe. Latin name: Vetarus Aurelius Constantinus. Legendary name: King Uther Pendragon.
Vennolandua. Ancient and possibly mythical Queen of Cornwall, wife of King Locrin—whom she killed in battle after he divorced her in favor of a mistress. Vennolandua proceeded to rule Cornwall as queen until her son came of age.
Vergul. Priest of Clan Argyll, Caledon.
Vortigern. Late Brytoni warlord who employed Saxon mercenaries against the Caledonians and Scots.
Willa (WEE-thlah). Nun at Rushen Priory.
Wlencing. Late West Saxon prince. Younger brother of Cissa; father of Ælferd. Historically, Cissa, Wlencing, and Cymen appear to have been sons of Ælle, though the latter two men rarely appear in Arthurian tradition.
Ygraine (ee-GRAY-neh). Chieftainess of Clan Cwrnwyll of Rheged, Brydein. Widow of Gorlas; widow of Uther; mother of Annamar, Yglais, Arthur, and Morghe. Nickname: Ygrayna. Banner: ivory unicorn on crimson. Legendary name: Queen Igraine.
Ygrayna (ee-grayEE-nah). Caledonaiche variant of Ygraine. Name origin: Scottish Gaelic a’ghrian (“the sun”).
Glossary
THIS APPENDIX INCLUDES place-names and foreign terms. Pronunciation guidelines are supplied for the less obvious terms, especially those of Brythonic or Scottish Gaelic origin. In the case of a term having multiple translations used in the text, the most commonly referenced term is listed first. Word and phrase origins and English translations are given wherever possible.
My choices of word selection, translation, spelling, suggested pronunciation, and the use of accent marks reflect an attempt to imply a “proto-language” to today’s version, especially with regard to the Scottish-Gaelic-based words, compounds, and phrases. Terms identified as having a Pictish source are based on studies of Scottish place-names, since there are no known documents that were written in ancient Pictish. Brythonic-sourced words are derived from ancient Welsh literature, such as the Mabinogion.
Astute fans of the series may notice differences in spellings or pronunciations of some of the terms from those given in Dawnflight. These differences represent updates in my research.
Abar-Bhàis (Caledonaiche, “Mouth of the River of Death”). Site of the Angli attack on Arthur and Gyanhumara’s traveling camp while she was pregnant with Loholt. The name is selected to evoke the “River Bassas,” site of the sixth of twelve battles traditionally ascribed to Arthur in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, which I moved up to 4th for the purposes of Morning’s Journey. Origin: proto-Celtic/Pictish abar (“river mouth”), Scottish Gaelic a’bhàis (“of death”).
Abar-Gleann (Caledonaiche, “Mouth of the River Valley”). Site of Arthur’s first battle as Dux Britanniarum, where he defeated the Caledonians, located at the eastern end of the Antonine Wall on the south bank of the Firth of Forth near the present-day town of Bo’ness, Falkirk, Scotland. This equates to the first of Arthur’s twelve battles, the “mouth of the River Glein,” recorded in Chapter 56 of the Historia Brittonum (written in the early 9th century). Origin: proto-Celtic/Pictish abar (“river mouth”), Scottish Gaelic gleann (“valley”).
aconitum. A poisonous plant. Origin: Greek akonitos (“without dust; without struggle”).
Add (ATH) Valley. Lands surrounding the River Add near Dunadd.
Adversary, the. Euphemism for Caledonach demon overlord, Annàm, and Satan; see also Ha’satan.
Ærish (AIR-ish; Eingel/Saxon, “Brazen Ones”). Origin: inspired by Old Anglo-Saxon æren (“brazen”).
Of or pertaining to the inhabitants of the western portion of the island Latin-speakers call Hibernia; i.e., the Scots (Irish).
Name applied to the body of water between Æren (Hibernia) and Brædæn (Brydein); i.e., the Irish Sea.
ainm (ah-EEM; Caledonaiche, “name”). Used as part of the sign-countersign codes in the Manx Cohort. This challenge is usually given to determine friend-or-foe status; the correct response is rank, name, and unit designation as listed on the duty roster. Origin: Scottish Gaelic.
ala (pl. alae; Latin, “wing(s)”). Cavalry unit usually consisting of five turmae, commanded by a centurio equo.
Alban (“The Wild People”), Clan. Caledonaiche: Albainaich Chaledon (poss. h’Albainaich; “of Clan Alban”). Member of the Caledonach Confederacy. The clan’s name tracks to the ancient name for Scotland and is deliberately evocative of an alternate legendary name for Arthur’s realm, “Albion.” Banner: rampant white lion on cerulean blue. Cloak pattern: sky blue crossed with crimson and green. Gemstone: aquamarine. Name origin: inspired by Scottish Gaelic am bàn (“untilled”) and Albainn (“Alba,” “Scotland”).
Àmbholc (AY-mulk; Caledonaiche, “Time of Spring”). Brytonic: Imbolc. Winter ritual celebrated by non-Christian Caledonians and Brytons on February 1. Joinings taking place on Àmbholc night can be nullified the following Àmbholc with no shame clinging to either person. Caledonaiche name origin: Scottish Gaelic àm (“time”), bòlc (“to spring”).
a’mi (Caledonaiche, “to me”
). Exclamation used in battle to regroup forces. Origin: Scottish Gaelic.
Anderida (Latin). Saxon: Anderceaster. Brytoni-controlled port on the Narrow Sea near the present-day town of Pevensey, East Sussex, England.
Angalaranach (poss. Anghalaranach, pl. Angalaranaich, poss. pl. Anghalarannaich; Caledonaiche, “(of the) Diseased People”). Unflattering terms the Caledonaich apply to the Angli people. Origin: Scottish Gaelic an galar (“the disease”), a’ghalar (“of the disease”).
Angle(s) (Brytonic). Name applied to one or more inhabitants of the eastern coast of Brydein.
Angli (Latin). Of or pertaining to the inhabitants of the eastern coast of Brydein.
Annàm (ahn-NAIM), Lord. Caledonach demon overlord; a.k.a. “the Adversary.” Annaomh’s twin brother; leader of the evil Samhraidhean of the Otherworld, symbolized by a pair of crossed bloody cudgels. Name origin: Scottish Gaelic an nàmh (“the enemy”).
Annaomh (AHN-nuh), Lord. Caledonach supreme deity; ruler of the Otherworld and leader of the Army of the Blest, symbolized by the sun. In Caledonach mythology, his evil twin brother is Annàm. Name origin: Scottish Gaelic an naomh (“the saint”).
Antonine Wall, the. Latin: Antoninorum murum. Caledonaiche: Am Balla Tuat (“The North Wall”). Frontier fortification built in southern Scotland by Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius in the mid-second century A.D. Extends from the Firth of Forth to the Firth of Clyde.
aonar (EYE-nar, Caledonaiche). “Alone.” Origin: Scottish Gaelic.
Arbroch (Caledonaiche, “Exalted Town”). Brytonic: Ardoca. Latin: Alauna Veniconum. Seat of Clan Argyll and home fortress of Gyanhumara and Ogryvan; Roman fort captured in 1st century A.D. by the Caledonaich, located near the present-day village of Braco in Perthshire, Scotland. Caledonaiche origin: Scottish Gaelic àrd (“exalted”), broch (“burgh”).
àrd-banoigin (aird-ban-UH-ghin; pl. àrd-banoigainn; Caledonaiche, “exalted heir-bearer(s)”). The female member of the ruling family through whom the clan’s line of succession is determined. Typically, the clan’s chieftainess serves as àrd-banoigin while she is of childbearing age and passes this status to a daughter or niece when the younger woman reaches physical maturity. Origin: Scottish Gaelic àrd (“exalted”), ban (“woman”), oighre (“heir”), gin (“beget”).
Àrd-Ceann Teine-Beathach Mór (aird-KAY-ahn TEE-neh BAYah-tahk more; Caledonaiche, “High-Chief Great Fire-Beast”). Since Caledonaiche has no word for “dragon,” this is the closest that the Caledonaich can come to rendering “Pendragon” in their language. Usually, they don’t bother. Origin: Scottish Gaelic ceannard (“leader;” I switched the suffix to a prefix for consistency with other invented terms), teine (“fire”), beathach (“beast”), mór (“great”). There is no word for “dragon” in Scottish Gaelic, either.
àrd-ceoigin (aird-kayUH-ghin; pl. àrd-ceoiginich; Caledonaiche, “exalted heir-begetter(s)”). The consort of the clan’s àrd-banoigin. Marrying the àrd-banoigin gives the man access to her wealth but does not automatically grant him the chieftainship of her clan. Modern analogy: Queen Elizabeth II’s husband, Prince Phillip. Origin: Scottish Gaelic àrd (“exalted”), céile (“husband”), oighre (“heir”), gin (“beget”).
àrd-oighre (aird-OOreh; pl. àrd-oighreachan; Caledonaiche, “exalted heir(s)”). The male heir of the àrd-banoigin and àrd-ceoigin. The àrd-oighre may serve as clan chieftain in the event that the àrd-ceoigin is dead or incapacitated, upon ratification of a vote by the clan’s elders and the chieftainess. Origin: Scottish Gaelic àrd (“exalted”), oighre (“heir”).
Argyll (AR-gayeel; “The Tempestuous People”), Clan. Caledonaiche: Argaillanaich Chaledon (poss. h’Argaillanaich; “of Clan Argyll”). Member of the Caledonach Confederacy. The clan’s name tracks to the former County of Argyll, Scotland, though at this point in the story, the clan hasn’t yet expanded in that direction. Banner: two silver mourning doves in flight, on dark blue. Cloak pattern: dark blue crossed with saffron and scarlet. Gemstone: sapphire. Name origin: Scottish Gaelic ar gailleann (“our tempest”).
Armorica (Latin). Brytoni-settled region of Brittany, France.
Astarte. Morghe’s black mare, named for the Eastern Mediterranean fertility goddess from which Easter derives its name. Origin: Greek aster (“star”).
Attacot(s) (Latin). Scáthaichean: Aítachait. Name applied to one or more inhabitants of the western portion of Eireann.
Attacotti (Latin). Scáthaichean: Aítachasan. Of or pertaining to the inhabitants of the western portion of Eireann.
Aurelia (pl. Aurelii; Latin). One of the original Roman patrician families; its progeny includes 2nd-century A.D. Roman emperors Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, and in this story, Ambrosius Aurelius Constantinus, Merlinus Aurelius Ambrosius Dubricius, Vetarus Aurelius Constantinus, Arturus Aurelius Vetarus, and Morganna Aurelia Vetara.
ave (Latin, “hail”). Commonly used as a greeting, or as an invitation for someone to enter a room.
badge. Rank insignia worn by members of the Brytoni army: a cloak-pin fashioned in the shape of the legion’s symbol (e.g., dragon). Enlistees’ badges are bone or hardwood. Officers’ badges are wrought of different metals depending on rank and are ringed by green (infantry), red (cavalry), or blue (navy) enamel, or a combination thereof, to indicate breadth of command. If the officer is of the nobility, the badge includes a gemstone representing the clan’s dominant color.
Badger Cohort. Latin: Cohortis Meles. Unit in the Brytoni army occupying Senaudon.
banasròn (BANas-rone; Caledonaiche, “woman’s head”). Euphemism for female genitalia. Origin: Scottish Gaelic ban (“woman”), sròn (“headland”).
bannock. Small, hard cake made from barley or oat meal and cooked on an open griddle.
Bear of Lothian, the. Symbol of Clan Lothian of Gododdin, a rampant amber bear on forest green. Also called the Lothian Bear and the Amber Bear.
beathach (BAYah-tach; Caledonaiche, “beast”). Origin: Scottish Gaelic.
An element of the Caledonaiche term for “Pendragon,” Àrd-Ceann Teine-Beathach Mór.
An epithet often used affectionately.
Belteine (bel-TEE-neh; pl. Beltean; Caledonaiche, “Passion Fire”). Brytonic: Beltain. Fertility ritual celebrated by non-Christian Caledonaich and Breatanaich culminating on May 1 with firelight activities that would make a Ròmanach orgy participant blush. Caledonaiche name origin: Scottish Gaelic boil (“passion”), teine (“fire”).
Bernicia (Latin). Brytonic: Brynaich. Coastal Angli-controlled territory east of Gododdin.
Berwych (Old English, “Barley Farmstead”). Caledonaiche: Bearruig (“Pursuit to the Precipice”). Angli-controlled fortress on the border of Gododdin, corresponding to present-day North Berwick Law conical hill in East Lothian, Scotland. Caledonaiche name implies something along the lines of “last-ditch defense” and is inspired by Scottish Gaelic Bearruig (“Berwick”), bearradh (“precipice”), ruaig (“a pursuit”, “defeat”).
betony. Medicinal herb.
betrothal-band, -mark. Caledonaiche: lorg a’bhanais-geall (fem., “mark of the betrothal;” m., aileadh a’bhanais-geall). A tattoo roughly one inch wide, depicting two ropes braided together, usually painted with dye extracted from the woad plant. By Caledonach custom, this mark is inscribed around the left wrist of the àrd-banoigin and her future consort as a visible display of their promises. Origin: Scottish Gaelic lorg (“mark,” fem.), aileadh (“mark” or “scar,” m.).
bian-sporan (Caledonaiche, “pelt-purse”). The accessory crafted from an animal’s pelt collected during the deuchainn na fala rite, symbolizing a young warrior’s passage into adulthood. Origin: Scottish Gaelic bian (“animal skin”), sporan (“purse”).
Boar of Moray, the.
Symbol of Clan Moray of Dalriada, a black boar on a field of gold; also referred to as “the Black Boar.”
Nickname of Urien map Dumarec.
bonding ritual. Caledonaiche: dean am bann naomh (“make the holy bond”). The Caledonach cerem
ony wherein the àrd-banoigin is tattooed with her consort’s clan-mark and he with hers. Origin: Scottish Gaelic dean (“to make”), am bann (“the bond”), naomh (“holy”).
Brædæn (BRAY-dane; Eingel/Saxon). Brydein. Origin: inspired by Old Anglo-Saxon brædan (“to extend”), with the modified second syllable to distinguish it from “Brædan.”
Brædan (BRAY-dan; Eingel/Saxon). Of or pertaining to the Brytoni inhabitants of Brydein. Origin: Old Anglo-Saxon brædan (“to extend”).
Bræde (BRAYD-eh; pl. Brædeas, Eingel/Saxon, “roasted meat(s)”). Slang terms the Angli and Saxons apply to one or more Brytons. Origin: Old Anglo-Saxon.
Braonshaffir (Caledonaiche, “A Drop of Sapphire”). Gyanhumara’s sword, named for its distinguishing feature. Name origin: Scottish Gaelic braon (“a drop”), shaffir (“of sapphire,” transliterated from Latin sapphirus and rendered with possessive form (sh-)).
Breatan (BRAYah-tan; poss. Bhreatan; Caledonaiche, “(of the) Bryton”). Terms used by the Caledonaich to refer to a single Brytoni individual; also may be translated as “(of the) Deceiver.” Origin: Scottish Gaelic Breatunn (“Britain” and “British”), bràth (“to deceive”).
Breatanach (brayah-TAHN-ach; poss. Bhreatanach, pl. Breatanaich, poss. pl. Bhreatanaich; Caledonaiche, “(of the) Bryton(s)”). Terms used by the Caledonaich to refer to one or more inhabitants of western and mid-Brydein; also may be translated as “(of the) Deceiver(s).” Origin: Scottish Gaelic Breatunnach (“a Briton”), bràth (“to deceive”).
Breatanaiche (brayah-tahn-EESH; Caledonaiche, “tongue of the Brytons”). Term used by the Caledonaich to refer to the Brytonic language.
Brigid. A deerhound bitch belonging to Loth and Annamar, named in honor of the Brytoni hearth-goddess.
Brydein (Brytonic). Latin: Britannia. Caledonaiche: Breatein (poss. Bhreatein, “(of) Brydein”). Britain, a.k.a. the Island of the Mighty.
